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Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117-4668 Page 15
CORRUPTION, AN IMPEDIMENT TO GOOD GOVERNANCE IN
NIGERIA
Oravee Aule, PhD1
Zayum, Solomon Sumumma2
ABSTRACT
The success of governance in Nigeria and elsewhere are dependent on how
citizens of the nation abhor corrupt behaviours. If the rulers and the ruled are
corrupt, it is usually difficult, if not impossible, for progress and development
to be experienced. The damage of the scourge of corruption to the economy
and the fabric of the society are seen in schools that are not built, hospitals
without medicine, the road that is not passable, and officials that cannot
discharge their occupational duties. The study has examined, among others,
the causes and effects of corruption on good governance in Nigeria using
qualitative analysis. Through the use of secondary information in journals,
textbooks, and the internet, the study observes that corruption and
mismanagement of resources have constrained good governance in the nation.
In order to reposition governance in the nation, the paper recommends,
among others, that anti-corruption agencies should be strengthened to
discharge their functions without fear or favour, the recalling of elected
officials who are found wanting should be in vogue to check corrupt habits by
politicians, and that only credible men and women should be appointed to the
governing board of public institutions, corporations and business to ensure
that public resources and assets therein are safeguarded and enhanced
rather than looted by their official custodians.
Keywords: Corruption, Development, Governance, Impediment, Nigeria,
Transparent.
1 Department of Business Administration, University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue
State
Email: oraveeaule@gmail.com 08063502340 2 Registry Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State. Email:
zayumsso@gmail.com GSM: 08034638023
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Introduction The public service is an important vehicle for national development in
Nigeria. It has the responsibility of initiating, formulating and implementing
policies, programmes and projects for socio-political and economic
development. The success of governance in the nation, and elsewhere,
therefore, depends on how effective, efficient and transparent are citizens in
the discharge of their official obligations. If the rulers and the ruled are
corrupt, it is usually difficult, if not impossible, for progress and development
to be experienced.
As a global phenomenon, corruption occurs in both the private and public
sector of the economy. It occurs when an individual is said to have illegally
and illicitly put personal interest above those of the people and the ideals he or
she is pledged to serve. It could involve promises, threats, or both and can be
initiated by a public servant or a client. Corruption could also involve the act
of omission and commission by an individual in the discharge of his assigned
obligation. Typical of corruption include bribery, embezzlement,
misappropriation, nepotism indiscipline, etc. sometimes, it is difficult
differentiating corruption from the normal. For example, in many societies in
Nigeria, it is difficult differentiating a gift from a bribe and it all depends on
the laws and customs of that society.
Corruption is more pronounced in the developing nations (Osagede, 2015) and
hence remains an impediment to good governance and sustainable
development. It erodes the socio-economic and political value of any nation.
The damage of the scourge of corruption to the economy and the fabric of the
society, according to Usman (2013), Ribadu (2013) and Adebayo (2013) are
seen in schools that are not build, the hospitals without medicine, the roads
that are not passable and the failure of our citizens to be inspired. The inability
of President Goodluck Jonathan to bring one of his Ministers (Mrs. Daziani A.
Maduake) to book on corruption charges (Malaye, 2013) and the primitive
accumulation of wealth by President Obasanjo, who assumed office in 1999 as
a poor politician (all his bank account amounted to about N20, 000), but after
eight years refurbished and expanded his poultry farm at Ota to be now worth
millions of naira (Oluwasanmi, 2007) have not inspired and endeared the
ruled to the government of the day, Malaye (2013) further reported. Because
of its sheer scale and level, corruption is no longer secret; it is celebrated
(Aleminka, 2012).
The ravaging effect of corruption constitutes a big challenge to good
governance in the country. Thus, every government since 1975 has introduced
elaborate laws and programmes to checkmate corruption; only for officials of
such laws/programmes to turn such into a fertile opportunity for corrupt
practices and enrichment. As a result, corruption is growing geometrically in
Corruption, an Impediment to Good Governance in Nigeria
Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117- 4668 Page 17
the country (Adeshina, 2015). Some of the anti-corruption bodies that have
been established in the country are Corrupt Practices Bureau (1975), the Code
of Conduct Bureau (1979), Public Complaint Commission, and the Public
Accounts Commission, et cetera. Sometimes, the government sponsor media
campaigns against corrupt behaviours through War Against Indiscipline
(WAI), Mass Mobilisation for Social and Economic Recovery (MAMSER).
All these appear to have failed in checking the menace of corruption in the
country.
