conservation of coastal zones in indiaiced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/c-22/coastal zone...

Dr. K. SivakumarWildlife Institute of India

ksivakumar@wii.gov.in

Conservation of Coastal Zones in

Training Programme

Audit of emerging environment

issues

8-12 June, 2015, iCED, Jaipur

Green turtle

Size: 150 cm

Hawksbill turtle

Size: 90 cm

hanker

Olive Ridley turtle

Size: 75 -80 cm

Introduction to coastal zone Ecological Values Threats Development vs Biodiversity Indian Scenario Economics of Ecosystem services Costal Zone Regulation in India What need to be done?

The confluence of three major realms -

the Indo-Malayan, Eurasian and

Afrotropical

102 National Parks

520 Sanctuaries

6 World Heritage sites

18 Biosphere Reserves

Biodiversity Wealth of India

26 recognized endemic

centres for flowering plants

30% of the world’s recorded

7.31% of the global fauna

Biodiversity profile of India

India is one of the 17 ‘megabiodiverse’ country in the

India is also one of the 9 ‘Vavilovian centers of

origin and diversity of crop plants’

Biodiversity Hotspots

India has 4 of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots

The Himalaya: Western and Eastern Himalaya form part of

Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot.

The Western Ghats: part of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka global

biodiversity hotspot.

North-east: part of Indo-Burma

global biodiversity hotspot.

Nicobar Islands: part of the

Sundaland global

biodiversity hotspot.

Endemism in select Plant and Animal Taxa

In terms of endemism of Vertebrate groups, India’s

global ranking is tenth in birds with 69 species, fifth in

reptiles with 156 species and seventh in amphibians with

110 species.

Mammals

Amphibian

Fresh Water Crabs

642568

1949 Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Pteridophytes

Bryophytes

Lichens

Source: BSI, 2013

Source: IUCN Red List, 2013

Highly productive Ecosystem

Pelagic organisms Bacteria

PlanktonNekton

PhytoplanktonZooplankton

Cephalopods

Pisces

Dinoflagellates

Crustaceans

reptiles

Mammals

Protozoa

Ctenophora

AnnelidaMolluscs

Urochordates

Cnidarians Arthropods

Cyanobacteria

Coccolithophorids

Sillicoflagellates

BENTHIC ORGANISMS

Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes

Nemerta

Annelida

Sipunculida Pogonophora Phoronida Brachiopoda

ArthropodaMollusca Bryozoa Holothuria Echinodermata

Ascideans

Cephalochordata

I. Ensure environmental sustainability for development

II. Assess the status and condition of various ecosystem in countries to ensure the ecological goods and services are continue to be provided by such ecosystems for human well being

III. Identify the drivers of change in various ecosystems

IV. Develop models of development that ensures environmental sustainability and human well being

What is Coastal Zone ?

Simply saying…the place where water of seas meets the land

Ecologically speaking…an ecotone where the influence of the

tidal backwash of the sea is felt into the landmass including

freshwater aquatic system

In other words…a dynamic zone where moisture, salinity, wind

directions and biodiversity are constantly in a state of flux

Commensurate with the situation mentioned above, the coastal

zone is one of the most productive and richest habitat on earth,

and hence are an asset of incalculable value to coastal nations

and dependent human societies

Home to more than half of the world’s population

Two third of world’s largest cities are located on the coast

Two third of the global fish production are from the coastal and marine habitat

Half of the global tourism earnings are from the coastal zone

Major productive estuaries

Deltaic mangrove systems

Coastal lagoons

Productive salt marshes

Coral Reef systems

Productive mudflats

Seaweed and seagrass beds and

Sand dunes

Goods (fish, fodder, fuel, oil, minerals etc.) and

Services (natural protection from storms & tidal waves, ground

water and recreation)

