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Dr. K. SivakumarWildlife Institute of India
Conservation of Coastal Zones in
India
Training Programme
Audit of emerging environment
issues
8-12 June, 2015, iCED, Jaipur
Green turtle
Size: 150 cm
Hawksbill turtle
Size: 90 cm
Dr.
Kart
ik S
hanker
Olive Ridley turtle
Size: 75 -80 cm
Introduction to coastal zone Ecological Values Threats Development vs Biodiversity Indian Scenario Economics of Ecosystem services Costal Zone Regulation in India What need to be done?
The confluence of three major realms -
the Indo-Malayan, Eurasian and
Afrotropical
102 National Parks
520 Sanctuaries
6 World Heritage sites
18 Biosphere Reserves
Biodiversity Wealth of India
26 recognized endemic
centres for flowering plants
30% of the world’s recorded
flora
7.31% of the global fauna
Biodiversity profile of India
India is one of the 17 ‘megabiodiverse’ country in the
world
India is also one of the 9 ‘Vavilovian centers of
origin and diversity of crop plants’
Biodiversity Hotspots
India has 4 of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots
The Himalaya: Western and Eastern Himalaya form part of
Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot.
The Western Ghats: part of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka global
biodiversity hotspot.
North-east: part of Indo-Burma
global biodiversity hotspot.
Nicobar Islands: part of the
Sundaland global
biodiversity hotspot.
Endemism in select Plant and Animal Taxa
In terms of endemism of Vertebrate groups, India’s
global ranking is tenth in birds with 69 species, fifth in
reptiles with 156 species and seventh in amphibians with
110 species.
44
53
168
60
Mammals
Birds
Amphibian
Fresh Water Crabs
4045
8
196
642568
3625
1949 Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Pteridophytes
Bryophytes
Lichens
Fungi
Algae
Fauna
Flora
Source: BSI, 2013
Source: IUCN Red List, 2013
Highly productive Ecosystem
Pelagic organisms Bacteria
Virus
PlanktonNekton
PhytoplanktonZooplankton
Cephalopods
Pisces
Dinoflagellates
Crustaceans
reptiles
Mammals
Protozoa
Ctenophora
AnnelidaMolluscs
Urochordates
Cnidarians Arthropods
Cyanobacteria
Coccolithophorids
Sillicoflagellates
BENTHIC ORGANISMS
Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes
Nemerta
Annelida
Sipunculida Pogonophora Phoronida Brachiopoda
ArthropodaMollusca Bryozoa Holothuria Echinodermata
Ascideans
Cephalochordata
I. Ensure environmental sustainability for development
II. Assess the status and condition of various ecosystem in countries to ensure the ecological goods and services are continue to be provided by such ecosystems for human well being
III. Identify the drivers of change in various ecosystems
IV. Develop models of development that ensures environmental sustainability and human well being
What is Coastal Zone ?
