bonds, elements and h 2 0 oh my!
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Bonds, elements and H20 Oh my!
Macromolecules 201
Macromolecules 101
Name that molecule
Water and Carbon are life
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
1 - 101 - 10Type of bond illustrated…
H
H
H H
H
H
C
O
a 1-10a 1-10
Covalent – sharing of a pair of electrons
H
H
H H
H
H
C
O
1-201-20
These 4 elements make up96% of living organisms
a1-20a1-20
OxygenCarbon
HydrogenNitrogen
1-301-30
•12C normal ( protons, neutrons)•13C ( protons, neutrons)•14C ( protons, neutrons)
•These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called __________________.
a1-30a1-30
•12C normal (6 protons, 6 neutrons)•13C (6 protons, 7 neutrons)•14C (6 protons, 8 neutrons)
•These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called Isotopes
1-401-40
What type of bond is shown between these Water molecules??
+
+
H
H+
+
–
–
– –
Figure 3.2
a1-40a1-40
Hydrogenbonds
+
+
H
H+
+
–
–
–
–
Figure 3.2
1-501-50Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5.
How many times more acidic isBattery acid compared to
Rain water??
Which has a higher proportionOf OH- ions??
a1-50a1-50Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5.
How many times more acidic is
Battery acid compared to Rain water??
10,000
Which has a higher proportion
Of OH- ions??Rain water
Incr
easi
ngly
Aci
dic
[H+]
> [
OH
–]
Incr
easi
ngly
Bas
ic[H
+]
< [
OH
–]
Neutral[H+] = [OH–]
Oven cleaner
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
pH Scale
Battery acid
Digestive (stomach) juice, lemon juiceVinegar, beer, wine,colaTomato juice
Black coffee RainwaterUrine
Pure waterHuman blood
Seawater
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Figure 3.8
2-102-10
Figure 3.4
What property of water is illustrated below…
A2-10A2-10
•Surface tension–Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid–Is related to cohesion
2-202-20Which is more dense liquid
Water or ice?? Why?
Liquid water
Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form
Ice
Hydrogen bonds are stable
Hydrogen bond
Figure 3.5
A2-20A2-20 The hydrogen bonds in iceThe hydrogen bonds in ice
• Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, making ice less densemaking ice less dense
2-302-30
Water can dissolve anything That is ____________.
A2-30A2-30 The different regions of the polar water The different regions of the polar water
molecule can interact with ionic compounds molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve themcalled solutes and dissolve them
Negative
oxygen regions
of polar water molecules are
attracted to sodium cations
(Na+).+
+
+
+Cl –
–
–
–
–
Na+Positive hydrogen regions
of water molecules cling to chloride anions (Cl–).
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
Na+
Cl–
Figure 3.6
2-402-40
______________ are molecules with the ______________ are molecules with the same molecular formula but different same molecular formula but different structures and propertiesstructures and properties
A2-40A2-40
H H H H HH
H H H H HH
HHH
HH
H
H
H
H
HHH
H
H
H
H
CO2H
CH3
NH2
C
CO2H
HCH3
NH2
X X
X
X
C C C C C
CC
C C C
C C C C
C
(a) Structural isomers
(b) Geometric isomers
(c) Enantiomers
H
Figure 4.7 A-C
IsomersIsomers• Are molecules with the same molecular Are molecules with the same molecular
formula but different structures and formula but different structures and propertiesproperties
2-502-50 Name that functional group…Name that functional group…
OHO
C
OH
N
H
H
O P
O
OH
OH
A2-50A2-50
OHO
C
OH
N
H
H
O P
O
OH
OH
Hydroxyl Carboxyl
Amine Phosphate
3-103-10
HO 1 2 3 H
HO H1 2 3 4
H2O
HHO
HO H1 2 3 HO
HO H1 2 3 4
H
H2O
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
What processes are happening here??
A3-10A3-10
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 H
HO H1 2 3 4
H2O
HHO
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Figure 5.2B
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO H1 2 3 HO
HO H1 2 3 4
H
H2O
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Figure 5.2A
3-203-20
State the empirical formula for a State the empirical formula for a carbohydrate. carbohydrate.
Explain what such a formula means.Explain what such a formula means.