Marine

Environment

Terrestrial

Environment

Activities

Coastal Zone

Coastal resource system

i. The people who live, use orotherwise are concerned (socially,economically and culturally) withthe coastal environment

ii. The policy makers and managerswhose decisions and actions affectthe life style, livelihood and rights ofcoastal people and the ecologicalprocesses of the coastal zone

iii. Members of scientific community,both natural and social scientists

iv. Environment Auditors

i. Beach and sand dunes alteration –can change patterns of sedimenttransport and alter inshore currentsystem

ii. Coastal embankments – can affectthe functioning of coastal wetlandsthrough reduced freshwater inflowand through changes in watercirculation

iii. Developmental activities –decrease the productivity byintroducing pollutants, changingwater circulation and temperaturepatterns

Contd……

iv. Coastal aquaculture activities – can remove productive mangroves thereby diminishing the buffer system for coastal storms and nursery habitat for juvenile fish

v. Ports development and dredging – often accompanies removal of coral reefs, benthos and built up of sediments

vi. Activities further uplands such as logging, agricultural practices and animal husbandry practices represents important sources of damage to estuarine and ocean areas through increased flow of sediments, pesticides and other pollutants

AND ALL THESE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT THE TRADITIONAL USE

PATTERN AND RIGHTS OF HUMAN SOCIETY IN THIS GEOPHYSICAL

ENTITY.

i. Conflict among users (direct:

fishermen & oil operators and

indirect: environmental groups,

members of the public & future

generations) over the use and

non-use of particular coastal

and ocean areas

ii. Conflict among sectoral

government agencies that

administer programmes related

to coast and ocean

i. Competition for ocean or

coastal space

ii. Adverse effect of one use such

as oil development on another

use such as fisheries or

wildlife values

iii. Adverse effects on ecosystems

iv. Effects on onshore ecology or

even for infrastructure

v. Forced changes in livelihood

options of coastal

communities

vi. Impact on traditionally used

cultural and heritage

infrastructures.

~ 8000 km coastline inclusive of islands

500 m inland from hightide line

is recognized as the Coastal

Zone though the tidal backwash

from the sea in the east coast

river system ranges upto 200

12 nautical miles territorial sea

200 nautical miles EEZ

200,000 sq.km continental shelf

Gujarat

Maharashtra

West Bengal

Introduction to coastal and marine environment of India

• 9 maritime states

• 2 islands groups

• 7516 km coastal length

Andhra

Pradesh

Orissa

Bay of

Bengal

Arabia

Indian Ocean

Lakshadweep

islands

Andaman &

Nicobar islands

shoreline,

mudflats,

arid, humid,

Steep, narrow

beaches,

funnel shaped

estuaries, high

rainfall,

Gentle slope,

wide beaches,

Gentle slope,

wide beaches,

Sand dunes,

forming

estuaries

Coastal geomorphology and climate

Coastal and marine environment of Indian mainland

Important coastal and marine ecosystems of Indian mainland in the existing

Wildlife Protected Area Network

Sundarbans

Bhitarkanika

Coringa

Gulf of Mannar

Gulf of

Malvan

PulicatNetrani

Krishna

Point Calimere

Coral reef

Sand dunesBeaches

Mangrove

Seaweed

Seagrass

Estuaries

Sunderbans – largest known population in India, also largest

/reports of man-tiger conflict/Worlds only known population of

tigers in littoral habitat

Turtle return to

original birth

site to breed

In between

breeding

seasons adults

migrate back to

adult foraging

areas until

ready to breed

After hatching

baby turtles

race towards

the sea

Turtles spends

several years

in passive

migration

Migrates to

adult foraging

areas until

ready to breed

Turtle migrates to

near shore waters

to mature

ON –SHORE

OFF –SHORE

The Nasi group of islands after the October 1999

super cyclone (FCC of IRSIC LISS III, Mar. 2000)

