classical greece 2000 b.c. – 300 b.c. chapter 5 welcome to ancient greece

Classical Classical Greece Greece 2000 B.C. – 300 2000 B.C. – 300

B.C.B.C. CHAPTCHAPTER 5ER 5

WELCOME TO ANCIENT GREECEWELCOME TO ANCIENT GREECE

Cultures of the Cultures of the Mountain & the SeaMountain & the Sea

SECTION 1SECTION 1

The SeaThe SeaAegean, Ionian & Black Sea were Aegean, Ionian & Black Sea were important Transportation routes.important Transportation routes.

Important because Greece lacked natural Important because Greece lacked natural resources.resources.

The Land The Land Three-fourths of Ancient Greece was Three-fourths of Ancient Greece was mountains.mountains.

Hard to unite under a single government.Hard to unite under a single government.Only 20% of land was arable or farmable.Only 20% of land was arable or farmable.

GEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREEK LIFEGEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREEK LIFE

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION DEVELOPSDEVELOPS

Mycenaean'sMycenaean'sEarliest Greek settlers.Earliest Greek settlers.Ruled by warrior kings Ruled by warrior kings who controlled local who controlled local production & production & commercial trade.commercial trade.

Conquering the Conquering the Minoans led to sea Minoans led to sea trading & emergence of trading & emergence of a culture that will a culture that will become the roots of become the roots of some Western some Western civilizationscivilizations..

TROJAN WARTROJAN WAR

According to legend, a Greek Army According to legend, a Greek Army besieged & destroyed Troy besieged & destroyed Troy because a Trojan had kidnapped because a Trojan had kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king.Helen, the wife of a Greek king.

Truth or fiction?Truth or fiction?The myth about the city of Troy The myth about the city of Troy

was that it had been built by the was that it had been built by the gods Apollo and Poseidon, during a gods Apollo and Poseidon, during a time when they were being time when they were being punished by having to work among punished by having to work among men.  The city fortress was so men.  The city fortress was so strong that no armies had been strong that no armies had been able to capture it. The king of Troy able to capture it. The king of Troy was King Priamwas King Priam

HOMER – DOH!HOMER – DOH!

HomerHomerAuthor of Author of epics epics (narrative (narrative poems poems celebrating celebrating heroic deeds)heroic deeds)

Wrote Wrote the Iliad & the Iliad & the Odyssey the Odyssey based on the based on the Trojan War.Trojan War.

MYTHSMYTHSMythsMyths

Traditional stories Traditional stories about Greek Gods.about Greek Gods.

It explained the It explained the mysteries of nature.mysteries of nature.

Greeks attributed Greeks attributed human qualities = human qualities = love, hate, and love, hate, and jealousy.jealousy.

Zeus was the ruler of Zeus was the ruler of the Gods who lived on the Gods who lived on Mt. OlympusMt. Olympus..

Warring City-Warring City-StatesStates

SECTIOSECTION 2 N 2

Polis (city-state) Fundamental political unit in Ancient GreeceFundamental political unit in Ancient Greece Made up of a city & surrounding countrysideMade up of a city & surrounding countryside

Political Structure Political Structure Monarchy

ruled by KingAristocracy Ruled by nobles

OligarchyRuled by a few powerful people

Tyranny Rule by one powerful individual

RULE & ORDER IN GREEK CITY-STATESRULE & ORDER IN GREEK CITY-STATES

NEW KIND NEW KIND OF ARMYOF ARMY

With iron replacing With iron replacing bronze as metal of bronze as metal of choice = now ordinary choice = now ordinary citizens could arm to citizens could arm to defend themselves. defend themselves.

Citizens were expected Citizens were expected to defend the polis.to defend the polis.

Hoplites Hoplites Foot soldiersFoot soldiers

PhalanxPhalanxMilitary formationMilitary formation

Located in Southern Greece cut off Located in Southern Greece cut off from the rest of Greece.from the rest of Greece.

AssemblyAssemblyFree adult males who voted on Free adult males who voted on major issuesmajor issues

Council of Elders Council of Elders 5 elected officials 5 elected officials called called ephors.ephors.

Proposed laws, Proposed laws, controlled education & controlled education & prosecuted prosecuted law caseslaw cases..

SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE

SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE

Sparta’s populationCitizens descended from Laconia and Messenia (colonies invaded by Sparta).

These Messenians became helotshelots (peasants forced to stay on the land they worked).

With Sparta putting down a Messenian revolt = dedicated themselves to the creation of a strong city-state.

Spartan EducationMale life revolved around military training.

Men wrestled, ran & played sports; Women managed the family estates.

Sparta came before anything else.They had the most powerful army, but

had no arts or real culture.

SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATESPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE

SPARTAN TRAINING SPARTAN TRAINING

ATHENSATHENS

ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

Like other city-states, Athens went through a power struggle.

Instead of civil war, there was an attempt at democracy (rule by the democracy (rule by the people)people)

Only free Only free adult males were considered citizens.

Women had little to do with society, but was responsible for home life, and raising the children.

ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACY

With repeated clashes between aristocrats and the common people = demand for written law

Draco = Draco = wrote first legal codes dealing with contracts and property ownership.

However there was still tension between the people = aristocrats choose one person to reform the laws.

ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACYATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED DEMOCRACY

SolonSolonOutlawed debt slaveryCitizens could participate & debate in politics

Citizens could bring charges against wrongdoers

Initiated a profitable overseas trade

Neglected land reform = fighting between wealthy and poor landowners.

PERSIAN WARS (490 – 479 PERSIAN WARS (490 – 479 B.C.)B.C.)Wars between Greece

& the Persian Empire that took place in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia.

Began when Greeks revolted against the Persians.

