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Bullitt Central Health Science
Objective
Student will:
Review key terms, content and concepts in
preparation for taking the Allied Health
KOSSA
Communication
Health care workers must be able to relate
to patients, family, coworkers and other
professionals
How do we as healthcare workers
communicate with our patients?
Communication Ways it occurs
Verbal means or spoken words
Written communications
Nonverbal behavior such as facial
expressions, body language, and touch
Essential elements of
communication process SENDER: an individual who
creates a message to convey information or an idea to another person
MESSAGE: information, ideas, or thoughts
RECEIVER: an individual who receives a message from the sender
Without a sender, message, and receiver, communication cannot occur
FEEDBACK: can be used to determine if communication successful
FACTORS which interfere with
communication process
MESSAGE MUST BE CLEAR
SENDER must deliver message in a clear and concise manner
RECEIVER must be able to hear and receive the message
RECEIVER must be able to understand message
INTERRUPTIONS or DISTRACTIONS must be avoided
LISTENING
Essential part of effective
communications
Means to pay attention to and make an
effort to hear what the other person is
saying
Good listening skills require constant
practice
Types of Active Listening
Reflection Seeking to understand a speaker’s idea, then
offering the idea back to the speaker, to confirm the idea has been understood correctly.
Restatement To state again in a new way to confirm
understanding
Clarification The action of making a statement or situation less
confused and more comprehensible
Self Introductions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature
=player_detailpage&v=jNO0VFMIkTk
Reporting
Reporting is the oral account of care and observations
Any significant changes in patient condition in your shift is reported to the nurse STAT!!
During end-of-shift report, information is shared about: The care given
The care that must be given
The person’s condition
Likely changes in the person’s
condition
Types of Information
o What is subjective information?
o What is objective information?
Types of Information
Subjective information –what is told to you by the patient. Cannot be detected with your senses.
For ex. You cannot see someone’s pain. They describe it to you.
Objective information—what can be detected by your senses—you can smell it, hear it, see it, feel it
For ex. Wound drainage
The medical record
The medical record (chart, clinical
record) is:
A written account of a person’s condition and
response to treatment and care
A permanent, legal document
Any and all health information about a
patient is information is considered
privileged information and must be kept
confidential.
Documentation and record keeping
Nursing center policies about medical
records and who can see them address: Who records
When to record
Abbreviations
Correcting errors
Ink color
Signing entries
Confidentiality
What does confidentiality mean?
What is the name of the act that we as
healthcare workers follow to keep
information private?
Confidentiality The principle in medical ethics that the
information a patient reveals to a health care
provider is private and has limits on how and
when it can be disclosed to a third party.
HIPAA—Health Information Portability and
Accountability Act
Types of Healthcare Services
Diagnostic Responsible for assistance in determining the
cause(s) of illness or injury ○ Ex. Lab, Imaging, ER
Therapeutic Responsible for providing treatment to patients
○ Ex. PT, OT, Nsg, RT, Speech therapy
Informational Responsible for documentation and processing of all
information within the organization Ex. Admissions, Billing, Medical records, HR, Health Ed
Environmental Responsible for maintaining a safe, clean
environment Housekeeping, maintenance
Legal and ethical issues Criminal law--Dealing with wrongs against a
person, property or society.
○ Practicing without a license, misuse of
narcotics, theft
Civil law--Deals with legal relationships
between people and protection of a person’s
rights.
○ For ex. Contracts and torts (neglience,
malpractice
Legal and ethical issues
Negligence--Failure to provide care
that is normally expected of a person
equally trained in that particular
situation, resulting in injury to the
patient
When a healthcare worker is
negligent it is call MALPRACTICE!
Legal and ethical issues
Malpractice—elementally means “bad
practice”
Providing improper or unprofessional
treatment or care
For ex: ○ Ordered side rails left down and patient falls from bed
○ Using or not reporting defective equipment that injures patient
○ Doctor amputating the wrong limb in surgery
Legal and ethical issues
Liability
The state of being responsible for
something, especially by law.
Liability insurance is available to health
care professionals to protect them in
such events like cases of negligence and
malpractice.
Serious Reportable Incidents (SRI)
Abuse and neglect
Medication errors
Epidemic outbreaks
Poisonings
Fires
Major accidents
3/8/2015 Ethics in Health Care 24
Patients’ Rights
Patients’ rights are factors of care that
patients can expect to receive
Health care facilities have written
policies concerning patients' rights
All health care workers must honor
these
Patient Rights and
Responsibilities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWI
6Vsqt_WE&feature=player_detailpage
Informed consent
Permission granted by a person of sound mind of legal age after the procedure and all risks have been explained in term the patient understands
Procedures requiring written consent:
Surgery
Invasive diagnostic tests
Treatment of minors
Siderail releases (if doctor order)
What is the difference?
Licensure
Certification
Registration
What is the difference?
Licensure
The granting of permission by a competent authority (usually a gov’t agency-like a medical board or board of nsg) to an organization or individual to engage in a practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal.
Doctors, dentists, nurses, veterinarians, PTs, OTs
PTAs & OTAs may be licensed or certified, depends on their state
What is the difference?
Certification
A process in which an individual, an institution or educational program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards.
Usually made by a nongov’t agency.
Purpose is to ensure that standards that are necessary for safe and ethical practice of the profession or service are met.
Nurses may earn certs in speciality area as can MDs
What is the difference?
