chapter three middle and south america. housekeeping items ► we will start scheduling the food and...

CHAPTER THREECHAPTER THREE

Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America

Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America

Housekeeping ItemsHousekeeping Items

►We will start scheduling the food and We will start scheduling the food and music presentations today. Anyone not music presentations today. Anyone not in a group? Any group want to go first?in a group? Any group want to go first?The first week would be October 6The first week would be October 6thth and and 8th, though earlier is a possibility.8th, though earlier is a possibility.

►Wednesday the Geography Department Wednesday the Geography Department is hosting a pizza and pop social to give is hosting a pizza and pop social to give prospective and actual Geography prospective and actual Geography students (and faculty) a chance to students (and faculty) a chance to meet. Because it conflicts with this meet. Because it conflicts with this course, I will try to adjourn early.course, I will try to adjourn early.

I.I. THE GEOGRAPHIC THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTINGSETTING

►Wide variation in latitudesWide variation in latitudes From Antarctica in the south to north of From Antarctica in the south to north of

the tropicsthe tropics

►Wide variation in altitudesWide variation in altitudes Generally, highlands in the west, Generally, highlands in the west,

lowlands in the eastlowlands in the east

A. A. Physical PatternsPhysical Patterns

► LandformsLandforms HighlandsHighlands

► One continuous belt of mountains from One continuous belt of mountains from Alaska to Tierra del FuegoAlaska to Tierra del Fuego

► Molten rock erupts from volcanoesMolten rock erupts from volcanoes► Many Caribbean islands are volcanic in originMany Caribbean islands are volcanic in origin

SoufriSoufrièère Volcano on re Volcano on MontserratMontserrat

Figure 3.4

Courtesy of Mac Courtesy of Mac GoodwinGoodwin

A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns

►LowlandsLowlands Stretch from the Andes to the Atlantic Stretch from the Andes to the Atlantic

OceanOcean Amazon Basin: largest feature, drained Amazon Basin: largest feature, drained

by Amazon River systemby Amazon River system►20% of world’s fresh water20% of world’s fresh water►World’s largest expanse of rainforestWorld’s largest expanse of rainforest

Interior of Amazon Basin home to Interior of Amazon Basin home to some of the last relatively undisturbed some of the last relatively undisturbed indigenous peoplesindigenous peoples

The Amazon LowlandsThe Amazon Lowlands

Figure 3.5

Layne Kennedy/CORBISLayne Kennedy/CORBIS

A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns►ClimateClimate

Temperature-Altitude ZonesTemperature-Altitude Zones►Tierra calienteTierra caliente: hot; tropical rain forests : hot; tropical rain forests

thrive; up to 3000 feet.thrive; up to 3000 feet.►Tierra templadaTierra templada: temperate; year‑round : temperate; year‑round

spring like climate; 3000-6500 feet spring like climate; 3000-6500 feet ►Tierra friaTierra fria: cool; midlatitude crops; : cool; midlatitude crops;

population centers; 6500-12,000 feetpopulation centers; 6500-12,000 feet►Tierra heladaTierra helada: frozen; some cultivation; : frozen; some cultivation;

snow and glaciers; above 12,000 feetsnow and glaciers; above 12,000 feet

TemperatureTemperature--Altitude Altitude ZonesZones

Figure 3.7

A. Physical PatternsA. Physical Patterns►PrecipitationPrecipitation

Trade winds: come in from Atlantic, Trade winds: come in from Atlantic, bringing seasonal rains at the equatorbringing seasonal rains at the equator►Hurricanes during summer and fallHurricanes during summer and fall

Winds from Pacific blocked by AndesWinds from Pacific blocked by Andes►Also, cold Peru Current doesn’t hold moistureAlso, cold Peru Current doesn’t hold moisture►When changing direction “El NiWhen changing direction “El Niñño”o”

Climate ZonesClimate Zones

Figure 3.6

B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime

►The Peopling of Middle and South The Peopling of Middle and South AmericaAmerica Reached Tierra del Fuego 30,000-Reached Tierra del Fuego 30,000-

13,000 years ago13,000 years ago 50-100 million people by 1492 in 50-100 million people by 1492 in

advanced societiesadvanced societies►Irrigation, terracing, urban sewers, shifting Irrigation, terracing, urban sewers, shifting

cultivationcultivation Aztecs: Highly organized empire of Aztecs: Highly organized empire of

MexicoMexico►Higher standard of living than EuropeHigher standard of living than Europe

Incas: Largest empire of Americas, on Incas: Largest empire of Americas, on west coast of South Americawest coast of South America

