deixis
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PRAGMATICS
Group 1 Tran Duc Anh Nguyen Thi Hang Tran T.Thu Hong Tran Thi Thai Nguyen T. Thu Thao
OUTLINE
1. Definition
2. Distance
3. Deictic centre
4. Types of deixis
5. Deictic projection
6. Physical & psychological distance
7. Deixis elements
I. Some terms
- Deixis : technical term for one of the most
basic things we do with utterances pointing
via language.
Ex: I will meet you here this afternoon at 3
the phenomenon whereby the reference
of certain expressions can not be
determined without knowing to the extra
linguistic context of the utterance ( who
utters it , where, when)
- Deictic expression : any linguistic form used to
accomplish this “ pointing”
Ex: When you notice st / person strange & ask :
“ who’s that?” / “ what’s that?”
- Depend, for their expression, on the speaker
and hearer sharing the same context.
Ex: I will put this here
I will bring that to you –> out of
context will be unintelligible.
- Indexicals :
* Similarity :
- both concern essentially the same idea ; - contextually-dependant references.
• Differences :
- Histories and traditions.
- Each is associated with a different field of study
+) Deixis is associated with linguistics,
+) Indexicality is associated with philosophy.
near interchangeably to deictic expression
V. RELATION: DISTANCE AND
DEIXIS
Proximal (near)
Here, this , now
Person
Place
Time
Deixis
- Make accusations less direct/ make potential personal issue impersonal:
Ex: Somebody didn’t clean up after himself. Each person has to clean up after himself
or herself.
Distance --- person deixis Distance --- person deixis
3rd person pro
Distal form
3rd person pro
Distal form
-1st and 2nd person pro
Proximal
DISTANCE - SPATIAL DEIXISDISTANCE - SPATIAL DEIXIS
The movement relative to the speaker’s position.
Example:
“ Here she comes!” moving towards you “There she goes!” she is moving away from
you.
Proximal
Here, this, come
Distal
There, that, go,
Time relative to the speaker’s present time
Then Now then
Distance - temporal deixis
Proximal
-“now”, present tense
e.g. I live here now.
Distal
-“then”, past tens, future
+ 1988? I was in London then.
+ 8:15 on Saturday?
Ok, I’ll see you then.
.
Temporal event things that move towards or
away from us.
Ex: + the coming year / the approaching
year/ this weekend/ this evening
+ the past week
Distance - temporal deixis
III. DEICTIC CENTER
refer to some points of period in time and place of the speaker’s utterance as its center.
Eg: + back in an hour+free beer tomorrow+ I’m here now
DEICTIC CENTER (CONT)
Can be transferred to other participants in the exchange, or to person/place being described in a narrative
shift deictic center (deictic projection)Eg: a Londoner vs a New Yorker on phone
the Londoner: we are going to NY next weekor
we are coming to NY next week
CLASSIFICATION OF DEIXIS 1. Person deixis: point a person (me, you, him, them)
2. Spatial deixis: point to a location (here, there)
3. Temporal deixis: point to a time (now, then, tonight, last week, yesterday)
1. PERSON DEIXIS:
A speech event includes at least two persons + 1st person = speaker + 2nd person = addressee => There may be a 3rd personDeictic pronouns
+ speaker: I, my, mine
+ addressee: You, your, yours
+ other: he, she, it, this, that, those, these, somebody...
PERSON DEIXIS (CONT.)
Makers of relative social status ( honorifics)
+ Higher status vs lower status
+ Familiar vs non familiar
Ex: tu – vous Using 3rd person form instead of 2nd person form:
Ex: 1.Would his highness like some coffee?
2.Somebody didn’t clean up after himself.
3.Each person has to clean up after himself or herself.
