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DiversityMaterialsScienceandMaterialsScienceEduca3on
WoleSoboyejoPrincetonIns3tuteofScienceand
TechnologyofMaterialsAnd
TheDepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringPrincetonUniversity
Acknowledgments
• Dr.DanSteinberg(Princeton)• Ms.ShannonSwilley(Princeton)• DeanMinnieMcGee(OSU)• Ms.RubyDee(OSU)• Prof.AlfredSoboyejo(OSU)• Mrs.AnthoniaSoboyejo(OSU)• Na3onalScienceFounda3on• PrincetonGrandChallengesProgram
BackgroundandIntroduc3on
• Myparentsandmyteacherswerethepeoplethatshapedandsustainedmyinterestmyinscienceandengineering
• Howeverthiswaslargelyunplannedalthoughtheimpacthasbeenlifelong– EarlyvisitstotheUniversityofLagos(Inspira3onaltoachild)
– Clearexplana3onofdifficultconceptsbymyparentsandafewteachers(solidfounda3on)
– Mentorsthatshowedmehowtodothings(cri3cal)
• Sotherealques3onsis‐Howdowedothisonalargerscale?
Objec3vesofThisTalk
• Thistalkpresentssomecasestudiesofminorityeduca3onandoutreachac3vi3es
• Thegoalistoiden3fythelessonslearnedfromsuchac3vi3es
• Thetalkisdividedintothreepartsthatcorrespondtothethreeins3tu3onsthatIhavetaughtatsince1992– OhioState(1992–1999)– MIT(1998–1999)– Princeton(1999–Present)
FirstFewEfforts…
• Myfirstfeweffortsateduca3onandoutreachstartedin1992whenIbecameafacultymemberatTheOhioStateUniversity(OSU)
• Developedacoherentplan(NSF)andpartnershipwithMinorityOfficeatOSU
• Theprogramhadthreethrusts– Earlystageinterestinscience(K‐1)– Highschoolstudents(11thand12thgrade)– Minorityundergraduatesinengineering
EarlyStageInterestinScience
• K‐1outreachinthecityofColumbus–innercityschool
• Visitedschooltolearnfromteacherandprincipal
• ObservedKstudentsandstayedwiththemthrough1stgrade
• Developedconceptoflearningthroughplaye.gsongen3tled“AtomsandMolecules”
• Resonatedwellwithstudents
HighSchoolMinorityOutreach
• Thegoalofthisprogramwastoaaractstudentstoprogramsinmaterialsscienceandengineering
• Theini3alapproachwaswrong–showingmaterialssciencevideosinadarkroom!
• Subsequentapproachesinvolvedhands‐onlabsthatexcitedthestudents…..– Pullingglassfibersfrommoltenglass– Sandcas3ngsoftheOSUfootballstadium
• Recruitmentgainswereobservedwhencollegerecruitmenttalkswerecombinedwithpersonalinterac3onswithstudentsandparents
CollegeEduca3onandOutreach
• Oncethestudentsgettocollege–thereareocenthreekeychallenges– Overcomingdeficienciesinmathema3cs– Theneedforcon3nuousinterac3onsandincome– Assistancewithjobsearch
• Threeprogramswereorganizedtoaddressthesechallenges– Tutorialsandpre‐collegesessionsinmathema3csandmechanics(alongwithProf.AlfredSoboyejo)
– Providingjobsforminoritystudentsinmylab– Organizingmockinterviewswithlocalprofessionalse.g.ASM/TMSchapter
LessonsLearnedFromOSUExperience
• WorkcloselywithMinorityProgramsOfficee.g.MinnieMcGeeandRubyDeeatOSU
• Avoidstandardvideosthatdonotconnecttopeopleandtheirinterests
• Useexperien3allearningandexci3nghands‐onac3vi3estos3mulatetheinterestsofstudentsinscienceandmath
• Workpersonallywithindividualminoritystudentsun3ltheyendupinthework‐force
• Iden3fystrengthsandweaknessesandbridgethegapswithstructuredandunstructuredac3vi3es
• Providesolidfounda3onandsharepersonalexperiencese.g.TheThingsIWishIKnewBeforeGoingtoWorkasaMaterialsScien3standEngineer
LessonsFromMITExperience
• IspentoneyearworkinghereatMITasaVis3ngMar3nLutherKingprofessor(between1997and1998)