Incan TerracesIncan Terraces

Figure 3.8

Tom Dempsey/www.photoseek.comTom Dempsey/www.photoseek.com

B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime

►European ConquestEuropean Conquest Within 40 years of Columbus, all Within 40 years of Columbus, all

population centers in region population centers in region subjugatedsubjugated

Superior military technologySuperior military technology Vulnerability to diseaseVulnerability to disease

►Smallpox, measlesSmallpox, measles

Within 150 years, total population of Within 150 years, total population of Americas reduced by 90%Americas reduced by 90%►Beginning of slave tradeBeginning of slave trade

B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime

►A Global Exchange of Crops and A Global Exchange of Crops and AnimalsAnimals European crops: European crops: rice, sugarcane, rice, sugarcane,

bananas, citrus, melons, onions, bananas, citrus, melons, onions, apples, wheat, barley, and oatsapples, wheat, barley, and oats

American crops: potatoes, manioc American crops: potatoes, manioc (cassava), corn, peanuts, cacao, (cassava), corn, peanuts, cacao, peppers, pineapples, and tomatoespeppers, pineapples, and tomatoes

European animals: sheep, goats, European animals: sheep, goats, oxen, cattle, donkeys, horses, and oxen, cattle, donkeys, horses, and mulesmules

Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese Trade Routes, circa 1600Trade Routes, circa 1600

Figure 3.10

B.B. Human Patterns Over Human Patterns Over TimeTime

►The Legacy of UnderdevelopmentThe Legacy of Underdevelopment Today, 30% of the people lack land, Today, 30% of the people lack land,

education, and food/shelter; a small education, and food/shelter; a small elite class is very wealthyelite class is very wealthy►Mercantilism: export-based economy, Mercantilism: export-based economy,

based on resource extraction from coloniesbased on resource extraction from colonies►Anti-colonial revolts replaced far-away Anti-colonial revolts replaced far-away

elites with local ones (creoles and elites with local ones (creoles and mestizos)mestizos)

►Economies largely remain oriented to Economies largely remain oriented to exporting of resourcesexporting of resources

Colonial Heritage of Colonial Heritage of Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America

Figure 3.11

C.C. Population PatternsPopulation Patterns

►Major migrationMajor migration Rural to urban Rural to urban

►Population DistributionPopulation Distribution No relationship between population and No relationship between population and

physical landformsphysical landforms►Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Fast, but some countries are going Fast, but some countries are going through demographic transition through demographic transition (contraception)(contraception)

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution

Figure 3.12

C.C. Population PatternsPopulation Patterns

►Migration and UrbanizationMigration and Urbanization Crowded cities result from rural-urban Crowded cities result from rural-urban

migrationmigration►75% urbanization rate75% urbanization rate►Lack of infrastructure, housingLack of infrastructure, housing

Primate cities: over ¼ of country’s Primate cities: over ¼ of country’s populationpopulation►Leads to overcrowding, anti-rural bias in Leads to overcrowding, anti-rural bias in

government policygovernment policy►Squatters: Squatters: colonias, barrios, favelas, or colonias, barrios, favelas, or

barriadasbarriadas

OverurbanizationOverurbanization

Figure 3.16

AP Photo/Silvia IzquirdoAP Photo/Silvia Izquirdo

II. CURRENT II. CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUESGEOGRAPHIC ISSUES

►Power and wealth in the region Power and wealth in the region was concentrated in colonial eliteswas concentrated in colonial elites

►Remains so today despite:Remains so today despite: Economic modernizationEconomic modernization UrbanizationUrbanization

►Assumption of huge government Assumption of huge government debts during 1970s and 1980sdebts during 1970s and 1980s No economic benefitNo economic benefit Supported by taxes on the poorSupported by taxes on the poor

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Not as poor as other regions (sub-Not as poor as other regions (sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia)Asia) Widest income disparity in the worldWidest income disparity in the world Wide disparity inhibits development, Wide disparity inhibits development,

political stabilitypolitical stability

►Globalization has benefited urban Globalization has benefited urban middle-class and elites rather than middle-class and elites rather than working classworking class

Income DisparityIncome Disparity

Table 3.2

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Phases of Economic DevelopmentPhases of Economic Development The Early Extractive PhaseThe Early Extractive Phase

►Colonialism, haciendas, plantationsColonialism, haciendas, plantations The Import Substitution The Import Substitution

