booker t. washington and w.e.b. du bois
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Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Booker T. Washington
and W.E.B. Du Bois
• Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education
• Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality
• Du Bois: blacks should strive to achieve immediate equality with whites in all aspects of American life
The Ghost Dance
• Westward expansion—Indians gradually lose their lands
• The “Ghost Dance”• Sitting Bull and the
Sioux • Wounded Knee
• Helped farmers form cooperatives
• Fought unfair practices of railroad companies
• Farmers’ Alliances
The Grange
Jane Addams and Hull House
• Jane Addams• “Settlement” houses/Hull House• Provided activities and services for poor
immigrants
Jane Addams
Immigrant children at Hull House
• Founded in 1891• Goals• 1892 election: Populist
candidate James Weaver carries 10% of vote
• 1896 election: William Jennings Bryan’s defeat kills Populist Party
The Populist Party
William Jennings Bryan
• Combinations• Vertical and
horizontal integration
• Trusts• Holding
companies
Gilded Age Business Practices
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
• Attempted to combat “illegal restraint of trade”
• Flaws• Didn’t truly become
effective until the early 1900s
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Natural selection • Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner • “Survival of the fittest” as applied to the business world•Laissez-faire
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
William Graham Sumner
• Based on a essay written by Andrew Carnegie• Carnegie believed that acquisition of wealth was beneficial to society• Viewed the rich as “trustees” of money• He wrote that the man who “dies rich, dies disgraced”• Portrayed philanthropy as a moral duty for the wealthy
The Gospel of Wealth
• Popular Gilded Age children’s author
• Wrote books on how “down and out” boys could achieve the “American Dream” and become wealthy through “pluck and luck”
• Social Darwinism
Horatio Alger
• 1898: U.S. Industrial Commission
• TR decides aggressively file antitrust actions
• TR’s reforms• Taft continues TR’s
policies
“Trustbusting”
• National Labor Union
• Knights of Labor
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Early Labor Unions
Samuel Gompers
Terence V. Powderly
• Conflicted American attitudes toward immigration
• “Melting pot”: assimilation
• “Tossed salad”: multicultural-ism
Immigration: “Melting Pot”
or “Tossed Salad”?
• Imperialism: strong nations extend their influence (economic, political, military) over other territories or nations
• Proponents• Anti-Imperialists
Imperialism
• The Philippines
• Cuba: Teller and Platt Amendments
Imperialism (continued)
Senator Orville Platt
• Turmoil in China• “Open Door” policy
formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either
• Boxer Rebellion, second Open Door notes
The Open Door Policy
Secretary of State John Hay
• Latin American nations had borrowed heavily from European banks
• Roosevelt Corollary: addition to the Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. as an international police power
The Roosevelt Corollary
Progressivism • What was
Progressivism?• Collection of
reform movements
• “Muckrakers”• Achievements
Upton Sinclair
Demonstration against child labor
Progressive Political Reforms
• “Fighting Bob” LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Idea”
• Referendum, initiative, recall
Senator Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette
• Nation’s first income tax had been instituted during Civil War, but was declared unconstitutional
• Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
• Sixteenth Amendment
Income Tax
• First national park: Yellowstone, 1872
• Theodore Roosevelt: First conservationist president
• U.S. Forest Service
Conservationism
TR (left) and John Muir (center, with beard)
• Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918
• Included his ideas for a peace treaty to end World War I
• “League of Nations”• Versailles Treaty
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
• Suggested that blacks return to Africa• Forerunner of “Black Separatist”
movement of 1960s
Marcus Garvey and
the UNIAMarcus Garvey (far right)
• The “noble experiment”: the 18th Amendment
• Underground market for liquor emerges
• Rise of “gangsters” and “bootleggers”
• Repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21st Amendment
ProhibitionAl Capone
• A “great car for the great multitude”
• First assembly line running by 1913
• Assembly line adapted to other industries
Henry Ford’s Assembly Line
• The “installment plan”—“buy now and pay later”
• Credit pitfalls for customers, merchants, manufacturers
• 1929 crash
Consumer Credit in the
1920s