• IfoundthistobearichenvironmentforminoritystudentsiguidedbyDeanLeoOsgood
• Par3cipatedinprogramsorganizedbytheins3tute• Realimpactwasintheclassroomwithafewstudents– e.g.WilliamPine(fromMITtoStanfordandLockheed)
• Onceagainthekeyappearstobepersonalinvolvementandworkingwithstructuredprograms
LessonsFromPrincetonUniversity
• Since1999IhavebeenonthefacultyatPrinceton
• Myeffortstherecanbedividedinto2phases– BeforeDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley– AcerDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley
Ini3alEffortsatPrinceton
• NSBEmathandscienceoutreach– ProgramsorganizedwithPUNSBEchapter– Mathandeverydaylife– Hypersonicsandtheshrinkingoftheearth(FromTokyotoNewYorkin2Hours)
• Researchexperienceforminorityhighschoolandundergraduatestudents– SeyeTairu(fromNewarktoPrincetonandtheUniversityofChicago)
– Mixedresultswithundergraduates(NathanHosanah,AnthonyTurner,SenayetAgonafer,KemeshaDelisser)
AcerDanandShannon
• ThepartnershipwithDanSteinbergandShannonSwilleyhasbeenakeyelementofmyminorityeduca3onandoutreacheffortsatPU
• DanandShannonruntheeduca3onandoutreacheffortsaspartofourMRSEC– PrimaryfocusonminoritystudentsfromTrenton– EngagedPeteGange(HighSchoolTeacher)
• Theyalsoworkedwithmeoneduca3onandoutreacheffortsthatweresupportedbyUSAMIandAmericasprograms– Addedinterna3onalcomponenttoeduca3onandoutreach– Resonatedwellwithmanyminorityandnonminoritystudents
Approach
• Programintegratedresearchandeduca3on• Jointdevelopmentofprogrammodules–faculty,coordinators,teachersandstudents
• DanandShannon(Coordinators)organizedandtakecareofthedetails
• PeteGangefacilitatescommunica3onwiththestudents+hands‐onlabmodules
• NSFfundingensurescon3nuityofprogramssuchasThePrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy(PUMA)
PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy
GoalsforP.U.M.A.• GivestudentsrealexperienceinMaterialsScience• Giveunderrepresented,disadvantagedstudentsachanceforexposuretoandcareersinscienceandengineering• Studentswillleavewithabeaerapprecia3onofscience• HighSchoolstudentsinteractwithPrincetonUniversityMaterialsScien3sts
Integra3onWithResearch‐Cell/SurfaceInterac3onsandNewwaysofDetec3ngandTrea3ngCancer
• Currentinterestincell/surfaceinterac3onswithsocandhardmaterialswithapplica3onsinbiomedicaldevices
• Exci3ngnewwaysofdetec3ngandtrea3ngdiseasessuchascancer
TissueNanotargets ImplantableBioMEMS FlexibleBio‐MEMS
DrugDeliverybyResis3veHea3ng
Heat Trigger
• Hydrogels or PDMS sit on metallic plates • Current running through plates heat plates • Temperature controlled by current • Current controlled by open/closed switch programming
SHEARASSAYMEASUREMENTOFCELLADHESION
Shear Flow Schematic
Cell Detachment
Shear stress for detachment is given by
Where Q - flow rate & µ -dynamic viscosity
Considering initial onset of detachment to correspond to “adhesion” strength:
τ = 70 Pa Polystyrene (PS)
τ = 81 Pa Ti Coated PS
Micro‐GrooveGeometryandCell/SurfaceInterac3ons
• Cellscanundergocontactguidancewhenincontactwithmicro‐groovedgeometries
• Thisdependsonthesizeofthegroovesrela3vetothesizeofthecells
• Contactguidancehasimplica3onsforwoundhealingandscar3ssueforma3on
100µm
Cell
12 µm Micro-Grooves 2 µm Micro-Grooves
Our Approach to Early Cancer Detection and Treatment!