Industrialization PhaseIndustrialization Phase►Nationalization of industry; land Nationalization of industry; land

reformreform The Current Structural Adjustment The Current Structural Adjustment

PhasePhase►Free Trade Zones, maquiladorasFree Trade Zones, maquiladoras

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►The Informal EconomyThe Informal Economy Causes: Canceled subsidies; reduced Causes: Canceled subsidies; reduced

government jobs; recession; government jobs; recession; underemployment; losses in real wages underemployment; losses in real wages

Positive effects: Workers support their Positive effects: Workers support their families; lower prices; conservation of families; lower prices; conservation of resources; promotes resources; promotes entrepreneurialismentrepreneurialism

Negative effects: Workers pay bribes Negative effects: Workers pay bribes instead of taxes; no recourse to lawinstead of taxes; no recourse to law

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Regional Trade and Trade Regional Trade and Trade AgreementsAgreements NAFTA: U.S., Mexico, CanadaNAFTA: U.S., Mexico, Canada Mercosur: Mercosur: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,

Uruguay, and VenezuelaUruguay, and Venezuela FTAA: U.S. attempt to create FTAA: U.S. attempt to create

hemispheric free trade blochemispheric free trade bloc►Mixed record: increases income Mixed record: increases income

inequality, yet helps economies inequality, yet helps economies achieve more economic achieve more economic independenceindependence

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Global Free Trade Issues as Seen from Global Free Trade Issues as Seen from Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America Recent opposition to free trade talksRecent opposition to free trade talks Perceived hypocrisy of the G8Perceived hypocrisy of the G8

►Promotion of free trade while practicing Promotion of free trade while practicing protectionist policies for endangered protectionist policies for endangered industriesindustries

WTO Protest in CancWTO Protest in Cancúúnn

Figure 3.23

Reuters/Juan Carlos Ulate AW/GNReuters/Juan Carlos Ulate AW/GN

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Agriculture and Contested Agriculture and Contested SpaceSpace Large-scale, absentee-owned, export-Large-scale, absentee-owned, export-

oriented agriculture promotedoriented agriculture promoted►Smaller farmers are often squeezed outSmaller farmers are often squeezed out

Resistance by rural farmersResistance by rural farmers►E.g., Zapatistas, Movement of Landless E.g., Zapatistas, Movement of Landless

FarmersFarmers

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

► Is Democracy Rising?Is Democracy Rising? All countries in the region except Cuba All countries in the region except Cuba

have democratically elected have democratically elected governmentsgovernments

Some threatened with coups d’étatSome threatened with coups d’état ►Policies unpopular with the masses, powerful Policies unpopular with the masses, powerful

elites, or the United Stateselites, or the United States►Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia

Democracy fragile and not necessarily Democracy fragile and not necessarily transparenttransparent

First Indigenous President in First Indigenous President in South AmericaSouth America

Figure 3.26

Reuters/David MercaoReuters/David Mercao

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►Political corruptionPolitical corruption Bribes and kickbacks widespread, Bribes and kickbacks widespread,

undermining faith in governmentundermining faith in government►Drug TradeDrug Trade

Undermines democracy and rule of lawUndermines democracy and rule of law Central America and northwestern South Central America and northwestern South

AmericaAmerica U.S. attempts to staunch the flow of U.S. attempts to staunch the flow of

drugs are largely a failure, as evidenced drugs are largely a failure, as evidenced by falling prices of cocaineby falling prices of cocaine

Geography of CocaineGeography of Cocaine

Figure 3.27

A.A. Economic and Political Economic and Political IssuesIssues

►U.S. Involvement in the Region’s U.S. Involvement in the Region’s PoliticsPolitics Monroe Doctrine: protecting American Monroe Doctrine: protecting American

business and political interestsbusiness and political interests►Recently, U.S. interventions in: Cuba, Recently, U.S. interventions in: Cuba,

Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Chile, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Chile, Panama, and VenezuelaPanama, and Venezuela

►Political Impacts of Information Political Impacts of Information TechnologyTechnology Used by activists to organizeUsed by activists to organize More “online and wired” than many More “online and wired” than many

regionsregions►Especially the CaribbeanEspecially the Caribbean►Brazil 10Brazil 10thth in the world in Internet users in the world in Internet users

Internet Use in Middle Internet Use in Middle and South Americaand South America

Figure 3.28

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues►Cultural DiversityCultural Diversity

One of the world’s most culturally rich One of the world’s most culturally rich regionsregions►Indigenous peoples, people of African, Indigenous peoples, people of African,

European, South Asian, East Asian European, South Asian, East Asian descentdescent

►Mestizos now majority in Central America Mestizos now majority in Central America and much of South Americaand much of South America

In urban areas, both:In urban areas, both:►Acculturation: cultural borrowingAcculturation: cultural borrowing►Assimilation: loss of old cultural identityAssimilation: loss of old cultural identity

