copyright © 2009 pearson education, inc. heart and blood vessels ch. 8 major arteries and veins...

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Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8Major Arteries and Veins

Figure 8.9

Subclavian arterySubclavian vein

Jugular veinCarotid arterySuperiorvena cava

Inferiorvena cava

Commoniliac veinCommoniliac artery

Femoral artery

Great saphenous vein

Renal arteryRenal vein

Aorta

Femoral vein

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Blood Vessels—Arterial System

Structure: endothelium, middle, outer layers

Functions Arteries carry blood away from heart

Arterioles and precapillary sphincters control pressure

Capillaries exchange nutrients, waste, and defensive cells between vessel and tissue

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Arterioles and Capillaries

Figure 8.2

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Capillary Structure

Figure 8.3

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Blood Vessels—Venous System

Structure: three layers, thin-walled

Functions: carry blood toward the heart

Mechanisms in blood return Contraction of skeletal muscles

One-way valves

Pressure changes associated with breathing

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Blood Vessels—Venous System

Figure 8.6

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Blood Vessels—Summary

Figure 8.1

Inner layer:Endothelium

Middle layer:Smooth musclewith elasticfibers

Outer layer:Connectivetissue

Connective tissue

Endothelium

Vein

Venule

Artery

Arteriole

Capillary

Direction ofblood flow

Tissuecells

Epithelial cells ofcapillary endothelium

Smooth muscle

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The Heart

Figure 8.7

Superior vena cava

Pulmonarysemilunar valveRight atrium

Right AV valveRight ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Left pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Left AV valve

Aortic semilunar valve

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

Left ventricle

Septum

Right pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary artery

Aorta

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The Heart

Structure

Layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Chambers: two atrias, two ventricles

Valves Two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and

bicuspid (mitral)

Two semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic

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Pulmonary Circuit—Oxygenation of Blood

Pathway Deoxygenated blood from the body into

heart

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Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Figure 8.9

Subclavian arterySubclavian vein

Jugular veinCarotid arterySuperiorvena cava

Inferiorvena cava

Commoniliac veinCommoniliac artery

Femoral artery

Great saphenous vein

Renal arteryRenal vein

Aorta

Femoral vein

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Cardiac Cycle

Figure 8.11

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Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction

SA node: cardiac pacemaker

AV node: relays impulse

AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles

Figure 8.13

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How Blood Pressure is Measured

Figure 8.16

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Regulation: Nervous and Endocrine Factors

Medulla oblongata signals Sympathetic nerves: constrict blood vessels,

raising blood pressure

Parasympathetic nerves: dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure

Hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline)

Local requirements dictate local blood flow

Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output

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Cardiovascular Disorders

Angina pectoris: a warning

Myocardial infarction/heart attack: permanent cardiac damage

Congestive heart failure: decrease in pumping efficiency

Embolism: blockage of blood vessels

Stroke: impaired blood flow to the brain