chapter 29 and chapter 30: american imperialism ap us unit 11: imperialism february 6-9, 2012 with...

Chapter 29 and Chapter 30:

American Imperialism

AP US Unit 11: ImperialismFebruary 6-9, 2012

With help from Susan Pojer

1. Commercial/Business Interests

1. Commercial/Business Interests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business Interests

1. Commercial/Business Interests

2. Military/Strategic Interests

2. Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier

5. Closing the American Frontier

6. Competition

• Europeans had been imperializing the world outside of Europe since the discovery of the Americas– Even Rome before that

• America, since it had been a colony and had spent most of the 1800’s building itself, was one of the last onto the World Risk board…

America Becomes More Willing to Engage

• Big Sister Policy– America would help Latin America – America would get to trade with Latin

America• Samoa 1889

– U.S. vs. Germany• Seal Hunting off of Alaska 1893

– U.S. vs. Canada• Lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans in

1891• Deaths of 2 American Sailors in Chile in

1892

Jingoism• Jingoism is the

20th century term used to apply to the reactive tendencies of an Anglo country to fight others for the Jingo country’s interests

• In the 19th century it was called spread-eagleism

Remembering Back…The Monroe Doctrine

• In 1823, President James Monroe issued a statement that Europe should not colonize nor interfere with any country or region in the Americas

• Obviously this did not cover stuff they already controlled

• In 1823 this was all talk and no show from America, but later…

Interference in Venezuela

• Between 1895-1896 Venezuela and Great Britain fought over a contested boundary

• President Cleveland sent a letter to England stating that since they had defied the Monroe Doctrine, they needed to submit to arbitration with Venezuela

• England dismissed the Monroe Doctrine

• America got ANGRY

Hot Tempers Cool in Venezuela

• England did not want to get in a fight with America with Canada so close

• England was also busy dealing with problems with Germany in South Africa

• The arbitration ended up giving England most of the land they requested anyway

• This greatly enhanced the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.

The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools.

1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European powers,like Japan, would beexcluded from owningterritory in the WesternHemisphere.

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867“Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Expansion into the Pacific

• America’s desire to expand for both world power and economic benefits led the U.S. to look towards the Pacific

• But how would America refuel its new coal powered ships on the ocean voyage?

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 – Reciprocity Treaty (free trade)

1890 – McKinley Tariff (not free trade…)

1893 – Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

“Yellow Journalism”

• Big, Sensationalist Titles

• Big, Sensationalist Pictures

• Not necessarily based on fact…

“Yellow Journalism”

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.

Imperialist and American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The Maine

• America had sent the USS Maine to “protect American interests” in Cuba. On February 15, 1898 (6 days after Hearst published the de Lome Letter) the Maine exploded in Havana Harbor

• Original Naval investigations determined that an outside mine had blown up the ship

The Maine

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Congress Declares War – April 11, 1898

• Later findings show that the Maine exploded from the inside – more than likely the result of an accident in the coal bunker

Role of Yellow Journalism in the Spanish American War –

Richard Harding Davis

• Stop at 6:50

How prepared was the US for war?

• America’s Navy was prepared by Secretary John D. Long and imperialistic assistant secretary Theodore Roosevelt

• T.R. cabled Commodore Dewey (stationed with his fleet in Hong Kong) on February 25, 1898 and told him to attack the Spanish Philippines upon declaration of war

• Dewey won the battle within a day with almost 400 Spanish lost and only a handful of Americans injured

Holding on to the Philippines

• Dewey had to hold off other imperialist powers

• Dewey brought in Emilio Aguinaldo to continue the insurrection against the Spanish– Aguinaldo would later lead the

insurrection against America• “Forced” America to annex Hawaii as

a refueling station

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War (1898):

• Mid-June an American force of 17,000 men left Tampa for Cuba

• Included the Rough Riders– Organized by T.R.– Led by Colonel Leonard Wood– Half arrived without their horses!

The “Rough Riders”

The “Rough Riders”

The Rough Riders

• Movie Clips:– 1-2– 7-10– 12– 15

Battle of San Juan Hill

• On July 1, 1898, the Rough Riders and 2 African American regiments charged hills around Santiago to secure the city – Many still on

foot…

The End of the Spanish in America

• The Spanish fleet was overpowered by the American fleet

• America took Puerto Rico as well

• August 12, 1898 – armistice was signed

American Casualties

• While America lost less than 400 men to battle, over 5,000 died from disease

• America was not prepared for battle in the tropical climate…– Would it be by WWII?

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the FilipinoUprising (1898-1901).

