biogeochemistry of c and nutrients in peatlands:...

88
PhD Course on Restoration Ecology 2007 PhD Course on Restoration Ecology 2007 Biogeochemistry of C and Biogeochemistry of C and nutrients in peatlands: nutrients in peatlands: Applied aspects Applied aspects Leon Lamers Leon Lamers Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Radboud University Nijmegen Biogeochemical processes wet / dry Biogeochemical processes wet / dry Decomposition and eutrophication Decomposition and eutrophication Role of water & sediment quality Role of water & sediment quality Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoration / Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoration / wetland creation / water storage wetland creation / water storage

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Biogeochemistry of C and Biogeochemistry of C and nutrients in peatlands:nutrients in peatlands:

Applied aspectsApplied aspects

Leon LamersLeon LamersAquatic Ecology & Environmental BiologyAquatic Ecology & Environmental BiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchInstitute for Water and Wetland Research

Radboud University NijmegenRadboud University Nijmegen

•• Biogeochemical processes wet / dry Biogeochemical processes wet / dry

•• Decomposition and eutrophicationDecomposition and eutrophication

•• Role of water & sediment qualityRole of water & sediment quality

•• Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoratio n / Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoratio n / wetland creation / water storagewetland creation / water storage

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Peatlands

1. High efficiency for C storage: low pO 2 , low pH (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. phenoliccompounds), high C refixation potential.

2. Drainage, combustion, eutrophication, and S-pollution; transition C sink to source.

2. Biogeochem. key processes, ecosystem-microbial level;

• global change (T, CO 2, CH4, H2O, N, S)• flooding risks (peat settlement)• reversal C sink-source transition (peatland

restoration)

PeatlandsPeatlands

1.1. High efficiency for C storage: low pOHigh efficiency for C storage: low pO 2 2 , low pH , low pH (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. phenolicphenoliccompounds), high C refixation potential.compounds), high C refixation potential.

2.2. Drainage, combustion, eutrophication, and SDrainage, combustion, eutrophication, and S --pollution; transition C sink to source.pollution; transition C sink to source.

2.2. BiogeochemBiogeochem . key processes, ecosystem. key processes, ecosystem --microbial microbial level;level;

•• global change (T, COglobal change (T, CO 22, CH, CH44, H, H22O, N, S)O, N, S)•• flooding risks (peat settlement)flooding risks (peat settlement)•• reversal C sinkreversal C sink --source transition (peatland source transition (peatland

restoration)restoration)

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decomposition - waterlogged

0

50

100

150

PMW ZW WI WO

CH4

CO2

bog fen

mm

olm

-2

day-

1

Lamers et al in prep

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CO2

T afwijking

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Without greenhouse effect most of the earth’s surfa ce covered with ice: 33 0C colder!

Increased effectIncreased effect

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CO2

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temperatuurverhoging: voorspellingen

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Global Carbon CyclingGlobal Carbon Cycling

Increased C sources (loss)• Combustion fossil organic C• Clearing of (rain)forests• Drainage and increased T peatlands: decomposition• Increased T permafrost• Increased T decomposition other ecosystem types

Increased C sinks (sequestration)• Increased primary production terrestrial ecosystems

• Increased primary production oceans (?)

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Additional effect increased CO 2

• Higher primary productivity leads to higher proportion of recently assimilated organic carbon

• Higher DOC losses Freeman et al. Nature 2004

• Changes in plant composition due to interspecificcompetition

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• Increased primary production?

actual level

C4temperate regions

C4 plants

dry tropics

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Pg (10 15) a-1

(Gigatonnes)

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Northern peatlands: 20-30% of the global soil C sto ck

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Melting permafrost peatlands at Noyabrsk, Western Siberia.

Succow (IMCG)

Carbon from the Pleistocene era

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• Peatlandscape: lakes, marshes, bogs, meadows - gradi ents pH-O 2-nutrients

• High biodiversity: succession

• Deterioration: desiccation, eutrophication, Spp loss , C sink-source transition

• Peatlandscape: lakes, marshes, bogs, meadows - gradi ents pH-O 2-nutrients

• High biodiversity: succession

• Deterioration: desiccation, eutrophication, Spp loss , C sink-source transition

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II: Fens

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TN

O /

NIT

G /

RW

S

C-loss & land subsidence

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-5

0

5

10

15

20

Rel

ativ

e B

iom

ass

(%

)

250 500 625 750 875 1000

CO2 concentration in w ater layer (µmol L-1)

Paffen & Roelofs Aquat Bot 1991

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Peat BogPeat Bog

Lamers et al J Ecol 1999

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10 µ

100µ

13C-CH4 into Sphagnum sterols:

10-15% of total C source

5 µ

Raghoebarsing et al 2005 Nature

αα--ProteobacteriaProteobacteria / type II / type II methanotrophsmethanotrophs

C-efficiency

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Vincent van Gogh 1883

Peat extraction

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Lamers et al Global Change Biol. 2000

