cm techrescue water water rescue awareness
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Water Rescue Awareness
Water Rescue Awareness
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Water Rescue Awareness
Objectives: • Recognize the need for water search and rescue based upon the complexity
of the incident • Define and implement the assessment phase of the operation • Identify the resources necessary to conduct safe and effective water
operations • Implement site control and scene management • Recognize the general hazards associated with water incidents and the
procedures necessary to mitigate these hazards within the general search and rescue area
• Determine rescue or recovery profile(S)
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NFPA 1670 Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue
Incidents
9.2.3 Organizations operating at the awareness level at water search and rescue incidents shall implement procedures for the following:
A. Recognizing the need for water search and rescue B. Implementing the assessment phase C. Identifying the resources necessary to conduct safe and effective water
operations D. Implementing site control and scene management E. Recognizing general hazards associated with water incidents and the
procedures necessary to mitigate these hazards within the general search and rescue area
F. Determining rescue versus body recovery
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WAC 296-305
296-305-05101
Written standard operating procedures shall be established consistent with the following levels: • Awareness Level – This level represents the minimum capability of organizations that provide
response to technical rescue incidents
296-305-05103
Training shall be provided to correspond to the operational level of the fire department. All fire departments shall be trained to the awareness level; members which will be expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level.
295-3-5-05113 (5)
(a) Organizations choosing to operate at the awareness, operations or technician level for water rescue incidents must meet the requirements of this section and the nonconflicting portions of chapter 9 of the 2009 edition of NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents.
(ii) All employees involved in water rescue shall be trained in water rescue techniques and wear Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices, Type III, minimum.
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Pasco Fire Department Standard Operating Guideline’s
30-6.7.1 – Water Search and Rescue This SOG shall apply to all Pasco Fire Department personnel responding to and operating within a Water Rescue Incident or Training Environment. 30-6.7.2 – Personal Floatation Devices and Personnel Safety involving water incidents This guideline is established to meet the intent and requirements of water rescue as defined by WAC 296-305-051130(5)(a) and Chapter 9 of the 2009 edition of NFPA 1670 Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
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Definitions
Awareness Level Actions taken by the responders at the Awareness
Level are defensive in nature and should pose no risk, or a low level of risk to the responder. This level represents the minimum capability of organizations that provide response to technical rescue incidents.
Operational Level Actions taken at the Operational Level are of limited offensive nature and generally at a low or moderate risk to the responder. This level represents the capability of organizations to respond to technical rescue incidents and to identify hazards, use equipment, and apply limited techniques to support and participate in technical rescue incidents.
Technical Level Actions taken by the responders are offensive in nature and may
pose a high level of risk. This level represents the capability of organizations to respond to technical rescue incidents, to identify hazards, use equipment, and apply advanced techniques specified to coordinate, perform, and supervise technical rescue incidents.
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Water Rescue Size Up
• Scope, Magnitude, and nature of the incident (complexity)
• Location and number of victims • Risk/Benefit Analysis • Separation, isolation, security,
and interviewing of witnesses • Hazards – disrupted or exposed
utilities, standing or flowing water, mechanical hazards, hazmat, explosives
• Access to the scene • Environmental Factors • Resource assessment • Rescue/Recovery
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Water Rescue Incident Complexity
Operations Level – is determined by 1. The method of victim entrapment 2. Operations are conducted only from
the shore -or-
3. Are conducted from any watercraft used by the organization
Technician Level – is determined by 1. Any water rescue in which technical
rope skills are needed 2. Operations in which the rescuer must
enter the water
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Surface Water
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Incident Causes……….Most Likely
• Changes in Weather • Overconfidence • No Personal Floatation
Device(s) • Cramps • Submerged Debris • Collision of watercraft
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Swift Water
• Some Parts of the Yakima River
• Columbia and Snake Rivers
• Some Irrigation Canals
Water that is moving at a rate greater than one knot [1.85 km/hr (1.15 mph)] – NFPA 1670
3.3.160
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Water Hazards
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Hydraulics
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Eddy An eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid flows past an obstacle.
