chapter 2 7 th grade european exploration of the americas 1492-1700

Chapter 27th grade

European Exploration of the Americas

1492-1700

Section 2.1• Spain Claims an Empire

ONE EUROPEAN’S STORY Pope Alexander VI had an important decision to make. In 1493, the rulers of Spain and Portugal wanted him to decide who would control the lands that European sailors were exploring. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expected Alexander VI to give Spain the rights over many of these lands. But King John II of Portugal claimed territories, too. What would the new pope do? In May 1493, Alexander VI issued his ruling. He drew an imaginary line around the world. It was called the Line of Demarcation. Portugal could claim all non-Christian lands to the east of the line. Spain could claim the non Christian lands to the west. In this section, you will learn how Spain and Portugal led Europe in the race to gain colonies in the Americas.

Spain and Portugal Compete King John II was unhappy with the pope’s placement of the line. He believed that it favored Spain. So he demanded that the Spanish rulers meet with him to change the pope’s decision. In June 1494, the two countries agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas (TAWR•day•SEEL•yahs). This treaty moved the Line of Demarcation more than 800 miles farther west. The change eventually allowed Portugal to claim much of eastern South America, which later became the Portuguese colony of Brazil. After making this agreement, Spain and Portugal increased their voyages of exploration in search of wealth, power, and glory.

God, Glory and Gold

See Treaty of Tordesillas map next slide.

Spain and Portugal Compete

Treaty of Tordesillas•Moved the Line of

Demarcation more than 800 miles farther west, allowing Portugal to claim much of eastern South America

Mercantilism The main goal of mercantilism was to increase the money in a country’s treasury by creating a favorable balance of trade. A country had a favorable balance of trade if it had more exports than imports. Colonies helped a country have the goods to maintain a favorable balance of trade. For example, say Spain sold $500 in sugar to France, and France sold $300 in cloth to Spain. France would also have to pay Spain $200 worth of precious metals to pay for all the sugar. Spain would then have a favorable balance of trade because the value of its exports (sugar) was greater than the value of its imports (cloth). Spain would become richer because of the precious metals it received from France.

Mercantilism• By increasing their wealth, European

countries could gain power and security. An economic system called mercantilism describes how Europeans enriched their treasuries.

• Main goal of mercantilism was to increase the $ in a country’s treasury by creating a favorable balance of trade.

Europeans Explore Foreign Lands

Amerigo Vespucci

After Columbus’s first voyage, many explorers went to sea. Amerigo Vespucci (vehs•POO•chee) was one of the first. He was an Italian sailor who set out in 1501 to find a sea route to Asia. Vespucci realized that the land he saw on this voyage was not Asia. A German mapmaker was impressed by Vespucci’s account of the lands, so he named the continent “America” after him.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa Another famous explorer was the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa. Balboa heard Native American reports of another ocean. In 1513,he led an expedition through the jungles of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean. Raising his sword, Balboa stepped into the surf and claimed the ocean and all the lands around it for Spain. (See page 59.)

Ferdinand Magellan Perhaps no explorer was more capable than the Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan. He proposed to reach Asia by sailing west around South America. The Spanish king agreed to fund Magellan’s voyage. In 1519, Magellan set out from Spain with five ships and about 240

men. After a stormy passage around South America, Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean. For several months his crew crossed the Pacific, suffering great hardship. A member of the crew described what they ate.

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

We were three months and twenty days without . . . fresh food. We ate biscuit, which was no longer biscuit, but powder of biscuits swarming with worms. . . . We drank . . . water that had been putrid for many days.

Antonio Pigafetta, quoted in The Discoverers

Eventually, Magellan reached the Philippines, where he became involved in a local war and was killed. But his crew traveled on. In 1522, the one remaining ship arrived back in Spain. The sailors in Magellan’s crew became the first people to sail around the world.

Maya, Aztec, and IncaCivilizations

Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica = Mexico & Central America

Mesoamerica

• Some of the greatest civilizations in the Americas developed in Mesoamerica

• The Maya and Aztec lived in the Mesoamerican region

Where did the ancient Maya live?