Malmer Oikos 1988Aerts et al J Ecol 1992

Berendse et al Global Change Biol 2001Heijmans et al J Ecol 2001

Thomassen et al J Ecol 2003 J Appl Ecol 2004Limpens et al. New Phytol 2003 Oecologia 2003

Bragazza et al. PNAS 2006

Airborne pollution

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Eutrophication

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Nutrient limitationNutrient limitation

•• PP oo--phosphate phosphate

e.g. marshes, fense.g. marshes, fens

•• N N ammonium, nitrate ammonium, nitrate

e.g. fen vegetations, moorland pools, bogse.g. fen vegetations, moorland pools, bogs

often: N+P limitationoften: N+P limitation

•• C C inorganic carbon inorganic carbon

e.g. moorland pools, lakes, bogse.g. moorland pools, lakes, bogs

(C+N limitation)(C+N limitation)

•• K K some fen meadowssome fen meadows

( Eutrophication always related to kind of nutrient )( Eutrophication always related to kind of nutrient )

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External eutrophication:External eutrophication:

Eutrophication by extra input of Eutrophication by extra input of nutrients nutrients from outside the systemfrom outside the system

Internal eutrophication:Internal eutrophication:

Eutrophication by increased Eutrophication by increased mobilization of nutrients mobilization of nutrients inside the inside the systemsystem (particularly in peatlands)(particularly in peatlands)

Roelofs Aquat. Bot. 1991

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-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

weeks

0

2

4

6

8

10P

O43-

(µm

ol L

-1) (re)wetting(re)wetting

Lamers et al. ES&T 1998Lamers et al. Biogeochem. 2001

Lamers et al H2O 2005

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mineralisatieOrg-P

PO43-

PO43- ~ Fe2+

Fe3+(O)(OH) PO43- ~ Fe3+(O)(OH)

Ca (O)(OH) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

(CaHPO4 )

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mineralizationseepage

PO43- uptake

PO43-

PO43-

Fe2+

Fe reduction mobilization PO 43-

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DDecompositionecomposition : :

Metabolic breakdown of organic matter (humus, peat) Metabolic breakdown of organic matter (humus, peat) to simple organic and inorganic molecules, to simple organic and inorganic molecules, generating energy.generating energy.

Mineralisation:Mineralisation:

The transition of a nutrient or another substance f rom The transition of a nutrient or another substance f rom organicallyorganically --bound form to water soluble inorganic bound form to water soluble inorganic form, as a result of biological or (inorganic) chem ical form, as a result of biological or (inorganic) chem ical processes.processes.

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Regulation of decomposition / mineralisation in peatlands• Nutrient concentrations

• Concentration / degradability organic matter

• Alkalinity (ANC)

• Ion strength: Cl -

• Electron acceptor availability (microbial redox rea ction):

O2, NO3, Fe, SO42- :

SO42- + 2 CH2O ���� HS- + HCO3

- + CO2 + H2O

mineralisation (N, P, K) sulphideP mobilisation (Fe ~ P)acid buffering

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Smolders Ph.D. Thesis 1995Smolders et al. Chem. Ecol. 2006

(bicarbonate) alkalinity

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Decomposition

0

50

100

150

200

WI WO

CO

2 +

CH

4 (m

mol

m-2

d-1

)

waterloggedmoist

dry

Decomposition

0

50

100

150

200

WI WO

CO

2 +

CH

4 (m

mol

m-2

d-1

)

waterloggedmoist

dry

S: low high

electron acceptor availabilityelectron acceptor availability

Sweet track – Somerset Levels – 3806 BC

Lamers et al in prep

oxygen

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Regulation of decomposition / mineralisation in peatlands

• Phenolic compounds regulate hydrolase activity

• Drainage (O 2 intrusion) stimulates phenol oxidase, lowering phenolics, stimulating decomposition

Freeman et al. Nature 2001

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nitrate

Under investigation

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FeSx

SOSO4422-- NONO33

--

0 1000 2000 µmol L -1

0

x

m

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A B

C D

A B

C D050

100150200250300350400450500

25 35 45 55 65

time (weeks)

SO

4 (µ

mol

L-1

)

Control

2S

4S

nitrate addition 1 nitrate addition 2cleaning 1 cleaning 2

FISH: betaproteobacterialThiobacilli

Haaijer et al. FEMS Micr. Biol. 2006Van der Welle et al . subm.

Total N-loss: 10-15 kg N ha -1 day -1

C (TIC) loss!

