booker t. washington and w.e.b. du bois

Booker T. Washington

and W.E.B. Du Bois

• Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education

• Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality

• Du Bois: blacks should strive to achieve immediate equality with whites in all aspects of American life

The Ghost Dance

• Westward expansion—Indians gradually lose their lands

• The “Ghost Dance”• Sitting Bull and the

Sioux • Wounded Knee

• Helped farmers form cooperatives

• Fought unfair practices of railroad companies

• Farmers’ Alliances

The Grange

Jane Addams and Hull House

• Jane Addams• “Settlement” houses/Hull House• Provided activities and services for poor

immigrants

Jane Addams

Immigrant children at Hull House

• Founded in 1891• Goals• 1892 election: Populist

candidate James Weaver carries 10% of vote

• 1896 election: William Jennings Bryan’s defeat kills Populist Party

The Populist Party

William Jennings Bryan

• Combinations• Vertical and

horizontal integration

• Trusts• Holding

companies

Gilded Age Business Practices

Andrew Carnegie

John D. Rockefeller

• Attempted to combat “illegal restraint of trade”

• Flaws• Didn’t truly become

effective until the early 1900s

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• Natural selection • Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner • “Survival of the fittest” as applied to the business world•Laissez-faire

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

William Graham Sumner

• Based on a essay written by Andrew Carnegie• Carnegie believed that acquisition of wealth was beneficial to society• Viewed the rich as “trustees” of money• He wrote that the man who “dies rich, dies disgraced”• Portrayed philanthropy as a moral duty for the wealthy

The Gospel of Wealth

• Popular Gilded Age children’s author

• Wrote books on how “down and out” boys could achieve the “American Dream” and become wealthy through “pluck and luck”

• Social Darwinism

Horatio Alger

• 1898: U.S. Industrial Commission

• TR decides aggressively file antitrust actions

• TR’s reforms• Taft continues TR’s

policies

“Trustbusting”

• National Labor Union

• Knights of Labor

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Early Labor Unions

Samuel Gompers

Terence V. Powderly

• Conflicted American attitudes toward immigration

• “Melting pot”: assimilation

• “Tossed salad”: multicultural-ism

Immigration: “Melting Pot”

or “Tossed Salad”?

• Imperialism: strong nations extend their influence (economic, political, military) over other territories or nations

• Proponents• Anti-Imperialists

Imperialism

• The Philippines

• Cuba: Teller and Platt Amendments

Imperialism (continued)

Senator Orville Platt

• Turmoil in China• “Open Door” policy

formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay

• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either

• Boxer Rebellion, second Open Door notes

The Open Door Policy

Secretary of State John Hay

• Latin American nations had borrowed heavily from European banks

• Roosevelt Corollary: addition to the Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. as an international police power

The Roosevelt Corollary

Progressivism • What was

Progressivism?• Collection of

reform movements

• “Muckrakers”• Achievements

Upton Sinclair

Demonstration against child labor

Progressive Political Reforms

• “Fighting Bob” LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Idea”

• Referendum, initiative, recall

Senator Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette

• Nation’s first income tax had been instituted during Civil War, but was declared unconstitutional

• Underwood Tariff Act of 1913

• Sixteenth Amendment

Income Tax

• First national park: Yellowstone, 1872

• Theodore Roosevelt: First conservationist president

• U.S. Forest Service

Conservationism

TR (left) and John Muir (center, with beard)

• Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918

• Included his ideas for a peace treaty to end World War I

• “League of Nations”• Versailles Treaty

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

• Suggested that blacks return to Africa• Forerunner of “Black Separatist”

movement of 1960s

Marcus Garvey and

the UNIAMarcus Garvey (far right)

• The “noble experiment”: the 18th Amendment

• Underground market for liquor emerges

• Rise of “gangsters” and “bootleggers”

• Repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21st Amendment

ProhibitionAl Capone

• A “great car for the great multitude”

• First assembly line running by 1913

• Assembly line adapted to other industries

Henry Ford’s Assembly Line

• The “installment plan”—“buy now and pay later”

• Credit pitfalls for customers, merchants, manufacturers

• 1929 crash

Consumer Credit in the

1920s