The central theme of the argument is that corruption has been instrumental to
bad governance in the country as it permeates and pervades every facet of the
society. Against this backdrop, the paper sets to examine the causes and
consequences of the social malady (corruption) on good governance in
Nigeria and to offer solutions to end its menace so that the Nation can grow
and develop.
Conceptual Issues
Corruption
Corruption is not easy to define because of an objective analysis of what it is.
Most discussions on the concept tend to generate emotions rather than
shedding light on the subject itself. As much as people talk about corruption in
clubs, on transit in vehicles, in beer parlous and other public gatherings,
incidents of corruption transactions are hardly documented. However, Anding
and Fjelstad (2011) define corruption as a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon with multiple causes and effects, as it takes on various forms and
contexts.
According to the United Nations (2012), corruption is the abuse of power for
private gain. Similarly, the World Bank (1998) defines corruption as the abuse
of office for private gain. The Transparency International sees corruption as
the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Public office is abused for
private gain when an official accepts, solicits or extort bribes. A public office
could also be abused when private agents actively offer bribes to circumvent
public offices and processes for competitive advantages or profit.
A public official, as observed by Oravee (2016) can also be abused for
personal benefit even if no bribery occurs, through patronage and nepotism,
the theft of state assets, or diversion of public resources. These underlines
public trust whether the person concerned is elected, selected, nominated or
appointed; and it does not matter whether the person affected holds office or
not since anybody can be corrupt (Usman, 2013).
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Good Governance
The concept of good governance has gained currency in societal discourse as a
result of contributions by scholars, and mostly International Financial
Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
which consider good governance as the exercise of political power to promote
the public good or welfare of the people (Babawale, 2003). The public good
provided by good governance, according to Nwabueze (2002:8) embraces “the
norms and values of a free, fair, ordered and law-governed society as well as
those of happiness and good life”. This implies that good governance is the
effective process of leading the society, with the capacity of those concerned
to deliver services in terms of policy formulation and implementation, all
geared towards improving the living conditions of the ordinary people.
Without good governance, the rule of law, predictable administration,
legitimate power, and responsive regulation, no amount of funding, no amount
of charity will set us on the path of prosperity (UNDP, 1997).
The state, through governance processes, becomes an umpire, an arbiter
setting the standards and rules of the game to serve the interest of the society
since it is set up to perform that role (Olaitan, 1997). Corroborating this
viewpoint, Jega (1994:102) defined good governance as a desirable social and
political process involving the following basic elements: Responsibility and
responsiveness in leadership and in public service; Accountability in the
mobilisation as well as in the utilisation of resources; Discipline, effectiveness
and efficiency in handling public (as well as personal affairs); Selflessness
and impartial service to the people; and Popular participation and
empowerment of the people in the conduct and management of their own
affairs.
The above conceptualisation portends that good governance encompasses
processes wherein, public resources and problems are managed effectively,
efficiently and in response to critical needs of the society. This implies
effective public administration in relation to public policy formulation and
implementation in a bid to attain a high level of economic stability in the
society concerned. It also encapsulates issues of equity, justice and fair play in
the distribution of goods and services, and also to promote and enhance the
quality of life of people irrespective of their class, race and religion.
Theoretical Framework
The study adopts the principal-agent theory advanced by neo-classical
economist as an alternative to modernisation theory. In the view of these
theorists, corruption amounts to the principal-agent problem (Abu, 2007). In
this case, it is the state which is the principal that entrusts the task of
allocating rights to appropriate resources to its agents, i.e the administrators
whose responsibility is to coordinate capital projects towards executing some
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development projects instead of siphoned and misappropriated for self-
enrichment of few group of undesirable public officials and their cronies to
the detriment of the populace and national development. This means that there
would be no corruption if the state had nothing useful for the private interests
to allocate selectively.
Methodology The paper is theoretical in nature and draws its argument from secondary data
such as journal publications, textbooks, and the internet. With the use of
qualitative research design, the study explored how corruption has hampered
good governance in the nation and proffered solutions therein.
Discussions of Findings
Classification of Corruption in Nigeria
Corruption can be broadly classified into two:- private corruption and public
corruption. Private corruption exists if individuals outside government
organisations commit acts of immorality (pervasion, a show of dementia, and
acts of fraud or scamming) loot, partake in acts of fraud in their companies, or
colludes with those in government to perpetrate sharp financial practices
(Osagede, 2015). It manifests in Nigeria as everyday bribery to obtain desired
objective‟s, breaking of traffic laws, piracy, plagiarism, alteration of school
grades, illegal inflation of petroleum pump prices by dealers, robbery, sexual
gratification for higher grades or promotion, et cetera.