Simply saying…the place where water of seas meets the land
Ecologically speaking…an ecotone where the influence of the
tidal backwash of the sea is felt into the landmass including
freshwater aquatic system
In other words…a dynamic zone where moisture, salinity, wind
directions and biodiversity are constantly in a state of flux
Commensurate with the situation mentioned above, the coastal
zone is one of the most productive and richest habitat on earth,
and hence are an asset of incalculable value to coastal nations
and dependent human societies
Home to more than half of the world’s population
Two third of world’s largest cities are located on the coast
Two third of the global fish production are from the coastal and marine habitat
Half of the global tourism earnings are from the coastal zone
Major productive estuaries
Deltaic mangrove systems
Coastal lagoons
Productive salt marshes
Coral Reef systems
Productive mudflats
Seaweed and seagrass beds and
Sand dunes
Goods (fish, fodder, fuel, oil, minerals etc.) and
Services (natural protection from storms & tidal waves, ground
water and recreation)
Marine
Environment
Terrestrial
Environment
Human
Activities
Coastal Zone
Coastal resource system
i. The people who live, use orotherwise are concerned (socially,economically and culturally) withthe coastal environment
ii. The policy makers and managerswhose decisions and actions affectthe life style, livelihood and rights ofcoastal people and the ecologicalprocesses of the coastal zone
iii. Members of scientific community,both natural and social scientists
iv. Environment Auditors
i. Beach and sand dunes alteration –can change patterns of sedimenttransport and alter inshore currentsystem
ii. Coastal embankments – can affectthe functioning of coastal wetlandsthrough reduced freshwater inflowand through changes in watercirculation
iii. Developmental activities –decrease the productivity byintroducing pollutants, changingwater circulation and temperaturepatterns
Contd……
iv. Coastal aquaculture activities – can remove productive mangroves thereby diminishing the buffer system for coastal storms and nursery habitat for juvenile fish
v. Ports development and dredging – often accompanies removal of coral reefs, benthos and built up of sediments
vi. Activities further uplands such as logging, agricultural practices and animal husbandry practices represents important sources of damage to estuarine and ocean areas through increased flow of sediments, pesticides and other pollutants
AND ALL THESE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT THE TRADITIONAL USE
PATTERN AND RIGHTS OF HUMAN SOCIETY IN THIS GEOPHYSICAL
ENTITY.
i. Conflict among users (direct:
fishermen & oil operators and
indirect: environmental groups,
members of the public & future
generations) over the use and
non-use of particular coastal
and ocean areas
ii. Conflict among sectoral
government agencies that
administer programmes related
to coast and ocean
i. Competition for ocean or
coastal space
ii. Adverse effect of one use such
as oil development on another
use such as fisheries or
wildlife values
iii. Adverse effects on ecosystems
iv. Effects on onshore ecology or
even for infrastructure
v. Forced changes in livelihood
options of coastal
communities
vi. Impact on traditionally used
cultural and heritage
infrastructures.
~ 8000 km coastline inclusive of islands
500 m inland from hightide line
is recognized as the Coastal
Zone though the tidal backwash
from the sea in the east coast
river system ranges upto 200
km.
12 nautical miles territorial sea
200 nautical miles EEZ
200,000 sq.km continental shelf
Gujarat
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Tamil
Nadu
Introduction to coastal and marine environment of India
• 9 maritime states
• 2 islands groups
• 7516 km coastal length
Andhra
Pradesh
Orissa
Bay of
Bengal
Arabia
Sea
Indian Ocean
Goa
Lakshadweep
islands
Andaman &
Nicobar islands
Rocky
shoreline,
mudflats,
arid, humid,
Steep, narrow
beaches,
funnel shaped
estuaries, high
rainfall,
Gentle slope,
wide beaches,
dry
Gentle slope,
wide beaches,
humid
Sand dunes,
Delta
forming
estuaries
Coastal geomorphology and climate
Coastal and marine environment of Indian mainland
Important coastal and marine ecosystems of Indian mainland in the existing
Wildlife Protected Area Network
Sundarbans
Bhitarkanika
Coringa
Gulf of Mannar
Gulf of
Kutch
Malvan
PulicatNetrani
Krishna
Point Calimere
Coral reef
Sand dunesBeaches
Mangrove
Seaweed
Seagrass
Estuaries
Sunderbans – largest known population in India, also largest
