chapter 6 climate, terrestrial biodiversity, & aquatic biodiversity

Chapter 6 Chapter 6

CLIMATE, CLIMATE,

TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, & AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY& AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

1. What is the difference between weather and climate?

2. What determines the temperature of a location on Earth?

3. What causes the seasons?

Warm-UpWarm-Up

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

1. Uneven Heating of the Earth1. Uneven Heating of the Earth

1. Uneven Heating of the Earth1. Uneven Heating of the Earth

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

2. Seasons2. Seasons

2. Seasons2. Seasons

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taHTA7S_JGk

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

3. Rotation of Earth3. Rotation of Earth

3. Rotation of Earth3. Rotation of Earth

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

4. Variations in solar output4. Variations in solar output

Sun SpotsSun Spots

4. Variations in solar output4. Variations in solar output

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/gif/

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

5. Properties of air and water5. Properties of air and water

Temperature Change over Time

05

101520253035404550

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Time (min)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

Air

Water

Soil

5. Properties of air and water5. Properties of air and water

5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land

5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land

Valley (in-land) cities

5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land

Coastal cities

5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns

1. Uneven heating of Earth

2. Seasons

3. Earth’s rotation

4. Variation of sun’s output

5. Properties of air and water

Vine DayVine Day

Saturday, December 13 from 9 Saturday, December 13 from 9 AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer PreservePreserve

Cutting invasive vines to save Cutting invasive vines to save many mature treesmany mature trees

Bring protective clothing, Bring protective clothing, gloves and, if you have them, gloves and, if you have them, tools such as loppers, pruners tools such as loppers, pruners and hand saws and hand saws

Warm-UpWarm-Up

1.1. What is El Nino?What is El Nino?

2.2. What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good or bad?or bad?

3.3. What is the ozone layer? How have What is the ozone layer? How have humans affected it?humans affected it?

How do ocean currents affect How do ocean currents affect regional climates?regional climates?

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

In which In which direction is direction is the warm the warm water water flowing?flowing?

How does How does that affect that affect the climate?the climate?

Ocean UpwellingsOcean Upwellings

Ocean UpwellingOcean Upwelling

El NiñoEl Niño – a disruption of the – a disruption of the ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific OceanOcean

Has important consequences for Has important consequences for weather and climate around the globeweather and climate around the globe

El NiñoEl Niño

Normal ConditionsNormal Conditions

Wind blows from east Wind blows from east to west (right to left)to west (right to left)– Creates an upwelling Creates an upwelling

along the western along the western coast of South coast of South AmericaAmerica

– Pushes water to Pushes water to western Pacificwestern Pacific

– Causes LOTS of rain Causes LOTS of rain (monsoons & snow in (monsoons & snow in Himalaya Mountains)Himalaya Mountains)

The Normal PacificThe Normal Pacific

Normal ConditionsNormal Conditions

Normal Conditions vs. El NiñoNormal Conditions vs. El Niño

NormalNormal

conditionconditionss

El Nino conditions

El NiñoEl Niño

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/enso.php

How does the chemical make-up of How does the chemical make-up of the atmosphere lead to the the atmosphere lead to the

greenhouse effect?greenhouse effect?

What are greenhouse gases?What are greenhouse gases?

Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, which warms the airradiation, which warms the air

Examples:Examples:– COCO22

– HH22OO

– CHCH44

– NONO22

– CFCsCFCs

Are greenhouse gases GOOD or Are greenhouse gases GOOD or BAD?BAD?

THEY’RE BOTHTHEY’RE BOTH

GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too cold for lifeEarth would be too cold for life

BAD - too many greenhouse gases may BAD - too many greenhouse gases may lead to global warminglead to global warming

Where do greenhouse gases come Where do greenhouse gases come from?from?

ALL OF US!!!ALL OF US!!!

Burning fossil fuels releases:Burning fossil fuels releases:– COCO22

– HH22OO

– NONO22

Cows release methane (CHCows release methane (CH44))

Various refrigerants use CFCsVarious refrigerants use CFCs

Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion

Is this what the hole in the ozone layer looks

like?

NO!NO!

Ozone VideosOzone Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKHcHmg4WKY

Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect

Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect

Molokai, HawaiiMolokai, Hawaii

windwind

What’s the difference between a What’s the difference between a climate and a biome?climate and a biome?

ClimateClimate: physical properties (temperature : physical properties (temperature and precipitation) of an area over a long and precipitation) of an area over a long period of timeperiod of time

BiomeBiome: areas on Earth that are inhabited : areas on Earth that are inhabited by certain types of organismsby certain types of organisms

Desert BiomesDesert Biomes

Desert BiomesDesert Biomes

Characteristics• typically < 25 cm (10 in) annual precipitation

•cover 30% of the world’s land surface

•especially found at 30° N and 30° S latitude

• largest deserts on interiors of continents

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

30º N

30º S

Deserts

Desert BiomesDesert Biomes

Desert Organisms• sparse, widely spaced, mostly

low vegetation• plants typically deep–rooted

shrubs with small leaves, succulents, or short–lived species that flourish after rain

• animals typically nocturnal & have physical adaptations for conserving water & dealing with heat.

Grassland BiomesGrassland Biomes

Figs. 6–14© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Grassland BiomesGrassland BiomesCharacteristics

• sufficient rainfall to support grass, but too dry for forests

•mostly found on interiors of continents

•maintained by seasonal drought, grazing, & periodic fires that prevent shrubs & trees invasion

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Grassland BiomesGrassland Biomes

Characteristics– plants include high

diversity of grasses & herbaceous plants; typically have resistance to drought, grazing, & fire

– animals include large & small herbivores, along with predators adapted to feed on these herbivores

Forest BiomesForest Biomes

Fig. 6–17© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Forest BiomesForest Biomes

Characteristics:• sufficient rainfall to support

trees• types:

- Tropical – typically broadleaf evergreen trees with high diversity

- Temperate – typically deciduous broadleaf tree with moderate diversity

- Boreal – typically conifers with low diversity

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Forest BiomesForest BiomesCharacteristics:

• various layers: - Emergent – tree tops

that break through the canopy

- Canopy – “roof” of forest of full grown trees.

- Understory – dark and composed of tree saplings

- Forest Floor – dark, not crowded

PrecipitationPrecipitation

TemperaturTemperaturee

WetWet ModerateModerate DryDry

HotHot

TemperateTemperate

ColdCold

PrecipitationPrecipitation

TemperaturTemperaturee

WetWet ModerateModerate DryDry

HotHot Tropical Tropical ForestForest

Tropical Tropical GrasslandGrassland

Tropical Tropical DesertDesert

TemperateTemperate Temperate Temperate ForestForest

Temperate Temperate GrasslandGrassland

Temperate Temperate DesertDesert

ColdCold Polar ForestPolar Forest Polar Polar GrasslandGrassland

Polar Polar DesertDesert

Mountain BiomesMountain Biomes

Characteristics– diversity of habitat because

of diverse topography– make up 20% of Earth's

surface– each 100 m (~300 ft) gain in

elevation is about equal to 100 km (~62 mi) change in latitude

– mountain regions contain majority of world's forests

– timberline: elevation above which trees do not grow

– gradually release melting ice, snow, and water to streams

Important Biome ConceptsImportant Biome Concepts

everything is connected

incoming solar radiation determines global temperature & precipitation patterns

temperature & precipitation are major determinants of distribution of organisms