brief introduction of wi max technology
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Brief Introduction of WiMAX Technology
Submitted to: Professors Shun Ping Chen
Prepared by: AKM Faisal Islam
Md Tamim Haider
Outline
What is WiMAX
WiMAX Applications
Traditional Ways to get Internet access
Goal of WiMAX
Available Wireless Technologies
Different Types of Data Networks
LOS and Near LOS Propagation
Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum
Interoperability in a WiMAX network
WiMAX architecture
WiMAX Reference Network Model
Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMAX
WiMAX Positioning
WiMAX Security
WiMAX RF Performance Indicator
Conclusion
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is thecommon name associated to the IEEE 802.16a/REVd/estandards.
These standards are issued by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup thatoriginally covered the Wireless Local Loop technologies withradio spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz.
What is WiMAX?
Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots.
Providing Broadband Access.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL.
Providing high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services (4G).
Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Providing Nomadic connectivity.
WiMAX Applications
Traditional Ways to get Internet access
Internet Cloud
CableDSL
T1
Goal of WiMAX
• Provide high-speed Internet access to home and business subscribers, without wires.
• We need high speed Data, Video, Voice and Streaming media.
Available Wireless Technologies
Source: WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality, White Paper, Alcatel.
Available Wireless Technologies
Different Types of Data Networks
WLAN WMAN WWAN
WPAN WBAN
Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.
LOS and NLOS Propagation
• LOS and Near LOS Propagation
Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Near Line-of-Sight (NLoS) propagations may happen whenthe BS and the MS are deployed outdoor, above the average height of theenvironment. This may be the case of the deployment of a fixed WiMAX solution ina rural environment with the BS located on a high altitude point and the SSdeployed on the rooftop of the customer’s house. LOS requires the obstacle freepropagation. In that case, the propagation losses are proportional to the square ofthe distance between the BS and the SS.
• NLOS Propagation
NLOS (Non-Line-of-Sight) propagation occurs when the terminal is located indoorand/or at ground level. In this situation, there is in most cases no direct pathbetween the BS and the terminal, there is a high number of obstacles on the BS toMS path (buildings, trees, cars, etc.) and the receiver may receive several copies ofsignal that experienced several reflections/diffractions on different obstacles.
LOS and NLOS Propagation
Licensed and Unlicensed WiMAX Spectrum
As with any other spectrum based technology, successful WiMAX deployment willdepend largely on the availability and suitability of spectrum resources.
Licensed spectrum
Licensed spectrum offers that individual user an exclusive right to operate on aspecific frequency at a particular location or within a defined geographic area. 2.3,2.5, 3.3 & 3.5 GHz, are the most widely announced WiMAX frequency band.
Unlicensed spectrum
Unlicensed spectrum permits any user to access specific frequencies within therange of WiMAX spectrum. 5 GHz spectrum is the License-exempt bands. In thefuture, various bands between 5 GHz and 6 GHz can be used for unlicensedWiMAX, depending on the country involved. There must follow some rules.
Benefits of Licensed and Unlicensed Solutions
Licensed Solution License-Exempt Solution
Better QoS Fast Rollout
Better NLOS reception at low frequencies
Lower Costs
Higher barriers for entrance More worldwide options
WiMAX Standards: Spectrum Allocation Issues
2.5GHz , 2.3GHz and 3.5GHz are selected by WiMAX forum.
Most WiMAX licenses are on 2.5GHz or 2.3GHz.
Interoperability in a WiMAX network
Technology for wireless networks with interoperability developsthe concept of "communications anytime anywhere".
Within the WiMAX industry there is a strong commitment toensure full interoperability, both through certification and ad-hoctesting between vendors. It is important for network operators torealize how interoperability is established and what it covers sothat they understand how different products, solutions andapplications from different vendors can coexist in the same WiMAXnetwork. The WiMAX Forum Certification program verifiesinteroperability at the PHY and MAC layers.
WiMAX Architecture End-to-End Reference Model
2005-09-16 Page 23
SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile StationASN: Access Service NetworkBS: Base station, part of the ASNASN-GW: ASN Gateway, part of the ASNCSN: Connectivity Service NetworkHA: Home Agent, part of the CSNAAA: Authentication, Authorization & Accounting ServerNAP: Network Access ProviderNSP: Network Service Provider
The WiMAX network reference model consists of three components interconnected by standardizedinterfaces or reference points R1 to R5.