/reports of man-tiger conflict/Worlds only known population of
tigers in littoral habitat
Turtle return to
original birth
site to breed
In between
breeding
seasons adults
migrate back to
adult foraging
areas until
ready to breed
again
After hatching
baby turtles
race towards
the sea
Turtles spends
several years
in passive
migration
Migrates to
adult foraging
areas until
ready to breed
Turtle migrates to
near shore waters
to mature
ON –SHORE
OFF –SHORE
The Nasi group of islands after the October 1999
super cyclone (FCC of IRSIC LISS III, Mar. 2000)
Nasi-I
Nasi-IIBabubali
Wheeler Island
Coconut
Island
In 2004, (Mass nesting area 3000 m X 60
m)
Source: Prusty et al 2006
Extended sandbar at Wheeler
Island
Wheeler Island
In 2009, (Mass nesting area 900 m X 87
m)
Extended sandbar at Wheeler
Island
Wheeler Island
In 2010, (Mass nesting area 1000 m X 53
m)
Determining critical habitat requirements of globally
migratory marine species for locating developmental projects
IRS 1D LISS III IMAGE OF CHILIKA LAGOON
New Mouth
Old Mouth
BAY OF BENGAL
Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh
Long-lived slow breeding Warm water habitats
accessible to human impact Taste good! Valuable by-products
Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh
Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh
Lifespan 73 Years
Age at first reproduction 7-17 Years
Calving Interval 2.5-6 Years
Adult survivorship >95%
Maximum rate of
increase %
~5
Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh
Survival of adults critical and must be more than 95% to maintain population
Low sustainable human mortality
<13010000
<131000
0100
Sustainable
human-
caused
mortality per
year
Dugong
population
size
Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh
• GUJARAT–GULF OF KUTCH
• TAMIL NADU –GULF OF MANNAR AND PALK BAY
• ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
Gulf of Kachch MNP
Gulf of Mannar MNP
ANDAMANS
Great Nicobar BR
• GUJARAT–GULF OF KUTCH
• TAMIL NADU –GULF OF MANNAR AND PALK BAY
• ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
Bet Dwarka
Jodia
Don’t Know
33%
Tsunami29%
Hunting
14%
Boat Traffic9%
Trawlers
9%
Gill net
4%
Low reproductive
rate 2%
Dugong Population Decline - Perceived Causes
# respondents = 313
Coral reefs: Rain forests of the sea
Coral Reef Restoration
• to support natural recruitment process.
• to restore / increase reef cover, particularly in the degradedarea - coastal protection & livelihood through fishery production.
• to conserve and enhance threatened / endangered coral
species.
Kappaphycus alvarezii
Andamans
Nicobars
Sumatra
Leatherback Marine Turtle – the largest breeding congregation in
Southern Nicobar Islands
Dr.
Kart
ik S
hanker
The Great Andamanese
The Onge
The Jarawa
The Sentineli
Nicobarese Shompens
©S.P.Vijay
akumar
Pa
nka
j S
aksh
eria
Latitude: 8°N to 12°30’N
Longitude: 71°E to 74°E
Land area: 32 sq km
Territorial waters: 20000 sq km
Lagoon area: 4200 sq km
Total no. of islands: 36
(inhabited – 10, uninhabited – 14)
The Lakshadweep Atolls
Island
Lagoon
Reefs
Lakshadweep
Archipelago
N
Cover: 8 km2
Species: 14
Fringing and riverine
Mangroves
Backwaters and Lakes
Ayiramthengu
Ashtamudi Lake
Vembanad Lake
Mangalavanam
Dharmadom
Kadalundi
Turtle nesting
beaches
Kolavipalem
Thaikadapuram
Kerala
Map not to scale
Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun
N
Malvan
Achra
Cover: 116 km2
Species: 12
Fringing and riverine
Mangroves
Corals
Cover: km2
Species:
Platform reef
Protected Area
Mumbai
Maharashtra
Map not to scale
Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots
© Mangrove Cell, MH
Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots
N
Gulf of Kuchchh
Gulf of Kambhat
Cover: 960 km2
Species: 8
Fringing and riverine
Mangroves
Corals
Cover: 148 km2
Species: 56
Platform reef
Protected Area
Turtle nesting
beaches
Kori creek
Bhavnagar
Bharuch
Diu
Porbandar
Jamnagar
Mundra
Gujarat
Map not to scale
Kori Creek Mangroves
One of the highest population density(50 per Km2 in Kuchchh, Gujarat to 1000per Km2 in West Bengal with anaverage of around 600 per Km2 allalong the coast
Marine Fisheries in India- Socio-economic Profile
Marine fishermen population - 3 million Marine fishermen households - 0.50 million No of active fishermen - 1.025 million Ratio of active fishermen to total - 1:3 Average no. of sea-going fishermen per
village – 282 Average no. of fishermen population per
village - 825 Fish landing centres - 2251 Marine fishing
villages - 3638
Partnership-based initiative that promotes investment in coastal ecosystems for sustainable development.