Nasi-I

Nasi-IIBabubali

Wheeler Island

Coconut

Island

In 2004, (Mass nesting area 3000 m X 60

Source: Prusty et al 2006

Extended sandbar at Wheeler

Island

Wheeler Island

Extended sandbar at Wheeler

Island

Wheeler Island

Determining critical habitat requirements of globally

migratory marine species for locating developmental projects

IRS 1D LISS III IMAGE OF CHILIKA LAGOON

New Mouth

Old Mouth

BAY OF BENGAL

Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh

Long-lived slow breeding Warm water habitats

accessible to human impact Taste good! Valuable by-products

Lifespan 73 Years

Age at first reproduction 7-17 Years

Calving Interval 2.5-6 Years

Adult survivorship >95%

Maximum rate of

increase %

Survival of adults critical and must be more than 95% to maintain population

Low sustainable human mortality

<13010000

<131000

Sustainable

human-

caused

mortality per

Dugong

population

• GUJARAT–GULF OF KUTCH

• TAMIL NADU –GULF OF MANNAR AND PALK BAY

• ANDAMAN & NICOBAR

Gulf of Kachch MNP

Gulf of Mannar MNP

ANDAMANS

Great Nicobar BR

• GUJARAT–GULF OF KUTCH

• TAMIL NADU –GULF OF MANNAR AND PALK BAY

• ANDAMAN & NICOBAR

Bet Dwarka

Don’t Know

Tsunami29%

Hunting

Boat Traffic9%

Trawlers

Gill net

Low reproductive

rate 2%

Dugong Population Decline - Perceived Causes

# respondents = 313

Coral reefs: Rain forests of the sea

Coral Reef Restoration

• to support natural recruitment process.

• to restore / increase reef cover, particularly in the degradedarea - coastal protection & livelihood through fishery production.

• to conserve and enhance threatened / endangered coral

species.

Kappaphycus alvarezii

Andamans

Nicobars

Sumatra

Leatherback Marine Turtle – the largest breeding congregation in

Southern Nicobar Islands

hanker

The Great Andamanese

The Onge

The Jarawa

The Sentineli

Nicobarese Shompens

©S.P.Vijay

akumar

Latitude: 8°N to 12°30’N

Longitude: 71°E to 74°E

Land area: 32 sq km

Territorial waters: 20000 sq km

Lagoon area: 4200 sq km

Total no. of islands: 36

(inhabited – 10, uninhabited – 14)

The Lakshadweep Atolls

Island

Lagoon

Lakshadweep

Archipelago

Cover: 8 km2

Species: 14

Fringing and riverine

Mangroves

Backwaters and Lakes

Ayiramthengu

Ashtamudi Lake

Vembanad Lake

Mangalavanam

Dharmadom

Kadalundi

Turtle nesting

beaches

Kolavipalem

Thaikadapuram

Kerala

Map not to scale

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots

Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun

Malvan

Cover: 116 km2

Species: 12

Mangroves

Corals

Cover: km2

Species:

Platform reef

Protected Area

Mumbai

Maharashtra

Map not to scale

Gulf of Kuchchh

Gulf of Kambhat

Cover: 960 km2

Species: 8

Mangroves

Corals

Cover: 148 km2

Species: 56

Platform reef

Protected Area

Turtle nesting

beaches

Kori creek

Bhavnagar

Bharuch

Porbandar

Jamnagar

Mundra

Gujarat

Map not to scale

Kori Creek Mangroves

One of the highest population density(50 per Km2 in Kuchchh, Gujarat to 1000per Km2 in West Bengal with anaverage of around 600 per Km2 allalong the coast

Marine Fisheries in India- Socio-economic Profile

Marine fishermen population - 3 million Marine fishermen households - 0.50 million No of active fishermen - 1.025 million Ratio of active fishermen to total - 1:3 Average no. of sea-going fishermen per

village – 282 Average no. of fishermen population per

village - 825 Fish landing centres - 2251 Marine fishing

villages - 3638

Partnership-based initiative that promotes investment in coastal ecosystems for sustainable development.

