chapter 6 functions -- quickstart. "the practice of computing using python", punch &...

chapter 6

Functions -- QuickStart

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is a function?

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Functions

• From Mathematics we know that functions perform some operation and return one value.

• They "encapsulate" the performance of some particular operation, so it can be used by others (for example, the sqrt() function)

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why have them?

• Support divide-and-conquer strategy• Abstraction of an operation• Reuse. Once written, use again• Sharing. If tested, others can use• Security. Well tested, then secure for

reuse• Simplify code. More readable.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mathematical Notation

• Consider a function which converts temperatures in Celsius to temperatures in Fahrenheit.– Formula: F = C * 1.8 + 32.0– Functional notation:

F ~ celsius_to_Fahrenheit(C) where

celsius_to_Fahrenheit(C) = C * 1.8 + 32.0

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Python Invocation

• Math: F = celsius_to_Fahrenheit(C) • Python, the invocation is much the same

F = celsius_to_Fahrenheit(cel_float)

Terminology: cel_float is the argument

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Function defintion• Math: g(C) = C*1.8 + 32.0• Python

def celsius_to_Fahrenheit(param_float):

return param_float * 1.8 + 32.0

• Terminology: cel_float is the parameter

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

return statement

• The return statement indicates the value that is returned by the function

• The statement is optional (the function can return nothing). If no return, function is often called a procedure.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.1

Temp convert

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Triple quoted string in function

• A triple quoted string just after the def is called a docstring

• docstring is documentation of the function's purpose, to be used by other tools to tell the user what the function is used for. More on that later

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Operation

def celsius_to_Fahrenheit (param): return param * 1.8 + 32.0

F = celsius_to_fahrenheit(C) 1. Call copies argument C to parameter Temp

2. Control transfers to function

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Operation (con't)

3. Expression in function is evaluated

4. Value of expression is returned to the invoker

F = celsius_to_fahrenheit(C)

def celsius_to_Fahrenheit (param): return param * 1.8 + 32.0

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.2

Full Temp Program

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.3

re-implement len

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.4

Count letters in string

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

check membership in lowercase

• import string• use string.ascii_lowercase, string

of lowercase english letters– 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

• check if each char is a member (using in operator) of string.ascii_lowercase

• char.lower() before membership (catch Capital Letters that way)

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Word Puzzle

• Find an English language word that has the vowels 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u' in sequence

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reading a file of Text

Remember how to work with text files• The open function takes a string (a file

name) and a mode ('r' for reading) and returns a file object.

• You can use a for loop on the file object to fetch one line of text at a time (a line ends with a carriage return)

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.5

Open a file to read

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Need a list of words

We use a dictionary file (easily found on the web) of english words, one word per line• open the file• process each line (a single word)• this example just prints them all

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.6

Clean a word

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

clean the word

• strip method removes white space characters from the beginning and end of a string (can remove other chars as well)– beginning and end only, not the middle– all such characters from either end– file line likely has returns or tabs of spaces

which might hurt compares• lower method so case won't matter

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listing 6.8

Extract Vowels

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

collect vowels

• collect only vowels as a string, in order from the word, and compare against the reference "aeiou"– use in operator for membership– use + operator to concat vowels together

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Code Listion 6.9

Solution to word problem

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Did functions help?

• Made our problem solving easier (solved smaller problems as functions)

• main program very readable (details hid in the functions)

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

How to write a function

• Does one thing. If it does too many things, it should be broken down into multiple functions (refactored)

• Readable. How often should we say this? If you write it, it should be readable

• Reusable. If it does one thing well, then when a similar situation (in another program) occurs, use it there as well.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

More on functions

• Complete. A function should check for all the cases where it might be invoked. Check for potential errors.

• Not too long. Kind of synonymous with do one thing. Use it as a measure of doing too much.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rule 8

A function should do one thing

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Procedures

• Functions that have no return statements are often called procedures.

• Procedures are used to perform some duty (print output, store a file, etc.)

• Remember, return is not required.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Multiple returns in a function

• A function can have multiple return statements.

• Remember, the first return statement executed ends the function.

• Multiple returns can be confusing to the reader and should be used judiciously.

"The Practice of Computing Using Python", Punch & Enbody, Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reminder, rules so far

1. Think before you program!

2. A program is a human-readable essay on problem solving that also happens to execute on a computer.

3. The best way to imporve your programming and problem solving skills is to practice!

4. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds

5. Test your code, often and thoroughly

6. If it was hard to write, it is probably hard to read. Add a comment.

7. All input is evil, unless proven otherwise.

8. A function should do one thing.