From: 2006 post-tsunami responseTo: 2010 Coastal community resilience
Member countries India, Indonesia, Maldives, Pakistan Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam
Outreach countries Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Timor Leste
• A demonstration that integrates raising of mangrove plantation with
fish, prawn and or crab culture in abandoned prawn – shrimp ponds
• Is eco-friendly – no artificial feed, no energy use
• A ecological solution to abandoned shrimp ponds– enabling better
landuse practice
• Can enhance adaptive capacity of local community to sea level rise
April 2009Feb 2006 Fishing…..
Catch …..
-contd …
Contd...
Illegal trade
(a)
(b)
(a) Highly polluted areas of Mumbai city (Mahim Bay). Some water birds are also seen.
(b) Accumulation of tar balls noticed along one of the beaches of Mumbai in 1974. The problem was really acute in the mid-seventies.
Sea surface temperature (SST) of the north Indian Ocean derived from the Satellite NOAA-AVHRR. The Colour code is at 1
o C interval. Red depicts high temperature (32
o C) and blue
low (23o
C). Orange and yellow are towards higher range and green towards lower range.
Natural calamities and its impact
Indira Point before and after tsunami 2004
Beach alteration
Shore perpendicular structures: -groynes-harbour walls
Shore parallel structures: -sea walls Detached structures: -breakwaters
These strategies should only be considered where it is decided that interventions are an urgent priority.
Identifies areas for protection. Legal framework of the Protected Area. Access to funding. Inclusion of threatened as flagship species
within the area to protect. Official presence within the areas. Attracts civil support (NGO, community,
university)
Mostly too small Many are multiple use. Not usually implemented. Creation of a paper park. Enforcement is lax. Massive tourism. Lack of continuous funding. Based on inadequate
knowledge of marine biodiversity
Capacity deficit of park staff
Often dependent on the enthusiasm and energy of short term champions.
Lack of succession planning for managers and scientists
Ephemeral funding Lack of alternative livelihoods May not resolve hunting
problems Top-down imposition of rules
and regulations. Mismatch between geopolitical
and ecological scales
• This was measured after establishing ‘no take’ zones in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Goal 2.1: Promote equity and benefit sharing
Goal 4.3: Assess and monitor ecosystem status and trends
Indiscriminate and uncontrolled over fishing and fisheries related impacts
Coastal and marine developmental projects and chronic impacts
Stochastic natural events such as cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, global warming
And related demographic and landuse patterns
Formulation of Species Action Plans…
A planning framework for protected area management
Multi-sector
Public process
Considers ecosystem health and services
Economics Ecology Governance Social/Cultural Parameters
Import of alien invasive mechanized trawl fishing
bringing conflict with artisanal fisherfolks
Aquaculture development along the coast for export
earnings at the cost of subsistence livelihoods
Captive ports and industrial development all along
the coastline creating dead non productive zones
along the sea coast
Extraction of ground water in coastal zone for
industry at the cost of right to clean water of local
community and air pollution infringing on the rights
to clean air
Economics and Conservation of Coastal Ecosystems
Coastlines – ecological as
well as economic hotspots
Major direct and indirect
drivers to degradation of
natural resources have
economic underpinnings
Lopsided decision making
as ecosystem services not
integrated into
developmental planning
Sustainable economic
development linked to
sustenance of ecosystem
services
Coastal ecosystems – Economic questions How much do these ecosystem
services contribute to the local,
regional and national economy ?
Are the investments made
commensurate to the benefits ?
Is it okay to permit alternate use
eg. aquaculture, which have
identified monetary benefits and
costs streams ? How do these
compare with coastal ecosystem
services ?
What would be the overall
economic impact of a
developmental activity, say
upstream hydrological regulation
?