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Lamers et al. ES&T 1998

sulfate

4

20

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2 S1 S

0.5 S

ControlOutside

4 Cl

Month

0

2

4

6

8

46

810 12

o-P

(µm

ol L

-1)

Lamers et al Limnol Oceanogr 2002

Roelofs Aquat Bot 1991Smolders & Roelofs Aquat Bot 1993

sulfate

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sulfate

reduction alkalinity, sulfide

atmosphere

groundwater

surface water

iron

sulfate

PP--limitationlimitation

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reduction alkalinity, sulfide

Fe ~ P

HPO42-

FeSx

eutrophication

mineralization

Fe defic.

HS- tox.

NN--limitationlimitation

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007- SO4-- SOSO44

+ SO4+ SO+ SO44

Loeb Loeb et alet al Biogeochemistry 2007Biogeochemistry 2007

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II: Fens

RAPIDC

RAPIDC

S depo 1985S depo 1985

S depo 2050S depo 2050

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0

1

10

100

1000

10000

outC C 0.5 S 1 S 2 S

Weerribben marsh

Tienhoven marsh

sulp

hide

in s

edi

me

nt w

ate

r (µ

mol

L-1

)

Fesw: 30 µmol L-1

Fesw: 400 µmol L-1

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0

20

40

60

80

100

C 25 S 250 S

C. distichaJ. acuti florus

% d

amag

ed r

oots

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Carex distichaCarex disticha Juncus acutiflorusJuncus acutiflorus

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ControlControl Sulphide treatmentSulphide treatment

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Stratiotes aloides

Smolders et al..1996

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Armstrong et al.. 1996

Phragmitesaustralis

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ratio

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007

PhD

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Caltha palustris

ab

bab

a

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

144 29 1 0 HS-

2 26 106 380 Fe

bio

mas

s (g

)

shoot

rootCaltha palustris

ab

bab

a

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

144 29 1 0 HS-

2 26 106 380 Fe

bio

mas

s (g

)

shoot

root

detoxifying toxicants

Van der Welle et al. Environ.Tox.Chem. 2006

Smolders & Roelofs New Phytol.1996

Van der Welle et al. Environ.Tox.Chem. 2006

Smolders & Roelofs New Phytol.1996

H2S

PhD

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Wetland restoration ?!Wetland restoration ?!Rewetting measures in Rewetting measures in carr woods oxbow lakescarr woods oxbow lakes

beforebefore afterafter

Stagnating high water table Stagnating high water table during summer generates during summer generates strong eutrophication!!strong eutrophication!!

PhD

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IntensificationIntensification of of agricultureagriculture resultedresulted in in lowerlower groundwatergroundwater tables tables and and desiccationdesiccation of of fensfens

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PhD

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1998 1999

RewettingRewetting byby dammingdamming groundwatergroundwater oror inletinlet of of allochthonousallochthonoussurfacesurface ((riverriver ) water:) water:

KaldenbroekKaldenbroek fenfen

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FlowingFlowing , NO, NO33 highhighStagnantStagnant , NO, NO33 lowlow

Dubbroek carr

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0

2000

4000

6000

jun-0

0

dec-0

0

jun-0

1

dec-0

1

jun-

02

dec-0

2

ground water

pore water

water layer

NO3-

0

500

1000

1500

jun-00

dec-

00

jun-01

dec-

01

jun-02

dec-

02

SO42-

0

25

50

75

jun-

00

dec-0

0

jun-

01

dec-01

jun-

02

dec-0

2

o-PO4 3-

StagnantStagnant , NO, NO33 lowlow

((µµmol Lmol L --11))

LucassenLucassen et al 2004et al 2004

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0

2000

4000

6000

jun-0

0

dec-0

0

jun-0

1

dec-0

1

jun-0

2

dec-0

2

ground w ater

pore w ater

w ater layer

NO3-

0

500

1000

1500

jun-0

0

dec-0

0

jun-0

1

dec-0

1

jun-0

2

dec-0

2

SO42-

0

25

50

75

jun-0

0no

v-00

apr-0

1sep

-01

feb-0

2jul

-02

dec-

02

o-PO4 3-

FlowingFlowing , NO, NO33 highhigh

((µµmol Lmol L --11))

PhD

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stagnant + chloridestagnant + chloride

stagnantstagnant + sulfate+ sulfate

flowflow

Lucassen et al. Plant Soil 2005Lucassen et al. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2005Van der Welle et al. Freshw. Biol. 2007

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(ground)water table (cm)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Mar-98

Mar-99

Mar-00

Mar-01

Mar-02

Mar-03

groundwater

surface water

Phosphate

0

20

40

60

80

mrt-98

mrt-99

mrt-00

mrt-01

mrt-02

mrt-03

KaldenbroekKaldenbroek fenfen: : nono temporarytemporarydesiccationdesiccation ((firstfirst twotwo yearsyears ))

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(Ground) water table (cm)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Mar-98

Mar-99

Mar-00

Mar-01

Mar-02

Mar-03

groundwater

surface water

Phosphate

0

5

10

15

20

mrt-98

mrt-99

mrt-00

mrt-01

mrt-02

mrt-03

DubbroekDubbroek : : temporarytemporarydesiccationdesiccationLucassenLucassen et al 2005et al 2005

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PhD

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Natural water table fluctuation: proof from 1617!