• The Maya settled on the Yucatan Peninsula in central America.

Maya Political Structure

• The Maya were NOT AN EMPIRE and NOT UNITED politically…

• Maya civilization was made up of city-states

• Each city-state had its own ruler

Maya Architecture• built towering temples and palaces

• Atop the temples, priests performed religious ceremonies and sacrifices while people watched from the plazas below

• Ceremonial platforms, temples, pyramids, observatories, ball courts all built by the Maya

Maya Religion

• The Maya were polytheistic• The Maya practiced human sacrifice

Advances in learning

• The Maya created a writing system of hieroglyphics

Advances in learning

• The Maya created a set of numerals• Also developed a 365-day calendar

What happened to the Maya?

• The Maya abandoned many of their cities around 900 A.D.

• Archaeologists DO NOT KNOW WHY Maya civilization declined

• Theory: Around 900A.D. there was a severe drought. Many died due to starvation others migrated away.

Maya today

…more than 2 million Maya people live in Guatemala and southern Mexico today.

Aztecs

Where did the Aztecs live?

• The Aztecs lived in what is known as the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico.

Tenochtitlan

• Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.

Legend of Tenochtitlan

The gods told the Aztecs to search for an eagle holding a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus. This is where they were to build their capital city. The Aztecs saw this sign on a swampy island in lake Texcoco.

Legend of Tenochtitlan

How did the Aztecs build a city in the center of a lake?

• Tenochtitlan was built on an island• It was connected to the mainland by

causeways leading north, south, and west of the city.

• The city was interlaced with a series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or by canoe.

Tenochtitlan

• Today, Tenochtitlan is Mexico City

Government

• The Aztecs created an empire through conquest

• Conquered people and local rulers had to pay tribute to the Aztecs

• The Aztecs had an emperor• The Aztec Emperor’s main job was to lead in

war

Religion & Mythology

• Aztecs were polytheistic• Huitzilopochtli was

the main Aztec god.(weets se lo poch tlee)

• The Aztecs built massive temples and pyramids dedicated to their gods

Religion & Mythology

Pyramid of the SunPyramid of the Moon

Human Sacrifice

• Human sacrifice was a common practice of the Aztecs.

• For the reconsecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed 84,400 prisoners over the course of four days.

• To give the sun strength to riseeach day, human sacrifices wereoffered.

What happened to the Aztecs?

• Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztecs in 1521.

Inca

Where did the Inca live?

• The Inca controlled an empire in the Andes Mountain region of South America.

Government

• The Sapa Inca (emperor) had absolute power.

• The emperor claimed to be the son of the sun.

• The emperor was also the empire’s religious leader.

• The empire was divided into four regions with the capital at Cuzco.

Uniting the Empire

• The Inca built a massive road network through mountains and across rivers and gorges.

Stonework

• The Inca constructed stone temples without using mortars yet the stones fit together so well that a knife would not fit between the stones.

Religion

• The Inca were polytheistic.• The primary god was Inti, the sun god.

Religion

• Inca believed in reincarnation.• The Inca practiced cranial deformation.

-They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to alter the shape of their soft skulls into a cone-like shape.

Medical Advances

• The Inca performed successful skull surgery.

• The Inca also used medicines to make patients unconscious during surgery

Organization

• Each family in a community was assigned a specific job.

• Government officials arranged marriages.

• The government organized mandatory public service building projects.

What happened to the Inca?

• Civil war in the empire broke out...

AND

• Smallpox spread, killing much of the Inca…

Fall of the Inca

• BUT ultimately, it was Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro that brought about the fall of the Inca Empire.

The Invasion of the Americas• The Spanish conquistadors marched

inland and defeated the powerful Aztecs and Incas by forming alliances (agreements) with Native American groups who hated Aztec and Incan rule.• Spanish rule in Mexico was established

by the arrival of Hernando Cortes.• Native Americans had no immunity to

several European diseases.

Section 2.2

European Competition in North

AmericaNo Notes for this Section

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

Henry HudsonWatch Henry Hudson’s Explorations (3:01) on Disc. Ed in ch. 2 folder in My Content

If no video is available teach next slides.

