block pavements construction and design

Block PavementsConstruction and

Design

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch

SEPT-Workshop 2011

Structure

Standards and RegulationsDesign and Construction of

Concrete Block Pavements Upper Roadbase Laying Course Joints Block Pavement

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |2

Standards and Regulations

European Standards

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |4

Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures (DIN EN 13242)

Unbound mixtures (DIN EN 13285)

Concrete paving blocks and flags (DIN EN 1338, DIN EN 1339)

Kerb units (DIN EN 1340, DIN EN 1343) Forms and dimensions of concrete kerb units (DIN 428)

Clay pavers (DIN EN 1344) Clinker (DIN 18503)

Setts and slabs of natural stone for external paving (DIN EN 1341, DIN EN 1342)

National technical requirements based on the ENConstruction products:

„Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ – TL Pflaster 2006FGSV[technical conditions for the delivery to the place of use]

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |5

National technical requirements based on the EN

Construction of block and flag pavements and of kerbs :

ATV DIN 18318: „Verkehrswegebauarbeiten, Pflasterdecken, Plattenbeläge, Einfassungen“ - 2010 [german standard as state of the art]

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |6

National technical requirements based on the EN

Construction of block and flag pavements and of kerbs in public roads:

„Zusätzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ - ZTV Pflaster - StB 2006, FGSV[additional technical conditions for the construction as part of the contract]

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |7

TL Gestein-StBnational regulations for aggregates for the layer

course and joints

ATV DIN 18318 Construction

TL Pflaster-StBNational regulations for

products

ZTV Pflaster-StBConstruction of public roads

DIN ENProducts e.g. blocks, flagsZusätzliche Technische

Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien

zur Herstellung vonPflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen

und Einfassungen

ZTV Pflaster - StB 06

Ausgabe 2006

Technical Regulations in Germany

Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte

zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen

und Einfassungen

TL Pflaster - StB 06

Ausgabe 2006

Standardisation / Dimensions of pavements„Richtlinien für die Standardisierung

des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen“ – RStO 2001

[code of practise for road and pavement construction]

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Further Regulations

Hydraulically bound block pavements: FGSV-working paper Nr. 618/2:

„Flächenbefestigungen mit Pflasterdecken und Plattenbelägen in gebundener Ausführung“ – 2007

Larger formats: Information sheet in preparation –

published 2012?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |10

Further Regulations

Water permeable block pavements „Information sheet for water permeable

pavements of traffic areas“ – 1998

„Changings and supplements for theinformation sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas “ – 2009

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Design and Construction of Contrete Block Pavements

National Regulation:Blocks ↔ Flags / Slabs

L : D ≤ 4 : 1

L

D

B

Use:-Blocks: Roads and footways,

Lmax = 320 mm-Flags / Slabs: Areas without motor vehicle traffic,

Lmax = 600 mm

Classes of traffic: resulting from the sum of 10-t-equivalent axle loadings in 30 years

table 1:

Roads:

Classes of traffic (without calculation)

Type of road class

high-speed roadSV / I / II

major road, road in industrial areas

or estates II / III

local distributor road, pedestrian area with cargo traffic

III / IV

access road, pedestrian area (without bus traffic) V / VI

table 2:

RStO Tafel 3

asphalt roadbase

gritty or gravel roadbase

gravel subbase

gravel roadbase

gravel subbase

gravel subbase

gritty roadbase

bedding layer

Pavement structure of block pavements

line class

blocks and joints

concrete roadbase

asphalt roadbase

gravel subbase

gravel subbase

Example for Roads

Gritty roadbase

Gravel subbase

Subgrade

Blocks Laying course

Block thickness: BK III: ≥ 100 mm BK IV- VI: ≥ 80 mm

Bedding layer: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm Blocks > 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm

or 4 (3) – 6 cm

Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]

120 / 100

45

150 / 120

Joints: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 – 5 mm Blocks >120 mm: 5 – 8 mm

Example for footways and cycle tracks:

Roadbase

Subgrade

Blocks or flags Laying course

83 – 5

19 / 29

45

80

[cm]

Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]