MS (Mobile Station) ASN (Access Service Network) CSN (Connectivity Service Network)
ASNCo-ordinates traffic across multiple Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)Supports security, Handoffs, Power control and Quality of Service (QoS)
CSNManages core network operations through Internet Protocol (IP) serversAuthorization, Authentication and Accounting (AAA) servicesVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) gatewaysInterface to legacy core networks and other operators’ networks
WiMAX Architecture
WiMAX Reference Network Model
Interface Functionality
R1 Air interface
R2AAA, IP host configuration,
mobility management
R3AAA, policy enforcement,
mobility management
R4 Mobility management
R5 Internetworking, roaming
R6
IP tunnel management to
establish and release MS
connection
R8 Handoffs
Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMAX
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are basedon the IEEE 802.11a,b, and g standards.
• Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixedbroadband wireless networks.
• As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixedwireless access point, they can maintain broadband wirelessconnectivity.
• Wi-Fi is working on a 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum.
Wi-Fi vs. WiMAX
• WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi.
• Mobility is limited in Wi-Fi. Users can able to be mobile for up to 300 feetand unlike Wi-Fi, WiMAX is intended to work outdoors over longdistances.
• Simplicity and ease of deployment given that it uses unlicensed radiospectrum which does not require regulatory approval. WiMAX is a morecomplex technology than Wi-Fi.
• WiMAX is not intended to replace Wi-Fi. Instead, the two technologiescomplement each other.
WiMAX vs. 3G
Cost
• Lower equipment cost for WiMAX due to certified products (compare with Wi-Fi)
• WiMAX require new infrastructure while HSPA rides on UMTS
Coverage
• Roughly the same coverage (average ~5 km)
Performance
• Roughly the same performance (average ~2 Mb/s per user)
Acceptance
• HSPA has a higher acceptance with mobile operator
2005-09-16 Page 28
User Data Rate
Residential SOHO Small
Business Medium
Business
Multi-tenant
Building Cellular
Backhaul
Large
Business
50 Mbps
20 Mbps
10 Mbps
2 Mbps
500 kbps
56 kbps
5 Mbps
128 kbps
3G / WLAN
Large HS
3G / WLAN
Small HS
WiMAX Positioning: Capacity and User type
WiMAX Positioning: Capacity and Mobility
Wireless Technology Positioning
Mobility / Range
Data rates
10 Mbps0.1
IEEE802.16d
1 100
IEEE802.16e
WLAN(IEEE 802.11x)
GSM
GPRS
DECT
Bluetooth
EDGE
Fix
ed
Walk
Veh
icle
Indoor
Pedestrian
High Speed
Vehicular
Rural
Personal Area
Vehicular
Urban
Fixed urban
Nomadic
WiMAX for wireless-DSL
with limited mobility
Flash-OFDM
UMTS
HSDPA
3G /HSDPA
WiFi
WiMAX
Large
Coverage
Network
Simplicity
Broad
Band
QoSFull
MobilitySecurity
WiMAX Positioning: Wireless Technology Comparison
High
Speed
WiMAX Positioning: The Trade Off Between Mobility & Bandwidth
Price Elasticity of BWA Market
Data Volume Usage
Market Price of 1GB
1 Dimensional Market:
Mobile Data 1 Dimensional Market:
Fixed Broadband
BWA = Selling on Bandwidth and Mobility (Roaming, Coverage, Hand over)
Tomorrow
Price GAP to be filled!
New market
Opportunity!
Some Applications
WiMAX Security Architecture
1. Security Associations
A context to maintain the security state relevant to a connectionbetween a base station (BS) and a subscriber station (SS).
2. Certificate Profile
The standard uses X.509v3 certificates to identify communicatingparties. The standard defines two certificate types: manufacturecertificates and subscriber station (SS) certificates.
3. PKM Authorization
PKM stands for Privacy and Key Management. The PKMauthorization protocol is used to distribute an authorization token orkey to an authorized SS. Correct use of the AK demonstratesauthorization to access the network.
4. Privacy and key management
It is the protocol to rekey the SA. Once authorized to the network, the SS can now establish a data SA between it and the BS, for that it again uses the PKM protocol.
5. Encryption
In 802.16d 802.16e e standard supports DES-CBC and AESencryption protocol to secure the data stream.
WiMAX Security Architecture
WiMAX Performance Indicator
To evaluate and optimize the performance of WiMAX systems two parameter is used.
• RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
• CINR (Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio)
Cluster CINR distributionnCluster RSSI distributionn
Cost of Mobile Systems
Note: cost = PV(CAPEX) + PV(OPEX)
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