cpwf gbdc combined presentation for policy meeting_bangladesh

The Ganges Basin Development Challenge (GBDC)

Increasing the resilience of agricultural and aquaculture systems in the

coastal areas of the Ganges Delta

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Water for a food-secure world

Tasks

• Who work in GBDC• Why GBDC• What GBDC is• How it works• Where it works• Your support

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Water for a food-secure world

THE BD GANGES TEAM

BAU BUET BFRI BRAC BWDB LGED IRRI

IWM IWMI PS&TU SRDI Shushilan WFC

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Why? Poverty in Coastal Zone of Bangladesh

• Among world’s poorest, most food insecure, vulnerable

• 75% of households (HH) with 0.2-0.6 ha; HH income ~70000 BDT

• 80% of population income < national poverty line

• Too much water in rainy season• Salinity and lack of fresh water in

dry season

BBS / WorldBank / WFP (2009)

With advances in sciences, innovation and improved understanding of socio economic issues ….There are opportunities for livelihood improvements. GBDC is

optimistic about a more productive and prosperous BD coastal zone

GBDC

Reducing poverty, improving resilience, through improved water

governance and management and intensified and diversified agricultural and aquaculture systems in brackish water of the

coastal Ganges.

We envision that after 10 years of GBDC……..

• Livelihood– Reduce food insecure HHs by 50%; increase HH

income by $100/year– Disadvantaged groups and women are empowered– Increase resilience (farmers ability to cope with

effects of vulnerability)• Production

– Annual agricultural/aquaculture outputs increased by 50%

– 50% of HHs have 2 crops/year, diversified with high value non-rice crops and/or aquaculture

– Income from “homestead” increased by 50%• Policy

– Enabling crop diversification and intensification– Coherent policies and institutions on water

management

Polder 31

Polder 30

River

Inlet to sluice gate

Sluice gate on river side

Sluice gate inside the polder

How? • Develop improved, intensified and

diversified agric and aqua systems and homestead

• Better water governance and management

• Quantify salinity and water dynamics: present and future

• Identify extrapolation domains and propose land use maps

• Enhance impact through coordination, stakeholder participation and policy advocacy

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Where?

Barisal: Patuakhali, BargunaKhulna: Khulna & Satkhira

except the Sundarbans

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

1S or1S-1R

2

S+C - F

14

2R/U

5

3R/U

3R/U

6

1S or1S-1R

3

xS: No. of shrimp crops

xR: No.of rice crop

xR/U: No. of rice or upland cropS+C-F: Shrimp+Crab - Fish

Land use zoning proposed by project in 2000

Land use 2005

Land use 2000To serve you better, we need your support

You are policy makersCritical feedbacksGuidance & collaboration

Policy uptake

Frequent interactions

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Thank You

Ganges Basin Development Challenge

Adoption of new technologies- Salinity and

External Drivers

POLDER-43/2f

Salinity Dynamics in the Peripheral river of Polder-43/2F

Kharif-2 Rabi Kharif-1

POLDER-30

Kharif-2 Rabi Kharif-1

Salinity Dynamics in the Peripheral river of Polder-30

POLDER-3

Salinity Level remain below 2 ppt form end of July to Early December

Salinity Dynamics in the Peripheral river of Polder-3

Polder-30

Road Network and Change of Drainage Pattern

Water flow Models

Water Flow boundary

QQ

Q

WL WL WL WL

WL

Water Flow Model ofSouth-West Region

2 Dimensional Model (Bay of Bengal Model)Water flow boundary from SWRMWater level from Global Tide Model

QQQ

WL

Water Flow at Pussur River

Water Level at Pussur River

Average of Peak water level during kharif-2

Scenarios

Single or combination of the external drivers

2030 and 2050

Drivers and Scenarios

Final List of Key External Drivers

• Experts, • service providers, practitioners and academicians• Policy planners • representatives from other G’s• Stakeholders and community representatives

Participants

1. Change in transboundary flow +Population growth+Land use change+Climate change (including ppt, temp & SLR)A2+ Urbanization

2. Change in transboundary flow +Population growth+Land use change+Climate change (including pptn, temp & SLR)A1B+ Urbanization

Scenarios from the workshop

Effects of External drivers on Salinity intrusion and Fresh water availability

15 Km

2 PPT Salinity line moves 10-15 km upwards 800 Sqkm more area is likely to be affected

2 PPT Salinity line moves 12-18 km upwards 1050 Sqkm more area is likely to be affected

• In the low saline zone freshwater is available for the whole year at present and future and three crops can be established instead of one crop at present;

• Gravity irrigation is feasible during Aman Crop;• Costal polder needs improved water management with additional drainage

and flushing sluices and ensuring proper operation of gates;• Internal road network needs adequate number of cross-drainage structure

for drainage improvement;• Excavation of internal drainage khal for drainage improvement and water

storage for agriculture;• In the high saline zone, unauthorized pipes/structure are used for saline

water supply can be replaced by few number of flushing sluices for better water and conflict management and safety of the embankment ;

• The effects of external drivers on water resources is significant and needs to be considered in future plannning.