From: 2006 post-tsunami responseTo: 2010 Coastal community resilience

Member countries India, Indonesia, Maldives, Pakistan Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam

Outreach countries Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Timor Leste

• A demonstration that integrates raising of mangrove plantation with

fish, prawn and or crab culture in abandoned prawn – shrimp ponds

• Is eco-friendly – no artificial feed, no energy use

• A ecological solution to abandoned shrimp ponds– enabling better

landuse practice

• Can enhance adaptive capacity of local community to sea level rise

April 2009Feb 2006 Fishing…..

Catch …..

-contd …

Contd...

Illegal trade

(a) Highly polluted areas of Mumbai city (Mahim Bay). Some water birds are also seen.

(b) Accumulation of tar balls noticed along one of the beaches of Mumbai in 1974. The problem was really acute in the mid-seventies.

Sea surface temperature (SST) of the north Indian Ocean derived from the Satellite NOAA-AVHRR. The Colour code is at 1

o C interval. Red depicts high temperature (32

o C) and blue

low (23o

C). Orange and yellow are towards higher range and green towards lower range.

Natural calamities and its impact

Indira Point before and after tsunami 2004

Beach alteration

Shore perpendicular structures: -groynes-harbour walls

Shore parallel structures: -sea walls Detached structures: -breakwaters

These strategies should only be considered where it is decided that interventions are an urgent priority.

Identifies areas for protection. Legal framework of the Protected Area. Access to funding. Inclusion of threatened as flagship species

within the area to protect. Official presence within the areas. Attracts civil support (NGO, community,

university)

Mostly too small Many are multiple use. Not usually implemented. Creation of a paper park. Enforcement is lax. Massive tourism. Lack of continuous funding. Based on inadequate

knowledge of marine biodiversity

Capacity deficit of park staff

Often dependent on the enthusiasm and energy of short term champions.

Lack of succession planning for managers and scientists

Ephemeral funding Lack of alternative livelihoods May not resolve hunting

problems Top-down imposition of rules

and regulations. Mismatch between geopolitical

and ecological scales

• This was measured after establishing ‘no take’ zones in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Goal 2.1: Promote equity and benefit sharing

Goal 4.3: Assess and monitor ecosystem status and trends

Indiscriminate and uncontrolled over fishing and fisheries related impacts

Coastal and marine developmental projects and chronic impacts

Stochastic natural events such as cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, global warming

And related demographic and landuse patterns

Formulation of Species Action Plans…

A planning framework for protected area management

Multi-sector

Public process

Considers ecosystem health and services

Economics Ecology Governance Social/Cultural Parameters

Import of alien invasive mechanized trawl fishing

bringing conflict with artisanal fisherfolks

Aquaculture development along the coast for export

earnings at the cost of subsistence livelihoods

Captive ports and industrial development all along

the coastline creating dead non productive zones

along the sea coast

Extraction of ground water in coastal zone for

industry at the cost of right to clean water of local

community and air pollution infringing on the rights

to clean air

Economics and Conservation of Coastal Ecosystems

Coastlines – ecological as

well as economic hotspots

Major direct and indirect

drivers to degradation of

natural resources have

economic underpinnings

Lopsided decision making

as ecosystem services not

integrated into

developmental planning

Sustainable economic

development linked to

sustenance of ecosystem

services

Coastal ecosystems – Economic questions How much do these ecosystem

services contribute to the local,

regional and national economy ?

Are the investments made

commensurate to the benefits ?

Is it okay to permit alternate use

eg. aquaculture, which have

identified monetary benefits and

costs streams ? How do these

compare with coastal ecosystem

services ?

What would be the overall

economic impact of a

developmental activity, say

upstream hydrological regulation

148.66 ± 0.262Metric ton Carbon / ha

3.178 ± 0.005Million metric ton Carbon ( Overall)

24 Euro for 1 ton of Carbon or equivalent

254,208.60 ± 448.02Rupees / ha

How can economics contribute ?