Darius – Darius – Persian king who defeated the rebels & vowed to defeat Athens.

Persians land at Marathon & were met by the Athenians.

Thanks to the Athenians being neatly in a phalanx and the Persians had little training for land combat = the Persians were no match for the Athenian army.

However, Athens itself was defenseless until …..

PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS

PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARSPheidippidesPheidippides

A young runner who was to race back to Athens to bring news to the Athenians.

He delivered the message, collapsed & died.

Allowed the Athenians to prepare

PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS

XerxesXerxes Darius’s son who wanted to crush Greece.

Advanced to ThermopylaeThermopylae where they were held off by the Spartans.

Greeks position themselves at SalamisSalamis southwest of Athens.

Persian warships could not maneuver through the channel & was defeated.

THERMOPYLAETHERMOPYLAE

GREEK TRIREMEGREEK TRIREME

No Persian threat allowed Athens to become the leader of an alliance of 140 city-states called the Delian LeagueDelian League.

The league dispelled the Persians once & for all.

Athens was entering its Golden Age.

PERSIAN WARSPERSIAN WARS

Democracy & Greece’s

Golden Age

SECTION SECTION 33

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS

From 461 to 429 B.C. PericlesPericles led Athens during its golden age.

His 3 goals:Strengthen Athenian democracy

To hold & strengthen the empire

To glorify Athens

Pericles increased the number of paid public officials, (even the poorer members of society could serve)

Athens had more citizens engaged in self-gov’t than any other city-state.

Direct DemocracyDirect DemocracyCitizens rule directly & not Citizens rule directly & not through representatives through representatives TURN TO PAGE 120 IN TEXTBOOKTURN TO PAGE 120 IN TEXTBOOK

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSATHENS

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS

Pericles used money from the Delian League to build a strong navy for defense & trade.

Pericles also used money from the Delian League to beautify Athens, especially to build the Parthenon.Parthenon.

PERICLESPERICLES

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENSPERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS

Greeks invented drama & built the first theaters. They used two types of drama.

TragedyTragedy Serious drama with a tragic hero

ComedyComedyMostly satires

Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War Athens was the strongest sea power, Sparta had the land advantage

Pericles wanted to avoid land battles.Eventually Sparta marched into Athenian territory & burned the food supply.

Athens was safe as long as ships could sail into port with food from Athenian colonies.

Two events will spell disaster for Athens

SPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WARSPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WAR

First:First:A plague killed between one-third to two-thirds of Athens’ population (including Pericles)

Second:Second:Athens’ failure to destroy the polis of Syracuse (Sparta’s wealthiest ally)

By 404 B.C. Athens will surrenderMany will begin to lose confidence in the

democratic government and began looking for answers

SPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WARSPARTANS & ATHENIANS GO TO WAR

PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTHPHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH

Philosophers meaning “lovers “lovers of wisdom”of wisdom” were determined to find the truth.

They based their philosophy on the following:(1) The universe is put together in an orderly way (subject to absolute and unchanging laws)

(2) People can understand these laws through logic and reason

SOCRATESSOCRATES

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Believed that absolute standards did exist for truth & justice.

Used the question & answer approach.

PLATOPLATO

Student of SocratesWrote The Republic The Republic which depicted his

vision for a perfectly governed society = not a democracy

It would have three natural groups:Farmers and artisansWarriorsRuling class = person with greatest insight and intellect would be chosen philosopher-king.

ARISTOTLE ARISTOTLE

A student at Plato’s school.

Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought & knowledge.

Provided bases of the scientific method used today

His most famous pupil was Alexander who later would become king of Macedonia

Alexander ~Empire Alexander ~Empire BuilderBuilder

ALEXANDER THE GREATALEXANDER THE GREAT

King Philip II King Philip II of Macedonia wants to take advantage of the Peloponnesian War.

The Macedonians will easily defeat the Greeks.

Philip’s son AlexanderAlexander will eventually rule & become known as Alexander the Great.Alexander the Great.

PHILIP BUILDS MACEDONIA’S POWERPHILIP BUILDS MACEDONIA’S POWER

ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE (PG. 130)ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE (PG. 130)

At the age of 20 Alexander will eventually conquer southwest Asia & yearned for more.

He will die shortly before his 33rd birthday.

His empire ended the independent Greek city states.

New cultures emerged from the blend of Greek, Egyptian, and Eastern customs.

The The Spread Spread

of of HellenistiHellenistic Culturec Culture

SECTIOSECTION 5N 5

HellenisticHellenisticCombination of Greek, Egyptian, Combination of Greek, Egyptian, Persian & Indian Persian & Indian

Alexandria Alexandria African city center of commerce & African city center of commerce & civilizationcivilization

City blocks lined with statues of City blocks lined with statues of Greek gods, magnificent palaces, Greek gods, magnificent palaces, museum & library.museum & library.

HELLENISTIC CULTURE IN ALEXANDRIAHELLENISTIC CULTURE IN ALEXANDRIA

Strides were made in astronomy Strides were made in astronomy Ex – the sun was not smaller than Ex – the sun was not smaller than GreeceGreece

Ptolemy Ptolemy put the earth at the center of put the earth at the center of the universe which was believed for the the universe which was believed for the next 14 centuries.next 14 centuries.

Euclid – Euclid – the basis for geometrythe basis for geometryArchimedesArchimedes – estimated the value of pi, – estimated the value of pi,

law of the lever, invented the compound law of the lever, invented the compound pulleypulley

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

PHILOSOPHY & ARTPHILOSOPHY & ART

Stoicism Stoicism Divine power Divine power controlled the controlled the universe universe

Vices should be Vices should be controlledcontrolled

Epicurus Epicurus Achieve harmony Achieve harmony between body & between body & mindmind

Moderation of all Moderation of all things.things.