Eddy
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Outwash/Backwash
Outwash Boil Line Backwash
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Current
Slower moving water tends to be at the bottom water layer of the channel.
Slower moving water tends to be at the outside of the channel and on the downstream side of the bend.
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Water Temperature • The Body cannot maintain its temperature in water that is less
than 92 degrees F.
• Heat loss occurs 25 times faster in water than in air
• Immersion often leads to hypothermia
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Strainers
• Partial Obstructions that filter water
• Downed trees, gratings, mesh
• Creates unequal force across itself
• People become pinned by the waters force
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Low Head Dams Low Head Dams are control structures used on channels. They partially block the waterway and “back up” the water behind them. They are self-regulating
and allow water to just spill over the top as levels increase.
Dangers • Strong current just beyond the
downstream face of the dam • Water flow is recirculating
(which drops down sharply down the face of the dam, rises, then returns to the face of the dam as a backwash – and quickly drops down again.
• PFD’s will not provide sufficient flotation to prevent the user from being drawn under
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Obstructions
An up stream V pattern flow usually indicates the presence of an obstruction or submerged hazard.
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Undercuts
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Underwater Hazards
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Contamination
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Turbidity Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its
transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates.
Causes of Turbidity – • Phytoplankton • Sediments from soil or bank erosion • Resuspended sediment from the
bottom of the channel • Waste discharge • Algae growth • Urban Runoff
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Identify Last Seen Victim Location
If the victim cannot be seen on the surface of the water, we need to identify a Last Seen Point (LSP) to assist Dive Rescue Technicians.
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Identify Last Seen Victim Location
Identify the number of witnesses and victims. Separate the witnesses and interview them from the spot that they last saw the victim. Attempt to “Triangulate” the location. This will be the initial search area.
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Basic Rescue Techniques
• REACH • Outreached arm, leg or other tool • Yell clear, simple instructions to the
victim • Ensure that you have firm footing • Do not enter the water any deeper than
knee-depth • Remember that the victim is under
duress and may pull the rescuer into the water
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• THROW • This type of rescue employs
throw rope bags, life rings, and floats.
• This type of rescue is only effective if the subject is cooperative.
• Give clear and simple commands to the subject.
• Remember that the victim is under duress and may pull the rescuer into the water.
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Rescue Communications
Whistle Commands 1 Blast = Stop and Look at me 2 Blasts = Begin the action that we agreed upon or is indicated 3 Blasts = I need help
Arm Signals One arm raised = need help or pay attention One hand on top of head = I am OK
Rope Signals 1 tug OK 2 tugs Advance 3 tugs Take up slack 4 tugs Help
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Rescue vs. Recovery
• Time Submerged • Age • Physical Condition • Known/Suspected
Trauma • Water Temperature • Estimated Time for
Rescue/Removal
Factors to consider:
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Command and Control • Arrival, Size Up, and Initiate/Establish Command
• Recognize that this incident may extend beyond the initial operational period • An IAP may need to be developed • Determine Incident Complexity
• Operational – can the rescue be affected from the shore? If not you are in a technical rescue situation. Call for the resources.
• Technical – Prepare to support Dive Operations (Secure Boat Launch, Have EMS supplies readily available, prepare for decontamination)
• Identify and Secure General Hazards • Electrical Utilities • Gas, propane, fuel oil, other alternative energy sources • Water Size Up (Temperature, hazards) • Communications
• Identify and Secure Personal Hazards • Trips, slips, falls, etc. • PFD’s
• Identify Hazards that are Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health • Swift water situations with currents exceeding those in which a person or watercraft can safely
operate
• Secure the general area • Controlling/limiting access to the area by unnecessary personnel
• Locate, Identify. Secure and Interview Witnesses • Identify the LSP (Last Seen Point)
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Uh Oh
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