CAMD
Magne3ccore
Polymershellwithly3cpep3deconjugates
CAMD
Wet Chemical Synthesis of Nano-particles
Metallic,polymericandmetal‐polymerNano‐par3clesusingboaom‐upapproaches
NovelMicroreactortechnologyforscale‐upandcontrolledsynthesis
Synchrotronradia3onbasedX‐rayabsorp3onSpectroscopiccharacteriza3on
Capabilitytoaaachbio‐molecules
LHRH‐SPIONUptake‐37Cfor3Hours
• MNPs‐LHRH,37DegreeC,3Hr
• Noteencryp3onprocessbywhichcellsaaach
• Engulfedcellscarriedwithinthecell
• Excretedoregestedwithin30days
In‐VivoExperiments‐TEMandHistologyofOrgans
• Miceinjectedin4differentways:1. LHRHnanopar3cles2. Salinesolu3on3. Nanopar3cles4. LHRHnanopar3clesinmice
withoutbreasttumorOrgansobtained:
– breastorprostatetumor– Kidney– Lung– Liver
PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy2002‐2009
• PartnerwithTrentonUpwardBound,GEARUP,MercerCountyCommunityCollege,MentorPower,PUPP,MiddlesexHS
Partnersprovide:
• Students• StudentTracking
PCCMprovides:
• Curriculum
• LeadTeacher• ScienceContent
• FacultyScien3sts• Administra3veSupport
Topics• BioMems
• EarlyCancerDetec3onusingAFM
• Ceramic/OrganicWaterFilterDesign
• SportsMaterials
• SmartSensors
• SolarOvens
• Materials
• Evalua3on• Labs/Classrooms
• Equipment
• Meals
• NSFFunding
BackgroundandIntroduc3on• TheproblemofcontaminatedwateristhesinglebiggestcauseofthesteepdeclineinlifeexpectancyinAfrica– ImpactbiggerthanthatofHIV
– ExampleofNigeria
• However,itisalsoanopportunitytoshowhowwecanaddvaluetomaterialswhileaddressingamajorAfricanorglobalproblem
TheProblemofContaminatedWater
• ContaminatedwaterisamajorcauseofdiseaseinAfricaandthedevelopingworld
• WHOes3matesthat5000liveslostperday
• Morethanhalfofalldiarrheaiscausedbypathogensinwater
• Manyofthevic3msarechildrenundertheageof5–limitedresistance
• Needsustainablesolu3onsforruralandurbanenvironments
PhotographbyKarenKessi‐Williams
Poten3alWaterTreatmentMethodsSolutions Pros Cons Boiling Water
- 100% potable if boiled for at least 20 min. - Can be done in the home all year round.
- Requires time to gather fuel (fire wood) - Requires time for heating and cooling - Causes a Change in the taste of water - Method does not remove turbidity
Adding Chlorine
-Effectively kills bacteria -Simple to use -Can be used anytime -Low cost technology
- Effects the taste of water - Must be applied periodically - Does not remove turbidity - Most be purchased and transported
SODIS -Low cost -Can be large or small -Remove turbidity -Can be us
- Does not work in shade, night or rainy season - Requires 4-6 hours to reach required to heat - Requires Time for water to cool - Change in the taste of the Water. - Does not remove turbidity
Bio Sand Filter - Can be large or small
- Easy to use - Local materials
- Appropriate sand must be available. - Does not remove microbio. contaminants - Time to cultivate bio-sand.
