biology project
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SUBMITTED TO – MR. VIKAS DIXIT
MADE BY –
RAHUL TRIPATHI
CLASS – XII
ROLL NO - 34
P.O – VIDUTNAGAR
PIN – 224238
A state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.
Capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering the body.
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CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER IMMUNITY 5
FLUID SYSTEM 6GRANULOCYTES 7
AGRANULOCYTES 8LYMPHOCYTES 9
DEFENCE MACHANISM 10TYPES OF IMMUNITY 11INNATE IMMUNITY 12
FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE 13ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 14
NATURAL ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 15ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY 16
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY 17TYPES OF MALT 19
IMMUNITY CONFERRED BY VACCINES 20SOME INTERESTING FACTS 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22THANK YOU PAGE 23
This is to certify that Rahul Tripathi and of class XII has successfully completed this Biology project on the topic “IMMUNITY” prescribed by Mr. Vikas Dixit Sir, during academic session 2012-2013 as per the guidelines issues by Central Board of Secondary Education.
Mr. Vikas Dixit External Examiner
(P.G.T BIOLOGY)
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Immune system
Innate immunityAdaptive immunity
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Granulocytes
Neutrophils: Neutrophils defend against bacterial or fungal infection , have a multilobed nucleus. The life span of a circulating human neutrophil is about
5.4 days.
Eosinophils: Eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions. They have a bi-lobed nucleus.
Basophils: Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the
chemical histamine causing vasodilation.
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Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: common in the lymph system and of three types: B cells, T cells
and natural killer cells.
Monocytes: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens
may be recognized again and killed. Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream to become tissue
macrophages.
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Defense mechanisms
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Types of immunity
Immunity
Innate
Adaptive
Natural
Artificial
Passive(matern
al)
Active(infectio
n) Passive(Ab
transfer)
Active(Immuniz
ation)
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Innate immunity (first line of defense)
Innate immunityAnatomical barriersInflamma-tionComple-ment systemCells of innate immune responseInterferonsLactoferrin and transferrin
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First line of defense
Adaptive ImmunityHumoral respons
e
Cell- mediate
d response
Extra cellular microbes
B lymphocytes
Elimination of microbes
Phagocytosed microbes in macrophage
Dendritic cells display antigen to T cells Intracellul
ar microbes within infected cell
T cells release cytokines
Activation of macrophage to kill microbes
Lysis of infected cell
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Natural adaptive immunityPassive ( maternal)
Acquired ImmunityPassive
Artificial adaptive immunity
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Pathogen enters body
Memory Th cells activate Killer T
cells.
Igs coat the pathogen before
symptoms appearopsonization
Active killer T cells phagocytose
antigen.
Pathogen encounters memory B cells and
memory helper T (Th)cells
Memory Helper T cellsMemory B cells
Memory B cells forms plasma
cells which release
immunoglobins (Igs)
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Mucosal Immunity
The mucosal immune system protects the internal surfaces of the body
The mucosal immune system ㆍ GI tract ㆍ Respiratory tract ㆍ Urogenital tract ㆍ exocrine glands associated with these organs
In a healthy human adult, this local immune system contributes almost 80% of all immunocytes.
These cells are accumulated in, or in transit between, various mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), which together form the largest mammalian lymphoid organ system.
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Composition of MALT
Macrophages
Ig A and Ig G
T cellsB cells
Plasma cells
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Types of MALT: Depending in the region
it is present
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Immunity conferred by vaccines
• Positive events of the day seem to have a stronger helpful impact on immune function. Having a good time on Monday still had a positive effect
on the immune system by Wednesday.
• The frequent hand washing can break down the natural oils on the skin that serve as the first line (or layer) of defense for the immune system.
• Studies show that people who lack humor in their lives tend to have less protective immune responses.
• While the body needs some sunlight to produce vitamin D, too much sunshine can suppress the immune system.
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To make this project I have taken source from the following books:-
1. Ramesh Gupta2. Biology N.C.E.R.T
I have taken source from internet too , and taken help of our biology teacher Mr. Vikas Dixit sir.
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We would like to thank our Biology sir Mr. Vikas Dixit, who provided us this opportunity to make a project on “IMMUNITY” which really helped us to understand the concepts of Immunity of our body.
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