Explorers:Henry Hudson

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

The Search for the Northwestern Passage• By this time Europeans had found a

southern route around the Americas to the Indies. Remember Magellan.

• However they had not found a northern route.

• In 1602 the Dutch East India Company wanted to find and use a Northwest Passage to the Indies.

• They believed this would save them time and money.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

• The Northwest Passage was thought to be a river above North American that would take ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and on to Asia. • Today we know that this does

passage does not exist but early explorers did not.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

• An English Captain, Henry Hudson decided to lead the search for the Northwest Passage.

• In 1609, Hudson left from the Netherlands with a crew of 20.

• As he sailed North it became colder and icier. He turned the ship south and headed for warmer weather.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

• He explored a harbor that he thought was a passage.

• This area he explored later became known as the Hudson River since he was one of the first to explore this area.

• While exploring the river, he traded with local Indians and helped the Dutch to set up trading post.

The Search for the Northwestern PassageIn 1610, England hired Hudson to find

the Northwest Passage. He began exploring possible areas that

he hoped would lead him to the Pacific. He claimed areas that would later be

called the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay.

During the winter the water froze and he was stuck in the bay.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

Th e Search fo r th e N o rth w estern Passage

In June 1611, the weather warmed and he left the bay.

His crew wanted him to return home, but Hudson planned on continuing his search.

The angry crew put Hudson, his son, and seven other crew members in a small boat in the bay with no oars.

Hudson and his men were never heard from again.

John CabotHudson’s voyages showed that some European countries hoped to find a westward route to Asia as late as the 1600’s; a

Northwest Passage.One of the first explorers to chart a northern route across the Atlantic in search of Asia was the Italian sailor John Cabot.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

In 1497, Cabot crossed the Atlantic to explore for the English. He landed in the area of Newfoundland, Canada. He thought he was in

Asia, and claimed the land for England.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

The next year he set sail once more, hoping

to reach Japan. He was never seen again. Even so, his voyages were the basis for

future English colonies along the Atlantic

shore of North America.

John Cabot

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

Giovanni da Verrazzano was born around 1485 in Italy. Around 1506 or 1507, he began pursuing a maritime

career, and in the 1520s, he was sent by King Francis I of France to explore the

East Coast of North America for a route to the Pacific. He made landfall near

what would be Cape Fear, North Carolina, in early March and headed north to

explore. Verrazzano eventually discovered New York Harbor, which now has a bridge spanning it named for the

explorer. After returning to Europe, Verrazzano made two more voyages to

the Americas. On the second, in 1528, he was killed and eaten by the natives of one of the Lower Antilles, probably on

Guadeloupe.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

Jacques CartierFrance tried again between 1534 and 1536 with the voyages of Cartier. He traveled up the St. Lawrence River to the site of present-day Montreal. At that point, rapids blocked the way and ended his search for the Northwest Passage. It would be almost 75 years before the French would return to colonize the region.

The Search for the Northwestern Passage

Spain Responds to CompetitionFrench and English claims to North America angered Spain, which hadclaimed the land under the Treaty of Tordesillas. The tensions betweenSpain, England, and France stemmed from religious conflicts in Europe,such as the Reformation. These conflicts also led to fighting in the Americas.Florida was one of the battlegrounds between the Spanish and theFrench. In 1564, a group of French Protestants, called Huguenots(HYOO•guh•NAHTS), founded a colony called Fort Caroline. Before long,Spanish troops under the command of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés arrived in that area. “This is the armada of the King of Spain,” he announced, “who has sent me [here] to burn and hang the Lutheran [Protestant] French.”Menéndez built a fort, St. Augustine, a short distance away. Then he brutally massacred the French.

ST. AUGUSTINEThe thick stone walls of the fortat St. Augustine (shown below)still stand guard over the Floridacoast today. Founded in 1565,St. Augustine is the oldest permanentEuropean settlement inthe United States. For more thantwo centuries, St. Augustine wasan important outpost of Spain’sempire in the Americas. ManySpanish colonial buildings remainat the site. The fort is now anational monument.

