disasters and ecosystem: philippine setting

Disasters and Ecosystems:A Philippine Setting

KENNETH D. BARRIENTOSInstructor/ResearcherAKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY- IBAJAY CAMPUS

Disasters and Ecosystems: A Philippine

Setting

AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY-

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Choose One.ppt

1. Define hazard, vulnerability, capacity, risk, elements at risk, disaster, response, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, development, mitigation, preparedness and prevention.

2. Be acquainted with Philippines’ Disaster Risk Profile.

3. Familiarize the mandates regarding Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.

4. Find out inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural hazards and disasters and how did they emerge?

5. What are ecosystems and how do humans interact with them?

6. Determine on how can ecosystem mitigate disaster risk.

7. Identify issues and challenges in Philippine DRRM.

Objectives

hazardIs a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental damage.Could be a potentially damaging phenomenonIt could be natural or human-induced.

But not all hazards become disasters !

Setting

VULNERABILiTYIt is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces

people’s ability to prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard.are the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.This may arise from various physical, social, economic & environmental factors.

Setting

capacityIs the combination of all strengths and resources

available within the community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster.

Setting

RISKThe probability that a community’s structure or

geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.

Setting

R =HAZARD x VULNERABILITY (exposure)CAPACITY

Setting

Hazard Vulnerability x Disaster RiskCapacity

Setting

Hazard Vulnerability x Disaster Risk

Capacity =

Elements at Risk

Exposed Elements

Persons, buildings, crops or other such like societal components exposed to known hazard, which are likely to be adversely affected by the impact of the hazard.

DISASTERThey are serious disruptions on the functioning of a

community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources .

~ (RA 10121, Section 3h, 2011)

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015 MAN-MADE DISASTERS

NATURAL DISASTERS OR

WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING?

1. Increased in population

2. Climate change

3. Increased vulnerability due to:• Demographic changes• Increased concentration of assets• Environmental degradation• Poverty• Rapid urbanization and unplanned development

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

PHILIPPINES’ DISASTER RISK PROFILE

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

The country is considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks 12th among 200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific making it vulnerable to typhoons and tsunami.

Average of 20 typhoons yearly (7 are destructive).

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

TD TS 1 2 3 4 5

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale

Tracks and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones, 1851-2006

1851-2006 TYPHOON SEASON

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, between two Tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) which are volcanic and earthquake generators.

22 active volcanoes (5 most active).

The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various types of Natural Disasters.

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Are we prepared?

WHAT IF?!

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

EFFECTS OF DISASTERSTyphoon Ondoy

Trash Slide

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

Typhoon Yolanda

ResponseActions taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when exceptional measures are required to meet the basic needs of the survivors.

ReliefMeasures that are required in search and rescue of survivors, as well to meet the basic needs for shelter, water, food and health care.

RecoveryThe process undertaken by a disaster affected community to fully restore itself to pre-disaster level of functioning.

Rehabilitation Actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to:

• assist victims to repair their dwellings;

• re-establish essential services;

• revive key economic and social activities

ReconstructionPermanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and to set the economy back on course.

Development

Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic well-being of a community

PreventionMeasures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects).

MitigationMeasures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures).

PreparednessMeasures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

MANDATES REGARDING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

EO 335 – Civilian Emergency Administration

PD 1566– National Disaster Coordination Council

HYOGO Framework for Action 2005-2015

(Building Resilience of Nations & Communities to Disasters)

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

HFA Priorities for Action Ensure that DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation

Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning systems.

Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels .

Reduce the underlying risk factors

Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

RA 9729– Climate Change Act 2009

MANDATES CONTINUED…

RA 10121– Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management SystemAn Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework, and Institutionalizing the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds thereof and for other purposes (DRRM Act 2010)

The law which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster Management System from Disaster Relief and Response towards Disaster Risk Reduction.

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

8th Congress(’89-’92)

9th Co2ngress(’92-’95)

10th Congress(’95-’98)

11th Congress(’98-2001)

12th Congress(2001-2004)

RA NO. 1012127 May 2010

• 21 years in the making• 7 Congresses• 4 Administration

PD 1566June 11, 1978

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Top-down and centralized disaster management

Disasters as merely a function of physical hazards

Focus on disaster response and anticipation

Bottom-up and participatory disaster risk reduction

Disaster mainly a reflection of people's vulnerability

Integrated approach to genuine social and human development to reduce disaster risk and adoption of IT in DRM

The enactment of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (also known as Republic Act 10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and management.