PERSON DEIXIS (CONT.):
Ambiguity: using 1st person plural ‘we’ Ex: We clean up after ourselves around here => 2 different interpretations: + inclusive ‘we’: speaker and addressee included + exclusive ‘we’: speaker plus other(s), excluding
addressee Inclusive-exclusive distinction Ex: Let’s go to the cinema = ‘we-inclusive-of-addressee’ Let’s go to see you tomorrow = ‘we-exclusive-of-addressee’
2. SPATIAL DEIXIS:
basic distinction: here/there
Expressions in older text:
+ Yonder ( more distant from the speaker)
+ Hither ( to this place)
+ Thence ( from that place)
SPATIAL DEIXIS ( CONT.)
motion verbs = signs of place deixis+ Come vs. go makes distinction between the direction
of motion
He's coming = moving towards the speaker's location
He's going = moving away from the speaker's location.
+ Come = movement towards either the location of the speaker, or the location of the addressee
Ex: I'm coming = the speaker is moving towards the location of the addressee
SPATIAL DEIXIS (CONT.) Location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed
mentally or physically.
Ex: speaker away from home still use “here” to mean the home location
Deictic projection: speaker project themselves into other locations before being in those location:
Ex: 1. I’ll come latter
2. I am not here now.
3. I was looking at this little puppy in a cage with such a sad look on its face. It was like, ‘Oh, I’m
so unhappy here, will you set me free’
3. TEMPORAL DEIXIS Proximal 'now' indicates both the time coinciding with the
speaker's utterance and the time of the speaker's voice being heard (the hearer's now)
Distal 'then' applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker's present time
1. November 22nd, 1963? I was in Scotland then.
2. Dinner at 8:30 on Saturday? Okay, I'll see you then
Non-deictic temporal reference like calendar and clock time is learned later than deictic references such as ‘tomorrow’, ‘today’, ‘tonight’, ‘this week’
TEMPORAL DEIXIS (CONT.) Choice of verb tense expresses temporal deixis:
+ Present tense is proximal:
Ex: I live here now
+ Past/future are distal:
Ex: I lived there then
I will be in London by then
+ Conditional/unlikely event also treated as deictically distant:
Ex: If I was rich, I would buy a car.
Ex: I could be in Hawaii ( if I had a lot of money)
IV. DEICTIC PROJECTION
*Location from the speaker’s perspective
can be fixed mentally and physically
Eg: I’m here. (physically distant)
Speakers always tend to project
themselves into other locations prior to
actually being in those locations
Eg : I’ll come later. (movement of location)
DEICTIC PROJECTION (CONT.)*Speaker projects himself in the required
location/ time/ person
Eg 1: I’m not here now. (machine)
Eg 2: seeing a bird in a cage with the thought: “oh, I’m not fine here, please release
me” I : the pet’s thinking here: not the place of the speaker
VI. PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE
-Physical distance: E.g. This book, that cat -Psychological distance:
Our feelings of near and far are very innate to us and
we tend to use them to "bring closer" or "distance"
concepts from ourselves depending on our emotions.
E.g. That worker should be shot. makes him remote
This paper is genius. brings it closer
Relationship : Physical & Psychological distance
- Physically close psychologically close
- Physically distant psychologically distant
E.g. That man over there.
- Physically close marked as psychologically distant
E.g. A perfume sniffed by the speaker but he says:
“I don’t like that”
VII.DEIXIS AND GRAMMAR
Words in a language entirely depend on
context
Distinctions for personal, spatial and temporal
deixis can all be seen in English grammar
through direct and indirect speech.
Shift of context
- Proximal forms (same context as the utterance)
distal form (remote from the original context)
- Direct speech => meaning of “near” speaker
Indirect speech => “away speaker”
Ex: Are you planning to be here this evening?
(direct speech)
I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.
(indirect speech)
DEIXIS ELEMENTS
Personal or possessive pronouns
(I/you/mine/yours)
Demonstrative pronouns (this/that/these/those)
Spatial/temporal adverbs (here/there/now)
Personal or possessive adjectives (my/your)
Demonstrative adjectives (this/that/these/those)
Articles (the)
Other pro-forms (so/do)
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