chemistry: structure of matter. the structure of matter what is matter? – matter is anything that...
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CHEMISTRY: STRUCTURE OF MATTER
THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER• What is matter?–Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
• All matter is made up of atoms• Just one kind of element is called
an element• Elements can be found on the
periodic table
SUBSTANCES• All matter is made up of
atoms• Just one kind of atom is
called and element• Elements can be found on
the periodic table
5
The Periodic Table lists every known element in the universe!1
8887
5655
40393837
222019 21
1211
43
41 42 43 44
72 73 74 75 76
104 105 106 107 108
57 58 59 60 61
89 90 91 92 93
62
94
63
95
64
96
65
97
66 67 68 69
98 99 100 101
70 71
102 103
54
86
53
85
52
84
51
35 36
1817
9 10
2
87
16
3433
15
5 6
13 14
3231
49 50
81 82 83
48
80
47
79
46
78
30292827
45
2625
77
23 24
109 110 111 112
Na Mg
Li Be
H
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cp
Al Si P S Cl Ar
B C N O F Ne
He
113Uut
114Uuq
115Uup
116Uuh
118Uuo
117Uus
6
Is this substance anelement?
No, because it is made of more than 1 kind of atom.
7
Is it an element now?
No, because it is made of more than 1 kind of atom.
8
Is it an element now?
Yes! Because it is made of only one kind of atom.
9
http://thesimplefrontporch.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/gold-nugget.jpg
Gold is made of only gold atoms. Is gold an element? YES!
10
Water is made up of two kinds of atoms bonded together. Is water an element?NO
!
11
Water is NOT an element!
It is made of more than one kind of atom. Water is a molecule of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded together.
ATOMS VS. COMPOUNDS
• What is the smallest particle an element could be divided into and still retain the properties of that element?
an ATOM
• Atoms make up molecules, which is defined as two or more atoms bonded together.
• for example: CO2 and H2O are compounds.
• Which ones are an atom?
• Which ones are elements?
• Which ones are compounds?
a) b) c) d)
Check yourself
• Which ones are an atom?c
• Which ones are elements? a, c, d
• Which ones are compounds? b
a) b) c) d)
Check yourself
MIXTURES• Two or more substances are called a
mixture
• Homogeneous - all the same
• Heterogeneous – different substances
• BrainPop: Compounds and mixtures
TRICKY MIXTURES• Solution: very small particles; light can
pass through
• Colloid: larger particles, light gets scattered – they appear murky or opaque. Examples: milk and fog
• Suspension: Even larger particles, light cannot get through and they appear very murky. They will eventually separate like oil & water, and can be filtered to separate compounds. Examples: salad dressings, blood, and aerosol sprays
NOTES SUMMARY:• What is the difference between a
compound and a mixture?
BASIC CHEMISTRY
Everything is made up of these 2 things: Matter and Energy
• Matter – has mass and occupies space
• Energy – ability to do work
MATTER• Can change forms
• It can be a liquid, solid, or gas
BASIC CHEMISTRY
Energy can change forms: Solar cells change light to electrical energy, Steam Engine Heat to Motion (Kinetic Energy)
UP Steam Engine
• Cells convert (food) chemical energy to cellular energy.
ENERGY
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
• Mass cannot be created nor destroyed. It just changes forms.
• Example: burning a log
• After it has burned, the log is lighter. What happened?
• Some of the mass was converted from solid to gas.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
–Applies only to normal chemical reactions, NOT nuclear reactions.
• In nuclear reactions, energy and mass can be destroyed or created.
E=MC2
E is energy, M is mass, C is the speed of light
MASS IS CHANGED INTO ENERGY in nuclear reactions
SIDE NOTE: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE• These last 2 principles used to be referred to as
“Laws” – meaning it was thought to be an absolute fact.
• Nuclear theory blew that idea out of the water – literally.
• This is why it is important for scientists to be cautious about their conclusions. They say “This is our current belief on a specific principle, based upon the evidence collect so far”.
• It’s why we say “our hypothesis was supported” instead of “right”
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