Key Findings

THANK YOU

Adoption of improved technologies requires improved water management in coastal polders

The opportunity• Tremendous potential to improve food security &

livelihoods in the coastal zone through – improved crop & aquaculture technologies – cropping system intensification & diversification

• CPWF Ganges program has demonstrated that with – new varieties– timely crop establishment – improved crop & water management, cropping system intensity & the productivity of the

coastal lands can be greatly increased - in all seasons.

The opportunity: low saline area

• where freshwater is available in the rivers for 10-11 months a year, such as parts of Barguna District

– Aman-Grasspea (rice: 3 t/ha, grasspea: 0.5 t/ha) – Aus-Aman (rice: 6 t/ha)

can be replaced by

– Aus-Aman-Boro (rice: 16 t/ha)– Aus-Aman-Rabi (rice: 10 t/ha, sunflower: 3 t/ha, maize: 8 t/ha)

10 Apr

30 June

10 July

15 Nov 05Apr

Rabi (130-140 d)

1 Dec

T. Aman (130-140 d)

Aus (100-105 d)

A M J J A S O N D J F M A

Aus-Aman-Rabi Cropping System

The opportunity: moderately saline area

• Where freshwater is limited during the dry season, such as parts of Khulna District,– Productivity of the traditional Aman-Sesame

or single Aman systems (rice: 2 t/ha, sesame: 0.5 t/ha)

can be increased several-fold through

– Aman-Rabi (rice: 4 t/ha, maize: 8 t/ha, sunflower: 3 t/ha)– Aman-Boro (rice: 9 t/ha)

15 July

15 Nov 30 AprRabi (120-140 d)

Dec/Jan Aman (140 d)

M J J A S O N D J F M A M

Terminal Drainage

Aman-Rabi Cropping System

The opportunity: high saline area

• where water salinity too high for dry season agriculture, e.g. parts of Satkhira District, productivity of shrimp culture can be greatly enhanced by new technologies for higher aquaculture production & reduced risk

• Shrimp culture (shrimp: 200 kg/ha) can be replaced by more resilient systems of [Shrimp+Fish]-[Rice+Fish]

(shrimp: 200 kg/ha, rice: 3 t/ha, fish: 700-1200 kg/ha) • Win-win-win: greater food security + cash income

without damaging the environment.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wet season Dry season

Gher preparation

Seedling

Bagda Rice+Fish

Improved aquaculture-rice system

Drain out saline water, expose gher soil to rainfall to leach down soil salinity

Poorly-drained gher in polder 3 Well-drained gher

Realising the opportunity

Requires ability to:– drain fields– intake water of the desired quality – store fresh water for irrigation

This is NOT the current situation………

Aman rice field in Patuakhali

Aman rice field in Patuakhali

Aman rice field in Patuakhali

Aman rice field in Patuakhali

Rice-Fish cultivation in Ghers in Satkhira(inundated due to rainfall during 3-5 September 2012)

How to realise the opportunity?

• Successful large-scale implementation of the opportunities requires – a change in mind set & investments in agriculture,

aquaculture, & water management. – Need to focus on polder level water management; a

pre-requisite• Effective investment in water management requires

fundamental changes in thinking about the roles of the polders, polder design & infrastructure, & the institutional set up to manage the water of the polders

Re-defining the roles of polders

• Each polder needs to be considered as an integrated water management unit, serving the production systems

• The original role of the polders was to enable one crop of tall, long duration traditional aman rice (HYVs did not exist)

• HYVs & improved cropping system technologies now available, but with different requirements from traditional aman

How will good drainage help?

• Improved drainage will– enable adoption of HYV in rainy season (aman)– timely establishment of rabi crops– ability to grow higher yield/value rabi crops – adequate leaching of salt from shrimp ghers

prior to transplanting the aman crop– cropping system intensification

How to increase storage volume inside polders?

• Increased fresh water storage capacity during the dry season requires re-excavation of existing canal networks (will also improve drainage!)

Effective water management at polder level require separation of lands on the basis of land topography to form a small water management unit by about 50 cm high farm levee

Changing institutional set ups• Treating the polders as unified water management

units also requires fundamental changes in institutional set up to govern and manage water in the polders.