Public corruption takes place in government or by government officials and
their accomplices in the private sector. Thus, persons in positions of authority
exploit such positions to take from their clients. Public corruption has the
following dimensions:- political corruption, Bureaucratic corruption, military
corruption and other forms of institutional corruption as experienced in the
media and entertainment industries.
Political corruption is perpetuated in the three arms of government in a
democratic rule, namely executive, legislative and judiciary. Corruption at this
level is the highest because it involves state fund. This manifests in issues of
personal and primordial attachments in the appointment, the award of the
contract, as well as inflation of contract monies, embezzlement and
misappropriation of funds by the executive body.
The legislative body can also indulge in corruption, for instance when it
forsakes its oversight functions against the executive and judicial arms of
government. The judiciary also becomes vulnerable when it looks away from
an obvious case of crime, tries to downplay the varsity of a crime, or commits
a travesty of justice for a particular political interest. In recent times, the
Federal Court of Appeal has been in a state of crisis leading to the suspension
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of its president on alleged complicity in election cases involving some western
states which the president was said to have served the interest of a political
party (Agbu, 2003).
Bureaucratic corruption involves technocrats and civil as well as public
servants who implement government policies. The corruption at this level is
the worst as the allocation, release and use of money is executed by
government officials. The bureaucrats are the ones that propose and submit
financial needs of the units or projects and they are the ones that transfer and
effect payment. Corruption at this point, according to Buhari (2015) becomes
rife. We have heard cases of heads of ministries and parastatals arraigned
before competent courts and tribunals on charges of high-profile theft and
fraud. Bureaucratic corruption in Nigeria also manifests in favouritism and
nepotism in appointment, promotion and reward systems in public offices as
some people get rapid promotion on the basis of the family, friendship, ethnic
or religious affiliations to the boss; while others never get a promotion
because of such frivolous considerations.
The military which saw itself as a correction regime struck into politics in
January 1966 to clear the nation of bad leadership and festering corruption.
However, we all know that the counter-coup of July in the same year was an
ethnic-motivated coup meant to avenge the assassination of some persons of
Northern extraction in the first coup. With this mentality, the professionalism
that formed the fulcrum of the “corrective‟‟ notion of the institution began to
fade out as corruption gradually crept in. By 1971, the army had become
debased as all sorts of allegations were raised against General Gowon‟s
ministers and state governors. This became worse with the Babangida and
Abacha regimes which came under the spotlight as the two most corrupt
leadership in Nigeria (Folarin, 2014).
The other forms of institutional corruption include that in the media and
entertainment industries and even in the labour movement. The media in
Nigeria is particularly known for the graft or “brown envelope” syndrome in
which news report is only publishable when certain individuals or group in the
story pay their way; or when an image publishing is done for those who can
pay the reporter for it; or negative stories are stepped down when money has
been paid to destroy such story (Osagede, 2015). Similarly, in the
entertainment industry, persons for musical or movie audition may have to
“sort” or “settle” with money or sexual gratification to be given roles in films
even when they are good or very bad. Labour groups are sometimes
compromised by the government not to embark on industrial action or to
betray the cause of the movement by “sorting” labour leaders through the
fattening of their accounts (Folarin, 2014.
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Features of Good Governance
Scholars (Simbine, 2004, Onyishi, 2010 and Madhav 2007) have identified
Participation, Transparency, Responsiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency,
Accountability, Rule of Law, Consensus-Oriented, and Equity and
Inclusiveness as features of good governance in Nigeria. Participation
involves freedom of association and expression, on one hand, and an
organised civil society on the other hand (Onyishi, 2010). Participation is
where citizens are engaged in formulating, implementing and evaluating
policies that affect them (Simbine, 2004). The need for participation exists for
the citizenry to contribute in governance, to help regulate individual conducts
in the society and provide for the good of the people in Nigeria (Madhav,
2007).
Transparency is concerned with the taking and enforcement of decisions in a
manner that follows rules and regulations. It is the available information
directly accessible to the affected by such decisions and their enforcement
(Sharma, 2006). Transparency also means that leaders in the Nation allow for
public scrutiny of what they do while in public office; the citizens attend
public meetings and are free to obtain information on what happens in public
offices, who makes what decisions and why are steps taken towards
accountability of the rulers. Responsiveness means that policy decisions
respond to popular needs and expectations; it is the fundamental interest and
ultimate purpose that defines the actions of government to represent the needs
of Nigerian people (Ojo, 2009). It ensures that public institutions serve all
stakeholders within a reasonable time frame.