Rubens & Brueghel: Pan & Syrinx in Arcadia (Hollandi ca)

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oo FutureFuture : : Winter Winter higherhigher :: water water storagestorageSummer Summer lowerlower :: modest modest desiccationdesiccation

ProfitsProfits ::oo LessLess allochthonousallochthonous waterwateroo LessLess PP--mobilisationmobilisation , more P, more P --bindingbindingoo StimulationStimulation growthgrowth and and germinationgermination helophyteshelophytes (e.g. Reed)(e.g. Reed)oo StimulationStimulation germinationgermination aquaticaquatic macrophytesmacrophytesoo DetoxificationDetoxification (e.g. (e.g. forfor sulphidesulphide ))

Drawbacks (?):Drawbacks (?):oo DesiccationDesiccation and S and S mobilisationmobilisation (?)(?)oo IncreasedIncreased mineralisationmineralisation (?)(?)oo ProblemsProblems forfor infrastructureinfrastructure , , recreationrecreation , homes, homes

Towards a more natural hydrological regimeTowards a more natural hydrological regime ::

oo NowNow: : Winter Winter lowlow :: drainage (drainage ( agricultureagriculture ))Summer Summer hooghoog :: supplysupply ((agricultureagriculture , nature), nature)

AArtificialrtificial regime!regime!

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dredging

inlet P-stripped water!

13 µmol/L!

Shallow peat lake (Shallow peat lake ( GeerplasGeerplas , the Netherlands), the Netherlands)

Michielsen et al . 2007

g P

O4-

P/m

3

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dredging

inlet P-stripped water!

13 µmol/L!

Shallow peat lake (Shallow peat lake ( GeerplasGeerplas , the Netherlands), the Netherlands)

Michielsen et al . H2O 2007

45 µmol/L!g

PO

4-P

/m3

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PhD

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Banach et al. in prep.

sulfate

Lower fertilization

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 1 2 3 6 11 12 16 21 27 34 37 48

time [week]

o-P

O4

in p

ore

wat

er [µ

mol

L-1]

control-S-N-S+N+S-N+S+N

dry drywet wet

Lower fertilizationHigher fertilization

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 1 2 3 6 11 12 16 21 27 34 37 48

time [week]

o-P

O4 i

n p

ore

wat

er [µ

mol

L-1

]

control-S-N-S+N+S-N+S+N

dry drywet wet

Vistula floodplain

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0

50

100

150

200

0 5 10 15 20

sulp

hide

(µm

ol/l)

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 20

Weeks

phos

phat

e (µ

mol

/l)Wet + sulphate

Wet

Dry (-12 cm)

winter spring summer

(50C – 8/16 - flo) (200C – 12/12 - flo) (200C – 16/8 – dry)

Flooding and wetland creation / restoration: season al effect?Flooding and wetland creation / restoration: season al effect?

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Water storageWater storage

•• Winter: less harmWinter: less harm

In existing wetlandsIn existing wetlands

•• Spring / summer: high eutrophication risk (especia lly with Spring / summer: high eutrophication risk (especia lly with alkaline, Salkaline, S --rich water)rich water)--> > not in oligonot in oligo -- / mesotrophic wetlands/ mesotrophic wetlands

In combination with wetland creation?In combination with wetland creation?

Low conc. mobilisable P: Low conc. mobilisable P: -- okokHigh conc. mobilisable P:High conc. mobilisable P: -- either remove top layer and Peither remove top layer and P

-- or hypertrophic wetland or hypertrophic wetland

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Input Weerribben‘82-’92 ‘98

WaterHCO3

- 3 2 1.5 (mmol L -1) SO4

2- 1.5 0.3 0.2Cl- 3 1 1PO4

3- 0.5 / 1.5 2 0.3 (µmol L -1)

SedimentPO4

3- 25 3 (µmol L -1)Fe 3 30

Geurts et al. in prep.Lamers et al. unpubl.

MeasuresMeasures ??1. Lower influx P N2. Hydrological measures: decreased internal mobilizat ion !!

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PhD

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ConclusionsConclusions

•• Global change effects complex: decomposition, prima ry Global change effects complex: decomposition, prima ry production, changes vegetationproduction, changes vegetation

•• Mineralization (partly) coupled to decompositionMineralization (partly) coupled to decomposition

•• Internal eutrophication: pollutants from the pastInternal eutrophication: pollutants from the past

•• Water en soil qualityWater en soil quality

•• Management (e.g. wetland restoration) should take Management (e.g. wetland restoration) should take account of these internal processes account of these internal processes