• The present set up is too fragmented and disjoint– BWDB is in charge of embankment and sluices– BADC for small scale irrigation systems in/out-side polders– LGED for structures outside the polders

• There should be one single entity in charge of each whole polder, servicing the people living within the polder and their production systems.

Key messages for policy makers

• Invest in polder water management• Consider polder as a single integrated

water management unit servicing the production systems

• Create small water management units with provision of drainage and water storage

• One single entity in charge of each whole polder

Thank You

Adoption of improved technologies improved spatial data availability

Why do we need improved spatial data?

The challenge is to identify where and when each improved technology can be successful in the coastal polder zone Technology targetting

The coastal zone is complex, it faces multiple challenges, and situations change quickly over small distances and from season to season A high resolution spatial database and multidisciplinary partnerships are paramount for targetting at village level.

1/12

Study sites for improved technologies

Polder 3Rice/Aquaculture &

Shrimp/Shrimp

Polder 30Intensification from

one to two crops

Polder 43/2fIntensification from

one/two to three crops

2/12

Increasing area affected by soil salinity

Soil salinityNoneVery slightSlightStrongVery strong

3/12

Large changes in salinity through the year

Movement of the 4ppt water salinity boundary in early 2011

4/12

Improving livelihoods and profitability

Current practice – shrimp farming in Feb-Jun

5/12

Rice Shrimp

Upper threshold limit of salinity - Rice

Date

Wate

r sa

linit

y (

ppt)

Lower threshold limit of salinity - Shrimp

Daily water salinity

Opportunities for targetting additional crop in fallow lands (Polder 3)

Opportunity for rice Aug-Nov and shrimp Feb-Jun

Spatial land use patterns are complex!

There is scope for intensification & diversification in the coastal zone

Boro riceNov – Apr

5m hectares

Aus riceApr – Jul

1.1m hectares

Aman riceJul – Nov

5.8m hectares

6/12

Cropping systems are complex!

Detailed data & multi disciplinary expertise needed to define requirements

7/12

Aman - Boro Water quality and availability in dry season

Description of Land use type(technology)

Fresh (< 4dS/m),

ground water availability

and pumping depth

Month when river water still

remain fresh

(<4 dS/m)

Internal storage

capacity in relation to land area(ML/ha)

Proximity to river, canal,

ponds (m)

Difference (m) in high water level in Mar and

land surface for

gravity irrigation

(m)

Aman HYV rice is transplanted in July-August, to be harvested by the end of November (Moderate Salinity zone) or December (low saline zone).

Yes, < 6 m

S1 March S1 > 5 S1 <50 S1 > 1 S1

Yes, 7 -20 m

S2 Feb S2 2.5 - 5 S2 50-100 S2 0.5 - 1 S2

yes, > 20 S3 Jan S3 1 - 2.5 S3100-300

S30.2 - 0.5

S3

No SN Dec SN <1 SN >300SN

< 0.2 SN

Aman - Boro Water quality and availability in wet season

Description of Land use type(technology)

Maximum inundation depth (m) in August

Maximum inundation depth (m) for more than one week in

Sep/Oct

Difference (m) in land surface and low water level in

Sep/Oct for drainage

Boro rice is seeded around 15 Nov. (MS) to 15 Dec (LS). Boro rice is irrigated with river water (when fresh) or with water stored in canal networks

< 0.1 S1 < 0.2 S1 > 1 S1

0.1 – 0.2 S2 0.2 – 0.5 S2 0.5 - 1 S2

0.2 – 0.3 S3 0.5 – 0.8 S3 0.2 – 0.5 S3

> 0.3 SN > 0.8 SN < 0.2 SN

S1 = Most Suitable S2 = Suitable S3 = Least Suitable SN = Not Suitable

Cropping systems are complex

Fresh GW (< 4dS/m)

Tubewell?Depth of prehatic

surface (m)

Month when river water (< 3

dS/m)

Storage capacity (ML/ha)

Proximity to fresh SW source (m)

Suitability for dry

season rice crop

Yes

No

Shallow

Deep

< 6

7 - 20

Mar

Feb

Jan

Dec

> 20

2.5 - 5

1- 2.5

2.5 - 5

1 – 2.5

< 100

> 100

< 100

> 100

< 100

> 100

< 100

> 100

S1

S1

S2

S3

S1

S1

S2

S2

S3

S2

S3

S3

SN

SN

Groundwater Surface water

8/12

Coastal ecosystems are complex!