Spain and England ClashReligious differences and the quest for national poweralso led to conflict between Spain and England. In 1558,Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant, came to the Englishthrone. Spain, which was Catholic, plotted to remove theProtestant queen. But Elizabeth fought to defendEngland and challenge Spain’s power at sea.Although England’s navy was not as powerful asSpain’s, the English fleet had many speedy ships withskillful sailors. Daring sailors, known as sea dogs, usedthese ships to attack the Spanish. The Spanish sailedbulky, slow-moving ships called galleons. These galleonsbrought gold and silver from the Americas to Spain.Sir Francis Drake became the most famous of thesea dogs because of his bold adventures and attacksagainst the Spanish. In 1577, Drake began a three-yearvoyage that took him around the world. During thisvoyage, he raided Spanish ports and ships in SouthAmerica. He stole great amounts of treasure fromthem. When he arrived home in 1580, he was anational hero. Not only had Drake and his menhounded the Spanish, but they were also the firstEnglishmen to sail around the world.

Spanish Armada

The Key Players…• Wanted England to

be a Catholic country.

• Angry at execution of his wife, Mary, Queen of Scots.

• Decided to invade England.

• Ordered a huge fleet of ships (ARMADA) to be built.

King Philip II of Spain

The Key Players…

• Determined that England would remain a Protestant country.

• Ordered English ships to attack Spanish ships and take their cargo.

Queen Elizabeth I of England

The Key Players…

• Very successful sailor.• Made the first English

voyage around the world.

• Robbed and destroyed the Spanish ships.

• Knighted on return.

Sir Francis Drake of England

The road to invasion….

• Spain:–130 ships, which were mostly traditional

galleons. These ships had a combined purpose of carrying cargo and soldiers. They were large, slow, and difficult to steer, but they were strong.

• England: –1568 Elizabeth increased the size of the

navy. The new ships that were built were faster and easier to steer than before.

The Invasion….. •The armada would sail through the English Channel to Spanish Netherlands.

• From there, they would be joined by an army of 30,000 men and take them to the English coast.

July 30,1588• Armada enters English Channel,

where they are surprised to find the main English fleet. The Armada adopts a crescent battle formation. After delays, caused by tides and wind, the English fleet sails to meet it.

July 31st - August 1st 1588English ships attack outermost Spanish

vessels with long-range gunfire. Nothing is sunk but San Salvador explodes. Overnight, Drake breaks the line to capture the Spanish ship Rosario. English fleet regroups; The Spanish Armada reforms the Armada's crescent formation and sends message out to rendezvous at Calais.

August 2, 1588• The Armada reaches Portland Bill.

English and Spanish ships engage in fierce battles. English ships fire heavily on Spanish but do little damage. Their ammunition runs low.

August 3-6 1588

The fleet therefore sailed on to Calais (France) to meet an Spanish army that was supposed to help join the fight. The Armada drops anchors off Calais but discovers the invading army is not ready.

 Many of the Armada's Captains wanted to just go ashore and attack England by land, but Spain’s orders strictly forbade this.

August 7-8 1588• At midnight, England sent eight fire ships,

covered in tar, into the congested Spanish ranks. • Many Spanish Captains cut their cables, which

attached the boats together, in an attempt to escape the flames.

• They blundered away from the blaze straight into the gunfire of the waiting English.

•Unfortunately for the Spanish, their fire power was vastly inferior to that of the English.•A change of wind blew the Armada North out of the range of English fire.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-7GoyusdtQ

Elizabeth - The Golden Age - Storm (The Battle of Gravelines 1558)

August 13, 1588

After being exhausted by English ships and battered by storms, the Armada sails north, intending to round the coast of Scotland and sail south to Spain. Conditions on board the ships are poor.

August 24, 1588Storms scattered the Armada off the north

coast of Scotland.

September - OctoberFierce storms drive many

ships towards the Irish coast. More than 25 ships are wrecked and thousands of crew drown, or are killed by English soldiers when they reach shore. About two-thirds of the Armada eventually escapes bad weather and sail home to Spain.