Hurricane Protection Function, Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa

average opportunity cost of saving a life by retaining mangroveswas 11.7 million rupees per life saved.

Establishing economic consequences of loss of

ecosystem services

Courtesy: Ritesh Kumar

• Damage at Medilla 213,825 USD;

• Damage at Medagama 33,603

• Damage avoided due to

mangroves in Medagama village:

180,222 USD;

• Value of protection provided by

one hectare of mangroves: 9,011

Source: Ranasinghe and Kallesoe, 2006, IUCN

In Hambantota

− Nearly 50 people died;

− Property damage was

USD1.4 m;

Source: Unpublished report: Lelwala S, and Rizvi, A, 2009, IUCN

The conservation design of the notification is similar to the CRZ notification, but varies in the degree of regulation of activities. The CZM notification attempts to delineate areas as CZM I, II, III and IV zones and establish different ways of managing activities here

The Setback Lines in the coastal

management zones categorised as

CMZ – I, II and III will be based on

vulnerability of the coast to natural

and manmade hazards. This

procedure is followed in many

countries where the coast has been

mapped for vulnerability to coastal

hazards.

Coastal Management Zone - I (CMZ -I) shall consist of areas designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA), an indicative list is given in Appendix –II.

1. Mangroves

2. Coral reefs

3. Sand Beaches and Sand Dunes

4. Mudflats

5. Marine wildlife protected areas under the

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

6. Coastal freshwater bodies such as creeks, lakes

7. Salt Marshes

8. Turtle nesting grounds

9. Horse shoe crabs habitats

10. Sea grass beds

11. Sea weed beds

12. Nesting grounds of birds

Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) shall consist of areas, other than CMZ - I and coastal waters, identified as “Areas of Particular Concern (APC)” such as economically important areas, high population density areas, and culturally and, or strategically.

In the administrative boundaries of areas of the Coastal Municipalities or Corporation and coastal Panchayatwith population density of more than 400 persons per sq. km, activities shall be regulated based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan approved by the Central Government. The activities proposed on the seaward side of the setback line in the above administrative boundaries shall be regulated to ensure that no further development takes place other than foreshore requiring facilities and basic infrastructure.

1. Coastal Municipalities/Corporations (the entire notified

2. Coastal Panchayats with population density more than

400 persons per sq km (the entire notified area) as per

the latest Census of India.

3. Ports and Harbours

4. Notified Tourism Areas

5. Mining sites

6. Notified Industrial Estates

7. Foreshore facilities for Special Economic Zones

8. Heritage areas

9. Notified Archaeological sites under the Protected

Monuments Act.

10. Defence areas/installations

11. Power Plants

12. *Green field airports and expansion and modernization

of existing airports

Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) shall consist

of all other open areas including coastal waters and

tidal influenced inland water bodies, that is, all areas

excluding those classified as CMZ - I, II and IV.

The activities that may be permitted or prohibited on

the seaward side of the setback line and agencies

responsible are given in Appendix-VI. The existing

dwelling units and other infrastructure existing on

the seaward side of the setback line shall not be

disturbed/relocated. No activities relating to fishing

by traditional communities shall be disturbed.

(a) Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) shall consist of

island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and

other offshore islands.

In respect of the islands in coastal backwaters areas which are

not included in CMZ - I or CMZ - II, such areas may be

included in CMZ - IV at the option of the Local Authority;

otherwise they would be included in CMZ - III.

All activities shall conform to the approved Integrated Coastal

Zone Management Plans, which shall be determined in each

case by the concerned State or Union territory Coastal Zone

Management Authority. While, preparing the Integrated Coastal

Zone Management Plans it shall be ensured that no

developments are permitted in the corals, mangroves, breeding

and spawning of endangered species other than those

minimum essential activities required for local communities.