Social

Demographic

Economic

Infrastructure

Water

Climate

Soil

Land cover

Topography

Open sharing of GIS data and expertise across institutes in Bangladesh

9/12

BWDB

IRRI

IWM

LGED

SRDI

Basin partners

Data held by many different institutes10/12

We need a coordinated approach to facilitate data sharing/access

Detailed and specific information is needed

Incorporating socio economic constraints to the usual “climate+soils+topography” approach is paramount for realistic suitability maps

11/12

Location and time specific constraints like appropriate sluice gate operation (community level water management), and canal siltation (infrastructure maintenance), need to be incorporated into the suitability analysis as critical requirements for innovative cropping systems.

Key messages on spatial data12/12

A framework that encourages institutes in Bangladesh to openly share GIS data in consistent standards will greatly

enhance the ability to respond to policy makers needs A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for Bangladesh

Socioeconomic, infrastructure and management information need to included in the targetting approach. They are as important as biophysical constraints.

Thank you

Adoption of improved technologies requires better investments in water

management

Some policy suggestions

We studied institutional arrangements in 5 BWDB polders and 4 LGED sub-projects

To understand the actors, communities and institutions

What are the problems and for

which groups? How are they managed?

Which institutions, organizations and

individuals are involved in water

management? How?

How is the community involved

in water management?

POLICY CHANGE FOR BETTER WATER MANAGEMENT

Over 3000 people were interviewed

Polders and sub-projects vary widely

– Salinity and fresh water availability

– Cropping systems and livelihoods

– Procedures for closing and opening of gates

– Role of Water Management Organizations

Diverse cropping pattern depending on salinity levels

Institutional Arrangements of Water Management varies across and within polders (e.g. who opens gates?)

Polder/Sub-Project

WMO Gher owners

UP Chairman and Members

Gate committee appointed by UP or BWDB

Local elites

Polder 3 - × × × ×

Polder 31 × × × × ×

Polder 30 × - × - ×

Polder 43-2F × - × - ×

Latabunia × × - - ×

Jabusha × × × -

Jainkathi - - × - ×

Bagarchra × × × - ×

But all sites have three things in common

• Poor condition of embankments, khals and gates due to poor maintenance

• Conflicts surrounding water management and land use

• UP Chairman and Members are de-facto decision makers, but do not necessarily have a formal role

Why are water infrastructures not maintained?

• WMOs were created for solving ‘deferred maintenance’

• Why communities don’t maintain?– Public goods dilemma

– Even so called ‘minor’ repair and maintenance may be beyond the capacity of communities

– Incentive problems: if communities don’t fix it in time, government or donor will in a few years time

‘Deferred maintenance’ as an incentive problem• Why can’t the governments

do regular repair and maintenance?

– Allocation from Non-Revenue Development Budget is less than 10% of total requirement

– Belongs to communities, they must do it

• Why don’t donors pitch in?– Belongs to GOB and

communities, they must do it

Field evidence shows communities

cannot do maintenance

expected of them.

How can we help communities to better maintenance?

• Give WMOs access to income generating assets like lease of common land or micro-credit

• Devise fair rules for collection of maintenance funds

• Coordination between existing WMOs and UP

But communities can not do it alone!

Solutions beyond community levels• Use existing social safety

net funds of UP, like 40 days work, KABHIKA for polder maintenance

• Twin benefits of employment creation (LCS) and infrastructure maintenance

• Coordination between UP, BWDB, LGED and Central Government

Solutions by donors and central government

• Create of Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance of Water related infrastructure in Bangladesh

• All polder/sub-projects get allocations for repair and maintenance every year from interest amount of Trust Fund

GoB

Development partner

Donor Government Trust Fund

Trust fund money is allocated to every polder each year for Repair and Maintenance

How to reduce drainage problems and conflicts?

Divide polders into smaller hydrological units (SHU).

Use LGED rural roads as hydrological boundaries

For even smaller boundaries, use UP social safety funds for ail construction

Some of these are already happening…

• Constitution of Union Parishad Coordination (UPCC) launched under Local Government Support Project to oversee all developmental activities.

• Using rural roads as hydrological boundaries for forming smaller hydrological units. LGED is already doing it in SSWDRP III and IV phases

• Delineating smaller hydrological units within BWDB polder with help of LGED: Already happening in Narail Chenchury Bil project where LGED is doing 30 sub-projects within BWDB polder

So, what can policy makers do? Devise better ways of maintaining existing infrastructure:

– Through Donor-Government Joint Maintenance Trust Fund

– Use social safety net programs for construction of rural roads, small ails, and repair of internal canals and embankments

Devise ways to reduce water conflicts:

– Divide larger polders into smaller hydrological units by using rural roads and ails as hydrological boundaries

– Formal involvement of UP’s and WMOs

So, what can policy makers do?

Thank you