Filtròn Water Filter
- Kills bacteria 99% - Easy to use -One time transportation -No change of taste -Culturally acceptable - Self-encased water Container permits serving. - Made locally -Works all year around 24 hours a day. -Low cost
- Cost, US$ 7.50 to $25.00 (depending on country) - Heavy compared to the other systems. - Fragile, easy to break - Periodic cleaning is required (turbid water clogs the filtering element). - Combustion for the production process - Should be replaced after two years
PuR (P&G)
-Effective -Good for emergencies -expensive ( US $ 4.20 a month )
US $0.14 cents a day for 20 liters
PUMAWaterFiltra3onModule
• Integra3onofhands‐onfiltermakingwithceramicwaterfiltra3on
• Linkingtheac3vi3eswithdevelopmentneedstoconnecttothestudentsandtheirorigins
P.U.M.A.:SummerProgramsforHighSchoolStudents• Trenton‐96%minoritypopula3on,65%
eligibleforreducedpricelunchprogram• 20ormorestudents/year
– 100%minority– Over60%female
• 100%ofourTrentonStudentsgraduateHS,and85%goontocollege(2002‐2009)
• Comparewithgradua3onrateofTrentonHSof65%
• Only50%of9thgradersmakeitthrough12thgradetograduate
Studentsengagedincampustoursandlabs
ThestudentsalsohadtheopportunitytovisitPrincetonUniversity,wheretheyweretreatedtolabandcampustoursandhadthechancetotalkwithPrincetonstudentswhowereoncerefugeesthemselves
USAMIpartneredwiththeInternaSonalRescueCommiTeetoofferascienceoutreachprogramforaboutnewly‐arrivedrefugeeyouth
Throughthis6‐weeksummerprogram,JuniorHighandHighSchool‐agedchildrenwhooncelivedinrefugeecampslearnedaboutscienceofwaterfiltra3onandalterna3veenergybydesigningclaywaterfiltersandsolarenergycookers
USAMI‐supportedundergraduateandgraduatestudentsalsoactedasmentors,givinginsightsintotheAmericanhighereduca3onprocessandapplica3onprocedures
The50refugeestudentshailedfromSierraLeone,Liberia,Guinea,Burma,Nepal,TibetandIraq
USAMI-IRC Summer Science Outreach Program
Interna3onalEduca3onalandOutreachPrograms
• Faculty–Lou(Rice),Bhalerao(UIUC),Allameh(Kentucky)
• Graduateprograms– Uganda(Obwoya),Nigeria
(Oparinde)– USA(Bly,Thomas,Okwo,
Agonafer)• Undergraduateprograms(solar,
housing,water)– Kenya(Sud,Davis,
Rogers,Vocaturo,NancyRubensteinandDanRubenstein)
– Tanzania(Sud,Davis,Cohen,Li,Vocaturo,Tesha)
– Ethiopia(Lape3no,Asfaw)– Brazil(Sud,Huang,Ghavamiand
Savastano)
Middle/HighSchoolPrograms
• BioMEMSModules– TrentonHighSchool/PUMAProgram(Grades8‐12)
• SolarCookerModules– PrincetonProgramforMinorityHighSchoolStudents(Grades8‐12)
– LeikijiandMpalaSchoolsinKenya(GradesK‐8)– AangSerianCommunitySchoolinMonduliJuinTanzania(Grades8‐12)
• MaterialsScienceProgram– MiddlesexHighSchool(Grades8‐12)
EngagementofUSStudentsinUS/AfricaWorkshopsandNetworks
• OrganizedUS/AfricaworkshopsinSanDiego,PuertoRico,Cairo,CapeTown,Dar‐es‐Salaam,Abuja
• Developinglinkagesbetweenthematerials,manufacturingandmodelingcommuni3es
• Mostofthestudentsdeveloplinkagesbeyondtheworkshopse.g.AfricaMaterialsNetwork
• Goodwaytoiden3fyandrecruitfuturefacultymemberse.g.RodPriestley
• Specialprogramsmaybeneededtomaketheseworke.g.post‐docgapyearbeforestar3ngposi3ons
OutcomesofOutreachandEduca3onalModules
• MostofthestudentsengagedinthePUMAprogramshavegoneontocollege
• Somearepursuingprogramsinscienceandmath• TheundergraduateREUstudentshaveeithergonetograduateschoolormedicalschool
• Therearesomemajorsuccessstories– SenayetAgonafer(DukeUniversityMD/MBA/PhD)– KemeshaDelisser(Physician‐MountSinaiMedicalCenter)
– AnthonyTurner(Merck)
ConcludingRemarks
• Thistalkpresentsanoverviewofmypersonalexperiencesineduca3onandoutreachtominori3es
• Ihavetriedtocrystallizeoutthethingsthatworkedandthethingsthatdidnotwork
• Thekeysappeartobeworkingwithinstructuredprogramsorworkingdirectlywithindividualstudentsforenough3metomakeadifference
• Thestructuredprogramsrequireintegratedteams–teachers,coordinators,undergraduate/graduatestudentsandfaculty+integra3onwithresearchanddevelopment
• Theunstructuredprogramsrequirealongtermcommitmentandaaen3ontospecialneedsofstudents
• Integratedna3onal/interna3onaleffortneededtoachievethedesiredoverallimpactthatiscri3caltothefuturesuccessoftheU.S.inscienceandtechnology
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