148.66 ± 0.262Metric ton Carbon / ha
3.178 ± 0.005Million metric ton Carbon ( Overall)
24 Euro for 1 ton of Carbon or equivalent
GHG
254,208.60 ± 448.02Rupees / ha
How can economics contribute ?
(2)
Hurricane Protection Function, Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa
average opportunity cost of saving a life by retaining mangroveswas 11.7 million rupees per life saved.
Establishing economic consequences of loss of
ecosystem services
Courtesy: Ritesh Kumar
• Damage at Medilla 213,825 USD;
• Damage at Medagama 33,603
USD;
• Damage avoided due to
mangroves in Medagama village:
180,222 USD;
• Value of protection provided by
one hectare of mangroves: 9,011
USD.
.
Source: Ranasinghe and Kallesoe, 2006, IUCN
In Hambantota
− Nearly 50 people died;
− Property damage was
USD1.4 m;
Source: Unpublished report: Lelwala S, and Rizvi, A, 2009, IUCN
The conservation design of the notification is similar to the CRZ notification, but varies in the degree of regulation of activities. The CZM notification attempts to delineate areas as CZM I, II, III and IV zones and establish different ways of managing activities here
The Setback Lines in the coastal
management zones categorised as
CMZ – I, II and III will be based on
vulnerability of the coast to natural
and manmade hazards. This
procedure is followed in many
countries where the coast has been
mapped for vulnerability to coastal
hazards.
Coastal Management Zone - I (CMZ -I) shall consist of areas designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA), an indicative list is given in Appendix –II.
1. Mangroves
2. Coral reefs
3. Sand Beaches and Sand Dunes
4. Mudflats
5. Marine wildlife protected areas under the
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
6. Coastal freshwater bodies such as creeks, lakes
etc
7. Salt Marshes
8. Turtle nesting grounds
9. Horse shoe crabs habitats
10. Sea grass beds
11. Sea weed beds
12. Nesting grounds of birds
Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) shall consist of areas, other than CMZ - I and coastal waters, identified as “Areas of Particular Concern (APC)” such as economically important areas, high population density areas, and culturally and, or strategically.
In the administrative boundaries of areas of the Coastal Municipalities or Corporation and coastal Panchayatwith population density of more than 400 persons per sq. km, activities shall be regulated based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan approved by the Central Government. The activities proposed on the seaward side of the setback line in the above administrative boundaries shall be regulated to ensure that no further development takes place other than foreshore requiring facilities and basic infrastructure.
1. Coastal Municipalities/Corporations (the entire notified
area)
2. Coastal Panchayats with population density more than
400 persons per sq km (the entire notified area) as per
the latest Census of India.
3. Ports and Harbours
4. Notified Tourism Areas
5. Mining sites
6. Notified Industrial Estates
7. Foreshore facilities for Special Economic Zones
8. Heritage areas
9. Notified Archaeological sites under the Protected
Monuments Act.
10. Defence areas/installations
11. Power Plants
12. *Green field airports and expansion and modernization
of existing airports
Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) shall consist
of all other open areas including coastal waters and
tidal influenced inland water bodies, that is, all areas
excluding those classified as CMZ - I, II and IV.
The activities that may be permitted or prohibited on
the seaward side of the setback line and agencies
responsible are given in Appendix-VI. The existing
dwelling units and other infrastructure existing on
the seaward side of the setback line shall not be
disturbed/relocated. No activities relating to fishing
by traditional communities shall be disturbed.
(a) Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) shall consist of
island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and
other offshore islands.
In respect of the islands in coastal backwaters areas which are
not included in CMZ - I or CMZ - II, such areas may be
included in CMZ - IV at the option of the Local Authority;
otherwise they would be included in CMZ - III.
All activities shall conform to the approved Integrated Coastal
Zone Management Plans, which shall be determined in each
case by the concerned State or Union territory Coastal Zone
Management Authority. While, preparing the Integrated Coastal
Zone Management Plans it shall be ensured that no
developments are permitted in the corals, mangroves, breeding
and spawning of endangered species other than those
minimum essential activities required for local communities.