Registration
The least restrictive form of state regulations
on persons with certain professional
qualifications, which requires the filing of
name, address and qualifications before
practicing in the field of expertise.
MNA’s—Medicaid Nursing Assistants
Scope of Practice
Describes the procedures, actions, and
processes that a healthcare practitioner
is permitted to undertake in keeping with
the terms of their professional license.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cH
ZN54gNi0
OSHA
What does it stand for?
What do they do?
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
OSHA sets and enforces protective
workplace safety and health standards.
It also provides information, training and
assistance to workers and employers.
CDC
What does it stand for?
What do they do?
CDC
Centers for Disease Control
It a federal agency that conducts and
supports health promotion, prevention
and preparedness activities in the
United States with the goal of improving
overall public health
CLIA
What does it stand for?
What does it do?
CLIA
Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Amendments
Passed in 1988 to establish quality
standards for all laboratory testing to
ensure the accuracy, reliability and
timeliness of patient test results
regardless of where the test was
performed.
Morality vs. Ethics
Morality Principles concerning
the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
Ethics Moral principles that
govern a person's or group's behavior.
Nursing ethics– values or moral principles governing relationships between the nurse and the patient, the patient’s family, other member of the health professions and the general public.
Bioethics in Healthcare Top 5 bioethical issues in healthcare
Balancing care quality and efficiency
Improving access to care
Building and sustaining the healthcare
workforce of the future
Addressing end-of-life issues
Allocating limited medications and donor
organs
Culturally Sensitive Care
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4k8
YWqkjqo
Infection Control
Airborne precautions
Prevention of transmission of infectious
agents that remain infectious over long
distances when suspended in the air
○ Measles, Chickenpox, Tuberculosis
Infection Control
Droplet precautions
Prevention of transmission of disease
spread by droplets. Droplets are generarted
from the source person primarily during
coughing, sneezing, talking and
performance of certain procedures such as
suctioning and bronchoscopy.
Infection Control
Contact precautions
Direct-contact transmission involves skin to
skin contact and physical transfer of
microorganisms to a susceptible host from
an infected or colonized person.
What’s the difference?
Medical asepsis (clean technique)
Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)
What’s the difference?
Medical asepsis (clean technique)
All practices that reduce the number, growth,
transfer and spread of pathogenic
organisms.
○ Handwashing, bathing, cleaning environment,
wearing PPE
What’s the difference?
Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)
Practices that keep an area or objects free
from all microorganisms non pathogenic and
pathogenic including spores and viruses.
○ Requirement for any invasive procedure
What’s the difference?
Clean
○ Free from dirt or pollution.
Disinfection
○ The process of killing pathogenic organisms
or rendering them inert.
Sterilization
○ Complete elimination or destruction of all
living microorganisms.
Personal Exposure Incident Plan
http://con1.classes.redcross.org/producti
on/cninv000000000002579/section4/em
ployers-plan.html
Workplace Safety
Fire
Remember R.A.C.E?
What about P.A.S.S?
What does it mean?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlLPogm
B8M8
Workplace Safety
Good Body Mechanics
Wide base of support
Bend at knees, squat and lift with legs
Keep object that is being lifted close to body
Do not twist or turn while lifting
Get patient or coworker assistance when
needed
Keep patient/resident
environment clean
Pick up any trash
Empty trashcan often
Keep bathroom clean
Clean any spills ASAP
Keep frequently used items on bedside table within reach
Change linens as needed
Keep room uncluttered and efficiently arrange furniture
MSDS sheets
What are they?
Material Safety Data Sheet
Document that gives detailed information
about the nature of a chemical, such as
physical and chemical properties, health,
safety, fire, and environmental hazards of a
chemical product. They are designed for
workers who may be exposed to hazardous
materials.
Safety symbols
How do I handle these
chemicals?
Be familiar with what is used in your
area of work
Store them properly
Handle them properly
Dispose of them properly
Know what to do if an exposure or spill
happens
What do I do???
If there is a Hazardous Materials Spill
… R.I.N.S.E.! Rescue--Provide assistance to individuals in
trouble
Incident Command--Take control of the incident
Notify--Contact the appropriate clean up team
Suppress/Confine--Prevent future spread of the
hazardous material
Evacuate--Notify personnel in the case there is a
need to evacuate
Emergency Planning for the
Healthcare Setting
Prior to any emergency become familiar with the facility’s emergency plan, including: Location of emergency exits
How alarm system works and modifications for individuals who are hearing and/or visually impaired
Plans for evacuation, including:
How residents/visitors requiring assistance will be evacuated, if necessary
How the facility will ensure each resident can be identified during evacuation (e.g., attach identification information to each resident prior to evacuation)
Facility’s evacuation strategy
Where they will go
How their medical charts will be transferred
How families will be notified of evacuation
Systems theory
Systems, in general, have the following
elements:
Input: Resources entering the system
Throughput: Work done on those resources
used to produce a product
Output: The final product
Feedback: Information taken from the output
to control or correct errors in throughput
Healthcare delivery model
Qualities of a Healthcare Worker
Dependability
Honesty
Empathy
Willingness to learn
Tact
Discretion
Competence
Patience
Acceptance of
criticism
Enthusiasm
Responsibility
Team player
Promotion of Health
Well balanced diet
Regular exercise
Routine physical, dental and vision
exams
Immunizations
Avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, drugs,
environmental contaminants and risky
sexual behavior
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