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Biogeochemistry of C
NREM 665
CO2
diffusion
CH4CO2
CO
& ebullition
2
DOC CH4methanogenesis
Organic-C accretion
C Biogeochemistry
I.Forms of C in WTLs & Coastal Ecosystems
Molecule Oxidation State Form/PhaseMolecule Oxidation State Form/PhaseCarbon dioxide, CO2Methane, CH4Carbonate, CO3
2-, 3Bicarbonate,HCO3
-
Carbonic Acid, H2CO3
Operationally-defined forms of C:
Dissolved org. C (DOC) <0.7 µm P ti l t C (POC) >0 7Particulate org. C (POC) >0.7 µm
Plant biomass, microbial biomass, litter, soil C
2
Carbonate Buffer System
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- 2H+ + CO3
2-
3
II. Aerobic conditions: PSN & Resp. dominant rxns
A 6CO 12H O li ht C H O 6O 6H OA. 6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
B. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
C. C storage = Production– Decomposition
4
Ratio of aboveground to belowground biomassbelowground biomass can range from 0.2 to 3.9 (Gopal & Massing 1990)
1. Decomp inhibited in flooded soils → high C storage in WTLs, SGBs
2. NPP, Decomp, C storage vary across WTL types
a due to climate hydrology veg type soil type nutrienta. due to climate, hydrology, veg type, soil type, nutrientavailability, microbial community/activity, etc.
b. lability of FW marsh litter TSM littery
3. Litter/detritus processing in WTLs/SGBs is complex: involvesmicrobes, shredders, deposit feeders, filter feeders, release of DOC & POC
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Decomposition of Freshwater Marsh Vegetation
7(Mitsch & Gosselink 1993)
Sagittaria latifolia(arrowhead(arrowhead, duck potato)
Pontederia cordata(pickerelweed)
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Nuphar advena (yellow pond lilly)http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/nulupic.html
9http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/zizaqu1m.jpg
Decomposition of Salt Marsh Vegetation
10(McKee & Seneca 1982)
Spartina alterniflora(saltmarsh cordgrass)
Juncus roemerianus(black needlerush)(black needlerush)
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Plant N & P
CO2CH4
N & P
4
Bioavailable Soil organic
matterN & P
matter accumulation Decomposition
Hydrology Electron acceptors
Nutrients
RainfallEvapotranspiration External loading
acceptors
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Evapotranspiration External loading
Regulators of Decomposition (Reddy & DeLaune 2008)
Detrital plant biomass
D t it Decomposition}ble
Detritus Decomposition}}W
ater
tab
PeatBurial}W
Compaction} Compaction}13Decomposition & burial of OM (Reddy & DeLaune 2008)
III. Anaerobic conditions: Fermentation (Ferm) & Methanogenesis (MTG) dominantMethanogenesis (MTG) dominant
A. Ferm occurs when organic matter is TEA in anaerobic respirationrespiration
1. C6H12O6 → 2CH3CH2OCOOH (Ferm) ∆Go = 239 kJ mol-1
2. C6H12O6 → 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 (Ferm) ∆Go = 122 kJ mol-1
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B. MTG occurs when methanogens use CO2 (or other simple C compounds) as TEA in respiration & produce CH4
1. CO2 + 8e- + 8H+ ⇒ CH4 + 2H2O
2 CH COO + 4H O → 2CH + 2H O2. CH3COO + 4H2O → 2CH4 + 2H2O
3. MTG rates:
a. summer >> winter in temperate zones, less seasonal var. in tropicsp
b. ƒ(flood freq. & duration, pres/abs of veg)
c. permanently flooded >> intermittentl flooded
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>> intermittently flooded
4. MTG in FW WTLs >> MTG in tidal WTLs?
a.
b. C flux in GA salt marsh vs WI lake sed (M&G 2000)
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IV. CH4 oxidation: Methanotrophs convert CH4 to methanol formaldehyde & COmethanol, formaldehyde, & CO2
CH4 → CH3OH → HCHO- → HCOOH → CO2
1. CH4 produced @ depth oxidized by methanotrophs @ surface (↓CH4 flux)
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2. Net CH4 emission = ƒ(methanogenesis – methane oxidation)
a. rates of CH4 emission for different wetland types
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http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/GWPs.html
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Long-term Accumulation of Organic Matter in Selected Wetlands
Wetland LocationC Accumulation
(g m-2 yr-1) Reference
Everglades Florida Reddy et al 1993EvergladesTypha sp.Cladium sp.