Unprecedented pressure on the
coast for industrial and urban
development.
Coast is threatened by climate
change related devastation such
as cyclonic storms and sea surges.
Sea level rise
The coastal communities are in a
greater danger from coastal
development as well as loss of
livelihood from conservation
efforts as well.
Seagrass and climate change
• Additions or removal of sediment– Storms, flooding, soil
erosion, dredging
• Eutrophication– Excess nutrients
– Algal growth
• Light reduction– Turbidity or increased
water depth
• Temperature increase
• Increasing seawater CO2
levels
• Decreasing pH (ocean acidification)
• Coastal development barriers
Björk M., Short F., Mcleod, E. and Beer, S. (2008). Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 56pp.
DRR, CCA and resilience of coastal ecosystems
• Coastal ecosystems are carbon sinks. Global carbon burialin mangroves is estimated to be 18,400,000 tonnes/year
• At least 430 million tonnes of carbon is stored in the upper50cm of salt marshes worldwide.
• Sea grass meadows between 27-40 million tonnes ofcarbon/year
• Destruction of mangroves, and salt marshes enhancesimpacts of cyclones, storm surges, floods, coastal erosionand reduced carbon burial.
• Destruction of coral reefs likewise enhances impacts ofextreme weather events
Approaches to dealing with climate change
• Two ways of addressing: mitigation and adaptation
• Mitigation: reducing emissions of GHGs-carbon cleanenergy like wind, water, solar and atomic sources
• Balancing emissions against carbon absorption and carbontrading
• Risk management and reduction: early warning systems,promotion of adaptive management strategies;development of financial instruments like insurance
• Promotion of ecosystem management practices such asconserving and managing coastal ecosystems
Current status: DRR and CCA
• LAWS: At least 6 (i) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (ii)Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (iii) EPA 1986-protectionand improvement of environment, prevention of hazardsto human life and health, other living creatures, plants andproperty (iv) Wetland Conservation and ManagementRules 2010-conservation of coastal and marine wetlandswith emphasis on Ramsar sites (v) Biological Diversity Act2002 (vi) Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011
• POLICIES: (i) National Environmental Policy 2006 (ii)Marine Fishing Policy 2004- sustainable developmentconsistent with protection of coastal and marineecosystems, biodiversity, safeguards against pollution andover exploitation
16% of world’s population;
14% of world’s livestock population
on about 2% of world’s land area.
Major challenges for conservation in India
Photos: Anoop. A
MARINE MAMMALS
Use
•Occasional local consumption of
Dolphin meat and as bait to catch
sharks.
•Dugong meat is consumed
occasionally
All marine mammals ( Dolphins, Whales, Porpoises and Dugong ) are under
Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
MARINE TURTLES
Use
•Occasional local consumption of meat
All five species of marine turtles recorded in India are listed under Schedule I.
• Carapace for Becko trade
ELASMOBRANCHS
Use
• Meat for consumption
• Fins for export
• Jaws as curios
• skulls and cartilages for medicines
Among Elasmobranchs, 9 species are under schedule I
HOLOTHURIANS
Use
• No local use
• Bêche-de-mer also called
Trepang, boiled, dried, and smoked flesh
of sea cucumbers used to make soups.
All Holothurians (Sea cucumbers) are under schedule I
MARINE FISHES
Use
• Dried sea horse for Ornamental purpose and ingredient in TCM
•Giant grouper for consumption
Among fishes, only Sea horses and Epinephelus lanceolatus (Giant Grouper) comes under Schedule I
Courtesy. internet
Always refer the Legal policies
documents related to coastal and
marine biodiversity/Environment,
Refer permits or licenses
conditions of the project
Refer Environmental Impact
Assessment and Environmental
Management Plan of the Project
Emphasize the importance of
assessment on ‘Payment of
Ecosystem services
Refer Scientific publications with
impact factors
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