Upper Roadbase

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Usual: Unbound Roadbase

- „Adequate“ permeability of water required- Material segregation must be avoided- Fines < 0,063 mm: Maximum 7 M.-%- Filter stability between roadbase and layer course

must be proofed

Filter stability

D15/d85 ≤ 5

D50/d50 ≤ 25

d, D: Particle size of aggregates [mm] at 15 / 50 / 85 % passing the sieve

d: Layer courseD: Roadbase

equations:

Bearing capacity of the upper roadbase

BK III and IV:

-Thickness ≥ 20 cm: Ev2 ≥ 180 MN/m²

or Ev2 ≥ 150 MN/m²

Problems with water permeability!

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Asphalt roadbase

Adequate permeability of water required

Material: PA 22 T WDA Void content of the compacted

asphalt: ≥ 13 Vol.%, (research project: ≥ 16 Vol.-%)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |25

Changings and supplements for the information sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas

Laying Course (3 – 5 cm)

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Bedding Materials

Shape:Roads: crushed, sharp coarse, ECS35,

C90/3Other areas: no requirements

Grading:

Block thickness < 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm

Roads: Category GU Others: Category GN

Content of fines: max. 5 M.%

E.g. Mixture 0/5:

GU: 0/2 between 30 – 60 M.-% 2/5 between 40 – 70 M.-%

GN: no requirement

Exception for e .g. private AreasATV DIN 18318

Areas, which are not „reachable“ for motor vehicles:

Possible alternative grading: 0/2, 1/3, 2/5 mm

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Aggregates, dependent on mineral and use:

- SZ18, LA20

- SZ22, LA25

- SZ26, LA30

Beddings in public roads:- Material with „enough“ mechanical

strength!- Recommendation for BK III and IV:

SZ22, LA25 or better

Mechanical Behavior

Joint filling materials (Joints 3 – 5 mm)

Shape:Roads: crushed, ECS35, C90/3Other areas: no requirements

Grading: Block thickness < 120 mm: (0/2), 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm

Roads: Category GU Others: Category GN

Content of fines : min. 2 M.-%, max. 9 M.%

Mechanical strength: SZ18, LA20; SZ22, LA25; SZ26, LA30

Requirements between bedding and joint material:

D15/d15 ≥ 1D15/d85 ≤ 4D50/d50 ≤ 5

D15; D50 Particle size of bedding material [mm] at 15 / 50 % passing the sieve

d50; d85 Particle size of granular joint filling [mm] at 50 % passing the sieve

- particle top size of the joint filling must not be smaller than 1 sieve size less than the particle top size of the bedding material

Filter Stability / Erosion

equations:

D15/d85 ≤ 4 D50/d50 ≤ 5

Bedding material

Joint filling

D15/d15 ≥ 1

Particle size [mm]

Per

cent

age

pass

ing

the

siev

e [M

.-%

]

Granular material intended as seeling of joints

The upper part of the joints can be filled with another material to prevent material loss as a result of traffic and surface cleaning

Grading: 0/2 mmHigh fines amount > 9 M.-%crushed shape

No further material requirements

Bitumen intended as compound joint seeler

Only with joints > 8 mm (e. g. natural stone pavement)Bitumen ≥ 3 cm, < 1/3 of stone thickness

Block Applying and Finishing of the Pavement

e. g.:Minimum transverse slope: 2,5 % at each layerJoints have to be „regular“

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Crossing joints only for areas without car traffic!

No filling block smaller than half a block

Filling of the joints and compacting

filling the joints by sweepingand washing

cleaning the surface, drying and compacting

maybe filling and compacting again

maybe „joint seeling“ by sweeping and washing of fine aggregates

(about 1 cm)

Maximum unevenness of the surface, 4-m-straightedge

Upper roadbase: general: ≤ 2 cm recommendation:

under block pavements: ≤ 1 cm(to be fixed in a contract)

Road surface: ≤ 10 mm Gutters: ≤ 5 mm

end

Thank you for listening!

carsten.koch@fh-koeln.de

damage in front of an entrance to a bank,

in use severel days after damage