ch 5.2 why is english related to other languages?

Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?

Languages that are related can be organized by using a tree for a diagram.

Super Language Families (roots)

Language Family (trunk)

Language Branch

Language Group(clump of leaves)

Language

Dialect

Accent

Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7163/fig_tab/449665a_F1.html

Indo-EuropeanLanguage Families(about half the world speaks)

All these languages are related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history.

Indo-EuropeanLanguage Families 8 Branches

GermanicRomance (Latin)Indo-IranianBalto-Slavic

GreekCelticAlbanian (Anatolian)Armenian

5.2 BellworkOrganize the language classification categories from largest (most inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange the specific examples of each category in their correct places.

Possible CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage subgroupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent

You can use a tree.

You can use a chartOR

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage subgroupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent

Language classification

Example

Examples NortheasternEnglishIndo-EuropeanBostonLow GermanicGermanicWest Germanic

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Germanic

Language Group West Germanic

Language Subgroup Low Germanic

Language English

Dialect Northeastern

Accent Boston

Indo-European

Germanic

Western Germanic

Low Germanic

English

Northeastern dialect

Boston accent

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent

Language classification

Example

Examples GermanIndo-EuropeanHigh GermanicGermanicWest Germanic

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Germanic

Language Group West Germanic

Language Subgroup High Germanic

Language German

Indo-European

Germanic

West Germanic

High Germanic

German

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyDialectLanguageAccent

Language classification

Example

Examples NorwegianIndo-EuropeanGermanicNorth Germanic

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Germanic

Language Group North Germanic

Language Norwegian

Indo-European

Germanic

North Germanic

Norwegian

Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch

West Germanic (cool colors-blue)

• English (514 million)

• German (128)

• Dutch (21)

North Germanic (warm colors-red)

• Danish (5)

• Norwegian (5)

• Swedish (9)

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage

Language classification

Example

ExamplesUrdu & HindiIndo-EuropeanIndo-IranianIndic (Eastern)

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Indo-Iranian

Language Group Indic (eastern group)

Language Urdu (Pakistan)Hindi (India)

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Indic

Urdu & Hindi

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage

Language classification

Example

ExamplesPersian (Farsi)Indo-EuropeanIndo-IranianIranian (Western)

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Indo-Iranian

Language Group Iranian(western group)

Language Persian (Farsi)

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

Persian

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage

Language classification

Example

ExamplesEast SlavicIndo-EuropeanRussianBalto-Slavic

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Balto-Slavic

Language Group East Slavic

Language Russian

Indo-European

Balto-Slavic

East Slavic

Russian

CategoriesLanguage branchLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage

Language classification

Example

ExamplesSouth SlavicIndo-EuropeanSerbianBalto-Slavic

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Balto-Slavic

Language Group South Slavic

Language Serbian (also Bosnian, Croatian)

Indo-European

Balto-Slavic

South Slavic

Serbian

Language classification

Example

CategoriesLanguage branchDialectLanguage groupLanguage familyLanguage

ExamplesCastilianRomanceIndo-EuropeanSpanish

Language classification

Example

Language Family Indo-European

Language Branch Romance

Language Group --

Language Spanish

Dialect Castilian

Indo-European

Romance

Spanish

Castilian

Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch

Like English, these languages have spread by Colonialism (mostly in Latin America).

1. Spanish (425 mil.) 3. French (129)

2. Portuguese (194) 4. Italian (62) - most in Brazil 5. Romanian (26)

Indo-European Family - Romance BranchThe Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, communication declined and languages evolved again.

Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries.

Vulgar Latin: (non-standard / slang version of Latin) spread by Roman soldiers and spoken in many Roman provinces.

CREOLE - a language that results from

the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language and becomes the mother tongue of people.

1. mo pe aste sa banan2. de bin alde luk dat big tri3. a waka go a wosu4. olmaan i kas-im chek5. li pote sa bay mo6. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket

I am buying the bananathey always looked for a big treehe walked homethe old man is cashing a checkhe brought that for methis little pig went to market

Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creoles? New Orleans’

French Quarter

French

English

FrenchGerman

EnglishEnglish

1. It can not be proven that there was a single ancestor to the Indo-European language family but there is evidence that a Proto-Indo-European language did exist.

2. Evidence is found in similar words in different languages such as oak, bear, deer, and pheasant and other words that could have been a part of daily life.

3. Indo-European languages share similar words for winter and snow, but not for ocean. Linguists believe that the Proto-Indo-European language came from a cold climate that did not have contact with the ocean.

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Languages

Kurgan Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin(by Marija Gimbutas)

CONQUEST theory

Started inRussia/KazakhstanNomadic herders & warriors used domesticated horses to conquer Europe and Asia

Anatolian Hearth Theory (by Renfrew)AGRICULTURAL theoryFrom Turkey, diffused throughout Europe along with agricultural practices, not warfare

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language Theories

Because language groups were isolated, distinct languages developed.