July 4, 1946:Philippine independence

Philippine-American War• Fighting in the

Philippines lasted for 3 years, 63,000 American troops were used to put down the revolt with 4,300 deaths.

• After installing a constitutional government in 1934, independence was granted to the Philippines in 1946.

Oregon Volunteer Infantry on the

Firing Line

William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.

The U.S. paid Spain$20 million for thePhilippines.

The U.S. becomesan imperial power!

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The American Anti-Imperialist

League

The American Anti-Imperialist

LeagueFounded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.

Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment (1898)1. America could NOT annex Cuba, but had to leave Cuba to self governance

Platt Amendment (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated

territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goods

1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not

automatically extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.

PRs elected theirown legislators &governor to enforcelocal laws.

PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.

A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Stereotypes of the Chinese

Immigrant

Stereotypes of the Chinese

Immigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

“55 Days at Peking.”

Kill Foreign Devils

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.No country that had control of China really agreed (or disagreed) with this…

TheOpen Door

Policy

TheOpen Door

Policy

America as a Pacific Power

America as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing Family

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Election of 1900• Republicans:

–Re-run McKinely, “Four years more of the full dinner pail”

–VP: Teddy Roosevelt – a move by political bosses to get him out of NY’s governship

–Pro-Imperialism and Hard Money• Democrats:

–William Jennings Bryan–Anti-Imperialism and Pro-Silver

Election of 1900• People often voted on personality lines.

– Some were anti-imperialist, but also anti-silver and vice versa– Some were just afraid of Bryan!

• McKinley wins– Roosevelt’s personality helps

McKinley Assassinated• On September 6, 1901, President McKinley

was attending the Pan-American exposition in Buffalo, NY.

• There an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, shot McKinley after waiting in a line to greet the president. Czolgosz’s hand was wrapped in a handkerchief to hide the gun.

McKinley Assassinated

• McKinley appeared to be recovering for the first few days, but on September 12, the president began to take a turn for the worse.

• He died at 2:15am on September 14, 1901.

• Roosevelt was immediately sent for and was sworn in by 3:30 pm. 26th President

Theodore Roosevelt

The Panama Canal

• During the Spanish American War, the need for an easy passage between the Pacific and Atlantic was realized when it took the Oregon months to travel around Cape Horn in South America to reach Cuba.

The Panama Canal• In the late 1800’s a

French company began to work on a Panamanian route, but gave up. It sent an agent to Washington to convince the U.S. to buy the project. In 1903, after negotiations, the U.S. bought the French company’s route for $40 million.

The Panama Canal

• At the time the country of Columbia actually ruled Panama.

• The U.S. would have to obtain Columbia’s permission before proceeding with work.

• When Columbia refused the treaty, the U.S. and the French company’s representative helped to stage a revolution in Panama

• A dozen U.S. warships were present when Panama declared its independence in November 1903.

Panama: The King’s Crown

Panama: The King’s Crown

1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.

1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.

Nullified C-B Treaty

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur (owned stock in Canal co.)

1903 Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

The Panama Canal• Two weeks

afterwards, Panama and the U.S. signed a treaty that allowed the U.S. to rent and control the “Canal Zone”. The U.S. agreed to pay $10 million outright and $250,000 a year for rent. • Ill feelings were formed, though, between the

U.S. and Columbia. The U.S. tried to buy its way out of this by paying Columbia $25 million in 1921 to compensate for its lost territory.

The Panama Canal• Constructing the Panama

Canal was a great feat of engineering and perseverance. Work began in 1904 and the canal opened on August 15, 1914. At the height of construction in 1913, more than 43,000 workers were employed. • 75% were blacks from the British West Indies

and others had come from Southern Europe. More than 5600 canal workers died on the project from accidents or terrible diseases such as yellow fever and malaria.

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Panama Canal

• The terrain was also difficult and, in the end, it cost the U.S. $380 million to complete.

• The canal operates on a system of locks. – A ship sails in through one gate in the lock,

the gate is closed, the water level is raised, and then the ship can sail out to the next higher lock.

– This was the only way to move ships across the mountainous region.

The Panama Canal

• The Canal operates on a system of locks that moves the boat up or down to meet the next level of water.

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/index.html

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

The Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

• Japan and America would respect each other’s holdings in the Pacific

• Japan and America would uphold the Open Door Policy

Would this be enough in the long run?

Why did American Imperialism Happen?

• Social Darwinism– Missionaries and the White Man’s Burden– America has a right

• Economic Expansion– Growing industrial output included need for

markets and raw materials• Manifest Destiny

– Ran out of space in the continental U.S. – Still needed a “safety valve”

• Competition– Either become a world power quickly or get

left out