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BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA
Country Profile Full Name: Bosnia & Herzegovina
Population: 3,8 million(UN,2010)
Regime: Federation-Federation of
Bosnia &Herzegovina, Republika Srpska-
Capital: Sarajevo, Bunja Luka( capital
city of Republika Srpska), Mostar (capital city of Herzegovina)
The president: The Precidency roteas every eight months between Serbs, Croats, Muslims
Major Languages: Bosnian, Croation, Serbian
Major Religious: Christianity( Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats) and
Muslim Bosnians
Life Expetancy: For men 73, for women 78 ( UN Report)
Monetary Unit:Pfenniga( 100 Pfenniga= 1 Deutche Mark)
Main exports: Wood, Paper and metal products
Gross National Income per capita:US 4$700(World Bank, 2009)
Area: 51.129 square kilometres
70 per cent of lands is mountains and forested
Only 13.6 per cent is arable( ekilebilir)
44 per cent of workforce is unemployed.
Who are the Bosnians?• Slavic origin
• Similar language with Serbs and Croats
• The largest group in Bosnia&Herzegovina
• 48 percent of population: Bosniak(Muslim)
• 31.1 percent of territory: Eastern Orthodox( Serbs second largest group)
• 14 percent of population: Croat( Roman Catholic)
• In 2000,• 40 percent of population: Muslim
• 31 percent of population: Orthodox Christian
• 15 Percent of population: Roman Catholic
• 14 percent of population: Athaist
• Before First World War, Bosnians meant TURKS
• With the 19.cc differentation of Bosnia
• Before 19.cc: determination of identity
in accordince with territorial and religious
affilation.
(UNDER A SINGLE ETHNIC GROUP)
• After the intensification of nationalism in 19th cc
• Translation of religious groups as ethnich affilations:
Catholic must be Croat
Orthodox must be Serb
Muslim must be Bosniak(later)
OTTOMAN CONQUEST AND ISLAMIZATION OF BOSNIA (1378-
1528)• Gradual, non-coercive, incomplete
• Two judgements about islamization of Bosnia
1. Bosnians accepted Islam to get rich( Ottoman tax system)
2. Similarities between Bogomilism
(“Heretic” Christianity) and Islam. Also, pressure
of Catholich Church
BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA UNDER THE HAUBSBURG OCCUPATION
(1878-1918)• In 1878 ( Berlin Treaty) Serbia,
Montenegro Independent.
• Bulgaria autonomous
• Bosnia&Herzegovina under the occupation
of Austria Empire untill the end of First World War.
• Under the Austria-Hungary Empire,
Struggle between Croats and Serbs.
For Greater Serbia For Greater Croatia
• 1882-1903: Suporting of Bosnian nationalism by the Austria Empire to balance Croat and Serb nationalism
BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA IN THE FIRST YUGOSLAVIA (1918-1941)
• Aim of Serbia: Unification of south Slavs
• In 1918, unification of Serbia, Montenegro, Slavic States of Austria-Hungary Empire
• Under the Karayorgiyeviç Family with the Corfu Pact:
Kingdom of Serb-Croat-Slovenian
• Annexation of Bosnia&Herzegovina
• Based on equality of Serbs-Croation-Slovenian
• Ambition of Serbs to be hehemon on all Kingdom
• Starting of struggle between Craots and Serbs
• In 1929 under the leadership of King Karayoryevic: establishment of Kingdom
of Yugoslavia to prevent nationalist
movements
• During this period, Bosnians were seen as
inheritor of Ottoman• On 20 August: decleration of
independent Croatia
Half of Bosnians’ territory came under the hegemony of autonomaus Croatia
TERM OF SECOND YUGOSLAVIAUnder the Communist Federation 1945-90
• Joining to facist Axis( by force)
• Military coup in Yugoslavia against Facist Germany
• Occupation of Yugoslavia by Germany on 17 April 1942
• Independence of Croatia by the help of Germany
• During this period, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Facist Croations “Ustaša”
• Resisting of Serbs against Facist Germany
under the leadership of Tito (Partisan Power)
• On 7 March 1945 declaration of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• This new state consisted of six republic and
two autonomous structures(Voyvodina, Kosova)
SERBIA
MONTENEGRO
CROATIA
SLOVENIA
BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA
MACEDONIA
• During this period, main aim of Tito:
creation of ahomogenous state
• Untill 1960, inreasing of pressure on Bosnians
• İmigration of Bosnians to Turkey
• On April 1963, new Yugoslavia Constitution
• Name of state: Socialists Federal Repuplic of Yugoslavia
• Declining of pressure on Bosnia
• 1974 Constitution: Recognation of Bosnians
as a founder of Yugoslavia
DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA
• Nationalist movements
• Economic problems
• Death of Tito as a unifying factor
• 1990 elections and nationalist expressions during elecetion process
RESULTS OF 1990 ELECTIONS
• First Party: Party of Democratic Action -Bosniak Party, SDS- : 86 Seats
• Second Party: Serbian Democratic Party, SDS: 71 Seats
• Third Party: Croation Democratic Party, HDZ: 45 Seats
• After elections, surfacing of split in opinion
Serbia-Montenegro: Federal Republic
Croatia-Slovenia-Bosnia&Herzegovina(later): Confederative Structure
Coalition Government
• President of Republic: Alija Izzetbegovic from Bosniaks party
• No consensus on policy determination
• Unfunctional parliament
• On 25 june1991: independence of Croatia and Slovenia
• Attacks of Yugoslav Army(JNA) to Slovenia and Croatia
• September 1991 independence of Macedonia
• On 3 March 1992 independence of Bosnia&Herzrgovina as a result of 1992 referendum
• Recognation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by EC and US
• Membership of UN on 20 Mai 1992
• As a reaction: establishment of Republika Srpska in Bosnia&Herzegovina
THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT• New Federal Yugoslavia: Montenegro&Serbia( Savezna Republika
Jugoslavija)
• After independence of Bosnia, domestic unrest in the state
Bosnian Serbs: Greater Serbia with neigbour Serbia
Bosnian Croations: Greater Croatia with neigbour Croatia
• Bosnian Serbs were armed by Yugoslav Army
• Civil war between armless Bosniaks-Croats and armed Bosnian Serbs
• In a short time, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Bosnian Serbs
PEACE NEGOTIATIONS1. LizbonNegotiatıons and London Conferance January-March 1992 by EU
Division of Bosnia into three main cantons in accordence with ethnic origins
( Croats, Serbs, Muslim)
Rejected by Croats
İmportance of Lizbon negotiationsand London conferance: Recognation of
territorial integrity of Bosnia
2.Vance-Owen Plan
• Division of Bosnia into ten states
• 43 percen of territory: Bosnian Serbs
• 31 percent of Territory: Bosnian Muslims
• 26 percent of territory: Bosnian Croations
• Rejected by Serbs
3. Oven-Stoltenberg plan
• 52 percent of territory: Bosnian Serbs
• 30 percent of territory: Bosniaks
• 18 percent of territory: Croatia
4. Save zones Plan• Increasing of bloody attacks on Bosnian Muslims
• Establishment of Contact Group to Coordinate mediation
• Declaration of Srebrenisca, Sarajevo, Bihac, Gorazde, Tuzla, Zepo as safe zone
• On 4 June 1993, UNSC approved the sending of troops to the six areas.
NATO INTERVENTION• In 1995, top level f bloody attacks
• NATO’s intervention on 10 April 1994
• Occupation of Gorazde on 17 April by under the leadership of Karadzic “as a safe zone”
• Occupation of Bihac “ safe zone”
NATO’s GREAT SUCCESS!
THE SREBRENISCA MASSACRE JULLY 1995
• Attack on Srebrenisca under the
leadership of Ratko Miladic
• Collecetion of Muslim’s Weapons by
UN Peace Force for the security reason
• 8.300 people were killed
• Most of people are still lost
• UN’s Peace Force(UNPROFOR) failed
to prevent the genoside in Bosnia
DAYTON ACORDS 21 NOWEMBER 1995
• Representatives: Izzetbegovic(Bosniaks), Milosovic(Serbs), Tudjman( Croats)
• Aticles of Dayton Peace
Bosnia&Herzegovina was to be preserved as a single state within its present borders
and within international recognation.
The name of the country was to be changed from the Republic of Bosnia&Herzegovina to Bosnia&Herzegovina.
The capital city Sarajevo was to be reunited under federal authority, albeit divided into ten semi-autonomous distincts
Bosnia&Herzegovinawas to be divided into two seperate and largely autonomous territoritorial entities:51 percent of yhe territory was assigned to the Federation of Bosnia&Herzegovina whose populations are Bosniaks and Croat, 49 Percent of the territory was allocated to Republika Srpska
Within the FBIH, Dayton accord gave 27 percent of territory to Bosniaks and 24 percent of territory to the Croats.
There was to be an effective all-Bosnia Central Government, including a parliament , a three members presidency, a constutional Court and a single central bank.
Refugees were to be allowed and encoureged to return to their old homes.
Individuals charged with(suç isnat etmek) war crimes were to be banned from participation in political and military life.
A land corridor woul link Sarejevo and Gorazde
Dayton’s Bosnia
THE HUMAN COST OF THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT 1992-95
• MORE THAN 200.000 dead (17.000 CHILDREN)
• MORE THAN 400.000 injured
• MORE THAN 2 million homeless people
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