Effectiveness and Efficiency are when an institution makes the best use of
resources at its disposal. It covers the sustainable use of natural resources of
the environment; governance at the local government level makes adequate
values derived from government resources committed to government
programmes to achieve results for the needs of the society and use the
available resources at its disposal for development (Carsten, 2005).
Accountability is the responsibility to account for stewardship to the authority
and the people; this conforms to whom powers and responsibilities are
delegated. Accountability can be enforced with transparency, rule of law and
constitutionality (Potter, 2000). Accountability implies that those who will be
affected by decisions and actions in the nation are those appointed or elected,
and the personnel that man the institutions or stakeholders.
Rule of Law is the legal framework enforced impartially to protect human
rights particularly the minorities in the nation. The enforcement of laws
requires an independent judiciary and incorruptible police force to guarantee
basic fundamental human rights. An incorruptible law enforcement agency is
the pre-requisite for good governance in Nigeria (Sharma, 2006). Consensus
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oriented is where the interest of people in Nigeria varies, and good
governance requires that this interest should be harmonised. The Nation must,
therefore, reach broad-based consensus on the best interest of the whole
community and how it can be achieved. This is a long-term process on the
need for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such
development (Simbine, 2004; Onyishi, 2010). Equity and inclusive involves
existing if citizens in the Nation are treated equally to have a stake in
governance, not to feel excluded in the society. It requires the inclusiveness of
all groups such as the minority groups in a multi-ethnic society like Nigerian
(Pryor, 2003). It entails equality before the law, and equality to realise
individual capacities without regard to one‟s race, gender, ethnic background,
religion or whatsoever.
Implications of Corruption on Good Governance in Nigeria
Corruption is poisonous to good governance in Nigeria (Aleminka, 2012) this
is because it increases the cost of administration through inflation of contracts,
cost supplies, kickbacks and the procurement/purchase of sub-stand, and or
fake items for public use. The situation becomes worse when the public
service ends up being something akin to a social security organisation; just
giving jobs to people to earn a living without thinking about their
qualifications and experience, and what they can contribute towards the
attainment of the goals of the government and the society. The great purge of
the public service in the 1970s (Abayol, 1998) and the multiplicity of electoral
violence and court cases occasioned by fraudulent electoral practices of the
April 14 & 21 general elections in 2007 (Ibokwe, 2007 & Lai, 2007), for
example are corrupt behaviours that have constrained good governance in
Nigeria.
Ijewareme and Dunmade (2014) had noted that corruption has largely retarded
the quest for sustainable growth and development in Nigeria because it has
undermined democratic values of trust, the credibility of the government, and
good governance, and distorts quality in policymaking. Corruption in Nigeria
slows down the pace of good governance because it weakens efficiency and
effectiveness of public service and discourages genuine prospective investors.
Also, corruption and mismanagement of public funds have a direct bearing on
Nigeria‟s collapsing infrastructure like potable water, security, good road
networks, standard education, health facilities, justice, employment and other
challenges which are interconnected (Ribadu, 2013). The issue of getting
share of the so-called National cake through corruption has crept into the
operation of Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority and National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP), such that money meant for projects,
farmers and the general public have gone to politicians and nobles who have
enriched themselves at the detriment of the organisations and the entire
society (Oravee, 2015). Corruption remains the biggest barrier to ending
Corruption, an Impediment to Good Governance in Nigeria
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extreme poverty and stands in the way of progress in the development of all
areas mentioned here:- preventing funds reaching healthcare and education,
limiting individual abilities to access jobs and social benefits, corroding
systems of law and stopping aid working effectively in the poorest parts of the
world (Adebayo, 2013).
As corruption diverts public resources into private pockets, it changes the
values of hard work and industry to unproductive behaviour dominated by
excessive greed, cutting corners, sharp practices and all kinds of illegal means
to build financial empires at the detriment of others. The leadership from 1960
has criminally managed the country‟s affairs, accumulated wealth at the
expense of national development and throwing the people over the precipice
where they now wallow in absolute poverty, illiteracy, hunger, rising
unemployment, avoidable health crisis and insecurity (Ebegulem, 2012). The
former president Olusegun Obasanjo assumed office in 1999 as a poor
politician (all his bank accounts amounted to about N20,000), but after eight
years later he had refurbished and expanded a derelict agricultural (poultry)
farm at Ota in Ogun State to be now worth hundreds of millions of naira
(Oluwasanmi, 2007).