Florida163-38786-140
Reddy et al. 1993
S lt M h L i i 200 300 H tt t l 1993Salt Marsh Louisiana 200-300 Hatton et al. 1993
Mangrove Mexico 100 Twilley 1992
Cypress Swamp Georgia 45 Cohen 1974
Peatland Alaska 22 122 Billings 1987Peatland Alaska 22-122 Billings 1987
Bog Wisconsin 34-75 Kratz & Dewitt 1986
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Sh t t i b h b l t & l l d ti
3. C sinks in WTLs
a. Short-term: immob, herb. plant & algal production
b. Long-term: woody production, C seq. in soil/sediment
V C Cyling in Tidal WTLs vs FW WTLsV. C Cyling in Tidal WTLs vs FW WTLs
A. Tidal WTLs have high prod & frequent tidal exchange → export higher amounts of C than FW WTLs
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VI. Case Study: Are Phragmites-dominated wetlands a net source or net sink for greenhouse gases?
23(Brix et al. 2001)
CO2C cycling in wetlands
photosynthesis
2
is
diffusion & ebullition
CO2 CH4
CO2 metha
diffusion & ebullition
thane-oxidationre
spira
tion
DOC CH4methanogenesis
r
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Organic-C accretion
CO2 & CH4 dynamics in a Phragmites-2 4 y gwetland
Net CO2-assimilation
CH4-emission
CO2-emission
25(Brix et al. 2001)
CO2
Phragmites wetland:Units: mol m-2 year-1
photosynthesis 45 4s
diffusion & ebullition
CO2 CH498
CO2 methanen
ane-oxidationre
spira
tion
14DOC CH4methanogenesis
O i C ti 1849
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Organic-C accretion 18(Brix et al. 2001)
Phragmites C budget:g g
N t CO A i il ti 98 l 2 1Net CO2 Assimilation: 98 mol m-2 yr-1
CO2 Emission: 45 mol m-2 yr-1
CH Emission: 4 mol m-2 yr-1CH4 Emission: 4 mol m 2 yr 1
Net C Fixation: 98 - 45 - 4 = 49 mol m-2 yr-1Net C Fixation: 98 45 4 49 mol m yr
Ratio CH4 Emission:Net C Fixation: 0.08
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Th ti f CH l d tThe ratio of CH4 released to annual net C fixed variesannual net C fixed varies
generally from 0.05 to 0.13(Whi i & Ch 199 )(Whiting & Chanton 1997)
28
Question:
Are wetlands a net source or a net sink for greenhouse gases?sink for greenhouse gases?
Answer:
Depends on the ratio of CH4emitted to annual net C fixed & timeemitted to annual net C fixed & time
scale evaluated.
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Greenhouse effect as a function of time scale
E
0.20 Ratio between CH4emitted & net C fixed
SOU
RC
E
0 10
INK
0.10
0.05
SI
•Wetlands may be sources of GHGs on short time scales (<10 yr) but ( )
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sinks over longer time scales (>100 yrs). Lower the ratio, sooner a site becomes a sink (Brix et al. 2001).
VII. C Biogeochemistry ConclusionsA M jA. Major processes
Production: Fixation of C from atmosphere via PSN
Decomposition: Conversion of complex molecules into simpler molecules via activities of aerobes & anaerobes
Fermentation: Use of organic matter as TEA in anaerobic respiration
Methanogenesis: Bacteria use CO2 as TEA in anaerobic respirationg 2 p
CH4 Oxidation: Methanotrophs convert CH4 to methanol, formaldehyde, & CO2 in aerobic surface soil zones
B. Although WTLs cover ~ 7% of Earth’s land area, they have a disproportionate effect on global C cycle
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