Unprecedented pressure on the

coast for industrial and urban

development.

Coast is threatened by climate

change related devastation such

as cyclonic storms and sea surges.

Sea level rise

The coastal communities are in a

greater danger from coastal

development as well as loss of

livelihood from conservation

efforts as well.

Seagrass and climate change

• Additions or removal of sediment– Storms, flooding, soil

erosion, dredging

• Eutrophication– Excess nutrients

– Algal growth

• Light reduction– Turbidity or increased

water depth

• Temperature increase

• Increasing seawater CO2

levels

• Decreasing pH (ocean acidification)

• Coastal development barriers

Björk M., Short F., Mcleod, E. and Beer, S. (2008). Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 56pp.

DRR, CCA and resilience of coastal ecosystems

• Coastal ecosystems are carbon sinks. Global carbon burialin mangroves is estimated to be 18,400,000 tonnes/year

• At least 430 million tonnes of carbon is stored in the upper50cm of salt marshes worldwide.

• Sea grass meadows between 27-40 million tonnes ofcarbon/year

• Destruction of mangroves, and salt marshes enhancesimpacts of cyclones, storm surges, floods, coastal erosionand reduced carbon burial.

• Destruction of coral reefs likewise enhances impacts ofextreme weather events

Approaches to dealing with climate change

• Two ways of addressing: mitigation and adaptation

• Mitigation: reducing emissions of GHGs-carbon cleanenergy like wind, water, solar and atomic sources

• Balancing emissions against carbon absorption and carbontrading

• Risk management and reduction: early warning systems,promotion of adaptive management strategies;development of financial instruments like insurance

• Promotion of ecosystem management practices such asconserving and managing coastal ecosystems

Current status: DRR and CCA

• LAWS: At least 6 (i) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (ii)Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (iii) EPA 1986-protectionand improvement of environment, prevention of hazardsto human life and health, other living creatures, plants andproperty (iv) Wetland Conservation and ManagementRules 2010-conservation of coastal and marine wetlandswith emphasis on Ramsar sites (v) Biological Diversity Act2002 (vi) Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011

• POLICIES: (i) National Environmental Policy 2006 (ii)Marine Fishing Policy 2004- sustainable developmentconsistent with protection of coastal and marineecosystems, biodiversity, safeguards against pollution andover exploitation

16% of world’s population;

14% of world’s livestock population

on about 2% of world’s land area.

Major challenges for conservation in India

Photos: Anoop. A

MARINE MAMMALS

•Occasional local consumption of

Dolphin meat and as bait to catch

sharks.

•Dugong meat is consumed

occasionally

All marine mammals ( Dolphins, Whales, Porpoises and Dugong ) are under

Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

MARINE TURTLES

•Occasional local consumption of meat

All five species of marine turtles recorded in India are listed under Schedule I.

• Carapace for Becko trade

ELASMOBRANCHS

• Meat for consumption

• Fins for export

• Jaws as curios

• skulls and cartilages for medicines

Among Elasmobranchs, 9 species are under schedule I

HOLOTHURIANS

• No local use

• Bêche-de-mer also called

Trepang, boiled, dried, and smoked flesh

of sea cucumbers used to make soups.

All Holothurians (Sea cucumbers) are under schedule I

MARINE FISHES

• Dried sea horse for Ornamental purpose and ingredient in TCM

•Giant grouper for consumption

Among fishes, only Sea horses and Epinephelus lanceolatus (Giant Grouper) comes under Schedule I

Courtesy. internet

Always refer the Legal policies

documents related to coastal and

marine biodiversity/Environment,

Refer permits or licenses

conditions of the project

Refer Environmental Impact

Assessment and Environmental

Management Plan of the Project

Emphasize the importance of

assessment on ‘Payment of

Ecosystem services

Refer Scientific publications with

impact factors

You can make difference if you could …

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