Apart from the poultry farm, Obasanjo now possesses educational institutions
that run from primary level to university; he now has over two hundred
millions of shares in various conglomerates, most especially Transcorp
Nigeria Limited (Oluwasanmi, 2007). His efforts at combating corruption
made little or no impact in the war against political corruption as his friends
and officials under him were corrupt (Ebegbulem, 2012; Oluwasanmi, 2007).
Apart from the above, the people of Nigeria and the world over had observed
the low credibility of the past Goodluck Jonathan‟s administration. New
Times Newspaper of May 6th
, 2014 describes him as “leading a corrupt
government that has little credibility (Moris, 2015). Falana (2012) opines that
under president Goodluck administration, “some of the governors and his
party members under investigation posted their orderlies and relations to man
departments in the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC).
Falana further posits that corruption under president Goodluck was carried
with impunity as Mrs. Daziani Allison Madueke, the Minister of petroleum,
for instance, who was indicted for corruption by five different investigation
panel committee report at different times remained in charge of the ministry
unperturbed (Malaye, 2013), without the president demonstrating political will
to bring her to book.
Corruption is also a strong factor that has led to politics becoming one of the
most lucrative „‟industries‟‟ in the country (Oravee, 2016). Political offices
and appointments in the public service are seen as avenues to amass wealth
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rather than service to the people. The primitive accumulation of wealth by
President Obasanjo and neglect of official responsibility by President
Goodluck Jonathan as captured by Oluwasanmi (2007) and Oravee (2016) in
the above expositions are evidence to this fact. This agrees with Mackintosh's
(1965: 21) assertion “To win an election means that you, your village, tribe or
region obtain all the top posts, the lucrative contracts. The road is tarred,
scholarships are provided, wells are dug, and new forms of industry
introduced. To lose is to surrender not only the good things but many of the
necessities of life’’.
This has compromised the morale and standards of the people in the public
service in Nigeria. Corruption has, in fact, eroded respect for Nigerian leaders
and weakens people‟s trust in government as our leaders are not able to lead
by good examples.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Corruption has thwarted good governance in Nigeria. Therefore, there is a
dearth of resources for investment in the social, economic and overall cultural
development of the masses of her people. Consequently, a country recognised
as one of the richest in Africa, and indeed the whole world paradoxically finds
itself in an inglorious unfortunate situation (Edoh, 2003). In order to roll back
the escalating phenomenon of corruption in our public life, the following are
therefore recommended:-
First and foremost, the rulers and the ruled should shun corruption out-rightly.
Corruption-fighting institutions such as the EFCC, ICPC, and Code of
Conduct Bureau among others should be strengthened to discharge their
functions without fear or favour. Effective leadership should be encouraged
and ensured in the provision of physical infrastructure, improved social
environment and proper handling of available resources to enhance the living
standards of the masses. In fact, people in governance positions should see
themselves as servants of the people and not the other way round. They should
contribute positively to the growth and development of their societies through
good examples.
The government should also empower the masses through skills acquisition
and human resources development so that they can be gainfully employed in
productive ventures. The National Orientation Agency (NOA) should embark
on rigorous education and value orientation and re-orientation aimed at
checkmating corruption and reposition governance for the overall good of the
citizenry. Apart from the above, the constitutional entrenchment of the
principle that the Nigerian people in their respective constituencies have the
power to recall at any point in time any elected official who has been found by
due process to abuse or betray the people‟s mandate should be in vogue.
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Where this, elected officials who are found wanting will be called to order
through the recall process.
The constitutional requirement that only men and women with proven ability
and integrity should be appointed to the governing boards of public
institutions, corporations and businesses to ensure that the public resources
and assets therein will be safeguarded and enhanced rather than looted and
squandered by their official custodians should be strengthened and
maintained.
There should be strict adherence to freedom of information as an entrenched
legal norm to include the following: (i) The requirement of an open
declaration of assets by all public officers, on entering and leaving office
irrespective of rank or status. Such asset declaration should be available for
verification and monitoring by any interested citizen. (ii) Open and
uninhibited access by interested citizens to all documents relating to, or
dealing with any aspect of public policy, (this will mean, effectively, the death
of all secrecy laws, behind which past and present governments have covered
all manner of crimes against the people). (iii)s The constitutional
entrenchment of the principle of independence of the judiciary and the
insulation of the principle of independence of the judiciary and the insulation
of the appointment and tenure of judges from interference by political
decision-makers whose conducts might be subject to adjudication by the
courts should be applied strictly. These, if adhered to will curtail sharp and
corrupt practices in the Nigeria governance environment and pave way for
socio-economic and political development.
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