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

PARADIGM SHIFT

Response

Preparedness

Mitigation:

Risk Reduction / Prevention

Rehabilitation

REACTIVE

Emergency/Disaster Management• Executive/Legislative Agenda • Environmental Management • Comprehensive Land Use Plan • Risk proofing • Financial tools • Hazard identification & • Vulnerability Analysis • Capacity Analysis

• Public awareness• Public commitment• Community actions• Education & Training• Early Warning• SOP & Plans• ICS Development

• Livelihood • Housing • Lifelines • Education • Infrastructure

• DANA• Relief • SAR• Incident Command System • Evacuation• Health

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

PARADIGM SHIFT

PROACTIVE

Emergency/Disaster Risk Management

Mitigation:

Risk Reduction /Prevention

Preparedness

Rehabilitation

Response

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

PARADIGM SHIFTNational Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Framework

Disaster Response

Proactive

Disaster Risk Reduction

Emergency SpecialistsHazard Scientists

Risks SpecialistsEconomic Managers

Development Planners

Reactive

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENTEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural hazards and disasters and how did they emerge

During the past decades, many efforts have been made to reduce negative impacts on the environment that have led to climate change, biodiversity loss, as well as soil and water degradation.

Ecosystem degradation is a significant factor that can contribute to a hazard becoming a disaster.

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

“Not all storms and other natural hazards need to turn into disasters

~ World Risk Report (2012)

Mangroves, Indonesia

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Ecosystem and Human InteractionEcosystem is a “dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit”

~Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

But what is our place in ecosystems? ANTHROPOCENE

Human Development+Intelligence+Environmental Interaction+Adaptation+Crafting

NEW Ability: FIRENext Level+++Highest Level of Expectancy+++Highest Living Standards

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

How Ecosystem Mitigate DisastersMountain forests and vegetation on hillsides can reduce the risk of landslides, rock fall, avalanches and soil erosion. Moreover, forests store water and can reduce the runoff after rainfall events. Thereby they can reduce the risk of floods and droughts. Photo: Mountain forest in Brazil (Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro) © U. Nehren

Wetlands and riverine ecosystems are important for flood control as they store water and slowly release it, reducing speed and volume of runoff. Coastal wetlands tidal flats, deltas and estuaries can reduce the height and speed of storm surges and tidal waves. Photo: Wetland in Nicaragua © U. Nehren

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, and sand dunes can serve as natural buffers against tropical cyclones, storm surges, flooding, other coastal hazards and to some extent tsunamis. Moreover, coastal wetlands buffer against saltwater intrusion and adapt to sea-level rise. Photo: Coral Reef in Belize © N. Bayani

Dryland ecosystems can reduce the risks of droughts and desertification, as trees, grasses and shrubs conserve soil and retain moisture. Shelterbelts, greenbelts and other types of living fences act as barriers against wind erosion and sand storms. Photo. Dry forest in Kenya © G. Ndegwa

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

1. Healthy ecosystems are effective in protecting against hazards. Moreover, they can reduce exposure and vulnerability of communities.

2. Depending on the magnitude of the hazard there are limitations to how much protection ecosystems can provide, just as there are limitations to engineered structures”

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM System

Gaps in functional coordination between stakeholders .

Deficient communication and transportation systems

Corruption and Gaps in Accountability

Insufficient medical capacity

Ongoing armed conflict

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM System

Administration in many schools had not been strict in the implementing drills among students.

Parents put emphasis on academic learning rather than disaster drills.

School-based disaster drills are only conducted every three months.

Poorly built classroom

In School…

Source: Valenia, L. (2014)

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

QUESTION

Setting

CHARRMIbajay, Aklan

May 22, 2015

Understanding is the first step to acceptance, and only with acceptance can there be recovery.

~J.K. Rowling

To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on, creating oneself endlessly~Henry Bergson

Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don’t resist them; that only creates sorrow. Let realty be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like.

~Lao Tzu

Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending

~Maria Robinson

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

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