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues

►Race and the Social Significance of Race and the Social Significance of Skin ColorSkin Color Race not as critical as in North AmericaRace not as critical as in North America Instead: family, wealth, education, place Instead: family, wealth, education, place

of residence, and occupation critical to of residence, and occupation critical to social statussocial status

Still, correlation between light skin and Still, correlation between light skin and wealthwealth

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues

►Family and Gender RolesFamily and Gender Roles Extended family: individuals tend to Extended family: individuals tend to

subordinate their interests to those of the subordinate their interests to those of the familyfamily ►Families often live in domestic compoundsFamilies often live in domestic compounds

Marianismo:Marianismo: The Virgin Mary is held up as The Virgin Mary is held up as the model for womenthe model for women►Chastity and service to the familyChastity and service to the family

Machismo: Master of the householdMachismo: Master of the household►Father lots of children, be attractive, be Father lots of children, be attractive, be

engaging in social situationsengaging in social situations►Changing due to changes in infant Changing due to changes in infant

mortality, longer lifespansmortality, longer lifespans

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues►Children in PovertyChildren in Poverty

1/3 of children in region work1/3 of children in region work Homelessness of children increasingly Homelessness of children increasingly

commoncommon Causes: Economic marginality of recent Causes: Economic marginality of recent

rural-to-urban migrants, particularly rural-to-urban migrants, particularly womenwomen

Severing of extended family ties from Severing of extended family ties from rural-to-urban migration removes rural-to-urban migration removes safety netsafety net

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues

►Religion in Contemporary LifeReligion in Contemporary Life Roman Catholic Church historically Roman Catholic Church historically

dominantdominant►Partnered with Spanish and Portuguese Partnered with Spanish and Portuguese

colonistscolonists►Encouraged colonized to Encouraged colonized to accept their low accept their low

status, obey authority, and postpone status, obey authority, and postpone rewards until heavenrewards until heaven

Over time, Catholicism connected Over time, Catholicism connected more with poor, less with elitesmore with poor, less with elites►Liberation Theology: Catholic activists Liberation Theology: Catholic activists

teaching redistribution of wealthteaching redistribution of wealth

B. Sociocultural IssuesB. Sociocultural Issues

►Evangelical ProtestantismEvangelical Protestantism Imported from North AmericaImported from North America Fastest growing religion in regionFastest growing religion in region

►About 10% of ChristiansAbout 10% of Christians

““Gospel of Success”Gospel of Success”►Theology that those blessed by God will Theology that those blessed by God will

have prosperity in this lifehave prosperity in this life►Has led to increased social mobility but Has led to increased social mobility but

declining class-consciousnessdeclining class-consciousness

C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues

►Human settlement always had Human settlement always had consequences for the environment consequences for the environment

►Today, more severe because of Today, more severe because of growth in:growth in: PopulationPopulation Per capita domestic consumption of Per capita domestic consumption of

resourcesresources Exports of resourcesExports of resources

Human Impacts on Human Impacts on Middle and South AmericaMiddle and South America

Figure 3.32

C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues►Tropical Forestlands in the Global Tropical Forestlands in the Global

EconomyEconomy Threats: logging of hardwoods, clearing Threats: logging of hardwoods, clearing

for agriculture or miningfor agriculture or mining Promoted by Brazil’s government Promoted by Brazil’s government

(creating jobs, cash exports, moving pop. (creating jobs, cash exports, moving pop. to rural areas)to rural areas)

Funded by Asian investors (already Funded by Asian investors (already depleted their own forests)depleted their own forests)

Increasing regulation leads to illegal Increasing regulation leads to illegal logginglogging

►Implications for global warmingImplications for global warming Amazon = “Lungs of the World”Amazon = “Lungs of the World”

C. Environmental IssuesC. Environmental Issues►The Environment and Economic The Environment and Economic

DevelopmentDevelopment Past: Governments argued that Past: Governments argued that

environmental regulation too expensiveenvironmental regulation too expensive Present: New focus on sustainable Present: New focus on sustainable

developmentdevelopment►Eco-tourism: natural and cultural Eco-tourism: natural and cultural

experiences in unfamiliar environmentsexperiences in unfamiliar environments Most rapidly growing segment of tourismMost rapidly growing segment of tourism

D. Measures of Human D. Measures of Human Well-BeingWell-Being

►GDP per capita masks the very wide GDP per capita masks the very wide disparity of wealth in the regiondisparity of wealth in the region ““Development” has increased disparityDevelopment” has increased disparity HDI higher than GDP because education HDI higher than GDP because education

is somewhat more available across is somewhat more available across gender and classgender and class►Nonetheless, general unavailability of Nonetheless, general unavailability of

education and health careeducation and health care

►HIV/AIDS growing problemHIV/AIDS growing problem Contribution of “machismo”Contribution of “machismo”

Human Well-being Human Well-being RankingsRankings

Table 3.3

III. SUBREGIONS OF III. SUBREGIONS OF MIDDLE AND SOUTH MIDDLE AND SOUTH

AMERICAAMERICA

Figure 3.1 again, unless there’s a new map with subregions

marked?