The Result of the Invasion…• The Armada is famous because at that time

England was a small nation with a small navy and they were facing the greatest power in the world (Spain).  They defeated Spain, with help from a storm.

• It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.  The great history of the English navy began, as did serious English exploration and colonization.

• The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the rise of England and the fall of Spain in race for ownership of North America.

Final thought…..• Although the war between England

and Spain continued until 1604, the defeat of the Armada marked the end of Spanish control of the seas, leaving open the opportunity for England to start colonies in North America.

The French and Dutch Seek TradeFrance and the Netherlands were also looking for ways to gain wealththrough exploration and colonization. At first, their goal in theAmericas was to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.When that searchfailed, they began to focus on North America itself.The Frenchman Samuel de Champlain (sham•PLAYN) explored theSt. Lawrence River. In 1608, he founded a fur-trading post at Quebec.This post became the first permanent French settlement in NorthAmerica. Champlain’s activities opened a rich fur trade with local NativeAmericans. After a couple of decades, New France, as the colony wascalled, began to thrive.At the same time, the Dutch were building a colony called NewNetherland. It was located along the Hudson River in present-day NewYork. After Hudson’s voyage up the river in 1609, the Dutch built FortNassau in 1614, near the site of the modern city of Albany.In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island from NativeAmericans. The Dutch then founded the town of New Amsterdam onthat site, where New York City is currently located. New Netherlandwas soon thriving from the fur trade with Native Americans.These early French and Dutch colonies, however, were small comparedto the large empire Spain was building in the Americas.

Section 2.3

The Impact of Colonization

Spanish rule in the Americas had terrible consequences for Native Americans and Africans.

ONE AMERICAN’S STORYHuamán Poma, a Peruvian Native American, wasangry about the abuse the Spanish heaped uponNative Americans. He wrote to King Philip III of Spain to complain about the bad treatment.A VOICE FROM THE PASTIt is their [the Spanish] practice to collect Indians into groups and send them to forced labor without wages, while they themselves receive the payment for the work. . . . The royal administrators and the other Spaniards lord it over the Indians with absolute power.Huamán Poma, Letter to a KingIn his letter, Poma asked the king to help the Native Americans and uphold the rule of law in Peru. Regardless, the Spanish colonists continued to mistreat Native Americans as the Spaniards expanded their empire in the Americas. In time, colonists from Spain and other European nations would importmillions of Africans to the Americas and enslave them as well. For the members of these subjected groups, American colonization was devastating.

Life in Spanish AmericaThe Spanish Empire grew rapidly, despite efforts by other Europeancountries to compete with Spain. By 1700, it controlled much of theAmericas. Spain took several steps to establish an effective colonial government.First, it divided its American empire into two provinces calledNew Spain and Peru. Each province was called a viceroyalty. The top officialof each viceroyalty was called the viceroy. He ruled in the king’s name.The Spaniards made sure that people with Spanish backgrounds heldpower in the colonies. Just below the Spanish were the Creoles—peopleof Spanish descent who were born in the colonies. The next step down the social order were the mestizos.Mestizos are people of mixed Spanishand Native American ancestry. Thepeople with the least power andfewest rights were Native Americansand enslaved Africans.

Life in Spanish AmericaSocial Order in Spanish Colonies1. Viceroy- The top official of each viceroyalty

2. Creoles-people of Spanish descent who were born in the colonies

3. mestizos- people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

4. Native Americans and enslaved Africans-had the least power and the fewest rights

The Catholic Church played an important role in Spanish colonial society. In places like New Mexico and California, the church built missions, settlements that included a church, a town, and farmlands. The goal of the missions was to convert Native Americans to Christianity. The missions also increased Spanish control over the land.

Some Spanish colonists received encomiendas to help them make the colonies productive. An encomienda was a grant of Native American labor. The Spanish rulers also created large estates, called haciendas, to provide food for the colony. Haciendas often became plantations, large farms that raised cash crops, such as sugar, coffee, and cotton, which were in great demand in Europe. The Spanish forced Native Americans to work on these plantations.