A3-20A3-20
(CH(CH22O)O)nn Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
3-303-30
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
O
O
O
OC
C
C CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
CC
CCCC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
O
O
Figure 5.11
Which one of the 4 types of macromolecules is shown below…
A3-30A3-30
t
Lipid – AKA - Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
O
O
O
OC
C
C CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
CC
CCCC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
O
O
3-403-40
What parts make up a Neutral Fat
(Triglycerides or Triacylglyycerols)
A3-40A3-40
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
HH
H HHH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HHO
H O HC
C
C
H
H OH
OH
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HC
CCC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
Glycerol
Fatty acid(palmitic acid)
H
H
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
H
HO
O
O
O
OC
C
C CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
CC
CCCC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
O
O
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
Figure 5.11
1 glycerol
3 fatty acid molecules
3-503-50What structure is shown??
What side is hydrophobic?
What side is hydrophilic?
Where in our bodies is this
molecule VERY important?
A3-50A3-50What structure is shown?? Phospholipid
What side is hydrophobic? Fatty Acid tail
What side is hydrophilic? Phosphate head
Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important? Cell Membrane
CH2
O
PO O
O
CH2CHCH2
OO
C O C O
Phosphate
Glycerol
(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model
Fatty acids
(c) Phospholipid symbol
Hy
dro
ph
ob
ic t
ail
s
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictails
–
Hy
dro
ph
ilic
he
ad CH2 Choline
+
Figure 5.13
N(CH3)3
4-104-10
Water “Loving”
Water “Hating”
What terms are given to molecules that have an affinity for or against
water molecules?
A4-10A4-10
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
4-204-20
Name 3 significant uses for proteins
A4-20A4-20
EnzymesEnzymes reactions reactions EnergyEnergy although not preferred although not preferred ImmunityImmunity antibodies antibodies Structure / SupportStructure / Support muscle, tendon, muscle, tendon,
etc.etc. HormonesHormones insulin, epinephrine, insulin, epinephrine,
prolactinprolactin CarriersCarriers hemoglobin carries O hemoglobin carries O22
4-304-30
What structure is shown below?
What are the 2 functional groups that are found in all of these structures?
A4-30A4-30Amino Acid
Amine group (NH2)Carboxyl group (COOH)
4-404-40
Describe the 1st 2 of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein,
and explain what forces are involved at each level.
A4-40A4-40PrimaryPrimary sequence of amino acidssequence of amino acids
• held together by peptide bondsheld together by peptide bonds
SecondarySecondary segments of the polypeptide fold segments of the polypeptide fold and coil in patternsand coil in patterns
• alpha helices alpha helices • beta sheetsbeta sheets
What forces?What forces?• H-BondsH-Bonds
4-504-50
Describe the 3rd level of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein,
and explain what forces are involved in that level.
A4-50A4-50TertiaryTertiary bends and twists cause a three bends and twists cause a three
dimensional shape. dimensional shape. a. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptidea. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptide b. H-bonds can form between polar R groupsb. H-bonds can form between polar R groups c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a disulfide bridgedisulfide bridge d. charged R groups can attract or repeld. charged R groups can attract or repel
CH2CH
OH
O
CHO
CH2
CH2 NH3+ C-O CH2
O
CH2SSCH2
CH
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waalsinteractions
Polypeptidebackbone
Hyrdogenbond
Ionic bond
CH2
Disulfide bridge
5-105-10
What type of macromolecule is shown??
What 3 monomers make up the macromolecule??
A5-10A5-10 Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
• 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar• PhosphatePhosphate• Nitrogenous baseNitrogenous base
DNA & RNADNA & RNA
5-205-20
What specific type of macromolecule is shown??
A5-20A5-20
Lipid-
saturated fatty acid
5-305-30What specific type of monomer are shown??
What type of macromolecule would a polymer of these structures produce?
Why might these molecules produce a smelly odor?
A5-30A5-30Monomer – Amino Acid
Polymer – Protein
They contain sulfur
5-405-40
What specific type of structure is shown??
What macromolecule does this structure represent?
A5-40A5-40
What specific type of structure is shown??
Phospholipid
What macromolecule does this structure represent?
Lipid
5-505-50
Where on this molecule is the peptide bond that is holding the 2 amino acids together??
A5-50A5-50
C.
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