The CaribbeanThe Caribbean

A. The CaribbeanA. The Caribbean

►Disparity between tourist image and Disparity between tourist image and realityreality Still, strong record of human well-beingStill, strong record of human well-being

►Turn from plantation agriculture to Turn from plantation agriculture to tourism, resource processingtourism, resource processing

►Contrasts:Contrasts: Cuba vs. Puerto RicoCuba vs. Puerto Rico Haiti vs. BarbadosHaiti vs. Barbados

MexicoMexico

B. MexicoB. Mexico

►Working towards middle-income Working towards middle-income statusstatus Remittances from workers in USARemittances from workers in USA

►$20 billion in 2005$20 billion in 2005►Temporary migrants, most return homeTemporary migrants, most return home

Service sector dominates (70% of GDP)Service sector dominates (70% of GDP)►Tourism on coast, urban servicesTourism on coast, urban services

Maquiladoras (27% of GDP) focused on Maquiladoras (27% of GDP) focused on U.S. border townsU.S. border towns►Cheap labor, few regulationsCheap labor, few regulations

Central AmericaCentral America

Figure 3.41

C. Central AmericaC. Central America

►More agriculturalMore agricultural Limited land ownership Limited land ownership income income

disparitydisparity Costa Rica: unusually egalitarianCosta Rica: unusually egalitarian

►Most people indigenous or ladino Most people indigenous or ladino (mestizo)(mestizo)

►Class conflict coincided with Cold WarClass conflict coincided with Cold War Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El

SalvadorSalvador

Northern Andes & Caribbean Northern Andes & Caribbean CoastCoast

Figure 3.43

D. Northern Andes and D. Northern Andes and Caribbean CoastCaribbean Coast

►The Guianas: Creole societiesThe Guianas: Creole societies Plantations and resource-based economiesPlantations and resource-based economies Asian and African labor leads to diversityAsian and African labor leads to diversity

►Columbia and Venezuela: Mestizo Columbia and Venezuela: Mestizo societiessocieties Oil in VenezuelaOil in Venezuela

►Chavez and populism/socialismChavez and populism/socialism Drug insurgency in ColombiaDrug insurgency in Colombia

►Attempts to wipe out drug production lead to Attempts to wipe out drug production lead to civil warcivil war

The Central AndesThe Central Andes

Figure 3.45

E. Central AndesE. Central Andes

►Poorest subregion; largest indigenous Poorest subregion; largest indigenous pop.pop. Agriculture along coast (mestizo, African)Agriculture along coast (mestizo, African) Altiplano: potato farming, mining, sheepAltiplano: potato farming, mining, sheep Amazon basin: resource extractionAmazon basin: resource extraction

►Altiplano and Amazon: home to indigenous pop.Altiplano and Amazon: home to indigenous pop.

► Increasing political role by indigenousIncreasing political role by indigenous Bolivia: first indigenous president in Bolivia: first indigenous president in

AmericasAmericas

The Southern ConeThe Southern Cone

Figure 3.47

F. The Southern ConeF. The Southern Cone

►Largely European populationsLargely European populations►Service-oriented economiesService-oriented economies

Strong role for agriculture in identity Strong role for agriculture in identity (Pampas)(Pampas)

►Class conflict coincided with Cold WarClass conflict coincided with Cold War►Buenos AiresBuenos Aires

Primate city, once world cityPrimate city, once world city Now suffering from restructuring, loan Now suffering from restructuring, loan

defaultdefault

BrazilBrazil

Figure 3.49

G. BrazilG. Brazil

►184 million people; vast income disparity184 million people; vast income disparity Same land area as USASame land area as USA

►Largest regional economy; 8Largest regional economy; 8thth largest in largest in worldworld Gold, silver, gems, titanium, manganese, ironGold, silver, gems, titanium, manganese, iron Highly industrialized southeastHighly industrialized southeast Shantytowns (favelas) result from Shantytowns (favelas) result from

urbanizationurbanization►Brasilia: forward capitalBrasilia: forward capital