Most Spaniards treated the Native Americans as little more than beasts of burden, forcing countless numbers of them to work in the fields and mines. In addition, some missionaries mistreated them by forcing them to work terribly hard. Other missionaries, though, tried to protect Native Americans from being treated cruelly.

One man in particular fought for better treatment of Native Americans. His name was Bartolomé de Las Casas. Las Casas, a Catholic priest, fought against the abuse of Native Americans, earning the title “Protector of the Indians.” Due largely to his efforts, Spanish authorities passed laws providing greater protection for Native Americans. Most colonists, however, ignored the laws. In 1680, a man named Popé led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the Spanish. His forces surrounded the Spanish settlement at Santa Fe, in present-day New Mexico, and forced the colonists to flee temporarily from the region.

In 1680, a man named Popé led

the Pueblo Indians in a

rebellion against the Spanish in

present-day New Mexico.

The Emergence of American Slavery

Watch “Slave Ship” 6:16 on Discovery Education

The voyage that carried Africans into slavery across the Atlantic Ocean was called the "Middle Passage".

The Emergence of American SlaveryAs more and more Native Americans died from overwork and Europeandiseases, the Spanish and Portuguese turned to another source for labor: enslaved Africans. The Europeans enslaved Africans for four basic reasons. First, Africans were immune to most European diseases. Second, Africans had no friends or family in the Americas to help them resist or escape enslavement. Third, enslaved Africans provided a permanent source of cheap labor. Even their children could be held in bondage. Fourth, many Africans had worked on farms in their native lands.

In the early 1500s, European traders began bringing Africans to the Americas for slave labor. This forced removal has become known as the African Diaspora. (die-asp-oara) Before the slave trade ended in the late 1800s, approximately 12 million Africans had been enslaved and shipped to the Western Hemisphere.

The voyage of the slave ships from Africa to the Americas was called the middle

passage. The voyage was given this name because it was the middle leg of the

triangular trade.

The Emergence of American Slavery

The Columbian ExchangeThe arrival of Europeans in the Americas brought more than a clash of peoples and cultures. It also brought a movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. This movement of living things between hemispheres is called the Columbian Exchange.

One result of the Columbian Exchange was the transfer of germs from Europe to the Americas. When Europeans came to America, they brought with them germs that caused diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. Native Americans had no immunity to them.

Although exact numbers are unknown, historians estimate that diseases brought by Europeans killed more than 20 million Native Americans in Mexico in the first century after conquest. Many scholars agree that the population of Native Americans in Central America decreased by 90 to 95 percent between the years 1519 and 1619. The result was similar in Peru and other parts of the Americas. A Spanish missionary in Mexico described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs.

A VOICE FROM THE PASTThere was a great havoc. Very many died of it. They could not walk. . . . They could not move; they could not stir; they could not change position, nor lieon one side; nor face down, nor on their backs. And if they stirred, much did they cry out. Great was its destruction.Bernardino de Sahagún, quoted in Seeds of Change

Other effects of the Columbian Exchange were more positive. TheSpanish brought many plants and animals to the Americas. Europeanlivestock—cattle, pigs, and horses—all thrived in the Americas. Cropsfrom the Eastern Hemisphere, such as grapes, onions, and wheat, alsothrived in the Western Hemisphere.

The Columbian Exchange benefited Europe, too. Many Americancrops became part of the European diet. Two that had a huge impactwere potatoes and corn. They helped feed European populations thatmight otherwise have gone hungry. Potatoes, for example, became animportant food in Ireland, Russia, and other parts of northern Europe.Without potatoes, Europe’s population might not have grown as rapidlyas it did during the last five centuries.

By mixing the products of two hemispheres, the Columbian Exchangebrought the world closer together. Of course, people were also movingfrom one hemisphere to the other.

The Columbian Exchange“American” crops came to Europe

thru the Columbian Exchange.

http://www.schooltube.com/video/c27211bd0adf1b257236/The-Columbian-Exchange

Excerpt from "America Before Columbus“24:24