biogeochemistry of c and nutrients in peatlands:...
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Biogeochemistry of C and Biogeochemistry of C and nutrients in peatlands:nutrients in peatlands:
Applied aspectsApplied aspects
Leon LamersLeon LamersAquatic Ecology & Environmental BiologyAquatic Ecology & Environmental BiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchInstitute for Water and Wetland Research
Radboud University NijmegenRadboud University Nijmegen
•• Biogeochemical processes wet / dry Biogeochemical processes wet / dry
•• Decomposition and eutrophicationDecomposition and eutrophication
•• Role of water & sediment qualityRole of water & sediment quality
•• Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoratio n / Applied ecological issues: desiccation / restoratio n / wetland creation / water storagewetland creation / water storage
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Peatlands
1. High efficiency for C storage: low pO 2 , low pH (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. phenoliccompounds), high C refixation potential.
2. Drainage, combustion, eutrophication, and S-pollution; transition C sink to source.
2. Biogeochem. key processes, ecosystem-microbial level;
• global change (T, CO 2, CH4, H2O, N, S)• flooding risks (peat settlement)• reversal C sink-source transition (peatland
restoration)
PeatlandsPeatlands
1.1. High efficiency for C storage: low pOHigh efficiency for C storage: low pO 2 2 , low pH , low pH (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. (bogs), recalcitrant organic matter (e.g. phenolicphenoliccompounds), high C refixation potential.compounds), high C refixation potential.
2.2. Drainage, combustion, eutrophication, and SDrainage, combustion, eutrophication, and S --pollution; transition C sink to source.pollution; transition C sink to source.
2.2. BiogeochemBiogeochem . key processes, ecosystem. key processes, ecosystem --microbial microbial level;level;
•• global change (T, COglobal change (T, CO 22, CH, CH44, H, H22O, N, S)O, N, S)•• flooding risks (peat settlement)flooding risks (peat settlement)•• reversal C sinkreversal C sink --source transition (peatland source transition (peatland
restoration)restoration)
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decomposition - waterlogged
0
50
100
150
PMW ZW WI WO
CH4
CO2
bog fen
mm
olm
-2
day-
1
Lamers et al in prep
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CO2
T afwijking
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Without greenhouse effect most of the earth’s surfa ce covered with ice: 33 0C colder!
Increased effectIncreased effect
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temperatuurverhoging: voorspellingen
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Global Carbon CyclingGlobal Carbon Cycling
Increased C sources (loss)• Combustion fossil organic C• Clearing of (rain)forests• Drainage and increased T peatlands: decomposition• Increased T permafrost• Increased T decomposition other ecosystem types
Increased C sinks (sequestration)• Increased primary production terrestrial ecosystems
• Increased primary production oceans (?)
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Additional effect increased CO 2
• Higher primary productivity leads to higher proportion of recently assimilated organic carbon
• Higher DOC losses Freeman et al. Nature 2004
• Changes in plant composition due to interspecificcompetition
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• Increased primary production?
actual level
C4temperate regions
C4 plants
dry tropics
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Pg (10 15) a-1
(Gigatonnes)
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Northern peatlands: 20-30% of the global soil C sto ck
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Melting permafrost peatlands at Noyabrsk, Western Siberia.
Succow (IMCG)
Carbon from the Pleistocene era
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• Peatlandscape: lakes, marshes, bogs, meadows - gradi ents pH-O 2-nutrients
• High biodiversity: succession
• Deterioration: desiccation, eutrophication, Spp loss , C sink-source transition
• Peatlandscape: lakes, marshes, bogs, meadows - gradi ents pH-O 2-nutrients
• High biodiversity: succession
• Deterioration: desiccation, eutrophication, Spp loss , C sink-source transition
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II: Fens
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TN
O /
NIT
G /
RW
S
C-loss & land subsidence
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-5
0
5
10
15
20
Rel
ativ
e B
iom
ass
(%
)
250 500 625 750 875 1000
CO2 concentration in w ater layer (µmol L-1)
Paffen & Roelofs Aquat Bot 1991
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Peat BogPeat Bog
Lamers et al J Ecol 1999
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10 µ
100µ
13C-CH4 into Sphagnum sterols:
10-15% of total C source
5 µ
Raghoebarsing et al 2005 Nature
αα--ProteobacteriaProteobacteria / type II / type II methanotrophsmethanotrophs
C-efficiency
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Vincent van Gogh 1883
Peat extraction
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Lamers et al Global Change Biol. 2000
Malmer Oikos 1988Aerts et al J Ecol 1992
Berendse et al Global Change Biol 2001Heijmans et al J Ecol 2001
Thomassen et al J Ecol 2003 J Appl Ecol 2004Limpens et al. New Phytol 2003 Oecologia 2003
Bragazza et al. PNAS 2006
Airborne pollution
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Eutrophication
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Nutrient limitationNutrient limitation
•• PP oo--phosphate phosphate
e.g. marshes, fense.g. marshes, fens
•• N N ammonium, nitrate ammonium, nitrate
e.g. fen vegetations, moorland pools, bogse.g. fen vegetations, moorland pools, bogs
often: N+P limitationoften: N+P limitation
•• C C inorganic carbon inorganic carbon
e.g. moorland pools, lakes, bogse.g. moorland pools, lakes, bogs
(C+N limitation)(C+N limitation)
•• K K some fen meadowssome fen meadows
( Eutrophication always related to kind of nutrient )( Eutrophication always related to kind of nutrient )
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External eutrophication:External eutrophication:
Eutrophication by extra input of Eutrophication by extra input of nutrients nutrients from outside the systemfrom outside the system
Internal eutrophication:Internal eutrophication:
Eutrophication by increased Eutrophication by increased mobilization of nutrients mobilization of nutrients inside the inside the systemsystem (particularly in peatlands)(particularly in peatlands)
Roelofs Aquat. Bot. 1991
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-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
weeks
0
2
4
6
8
10P
O43-
(µm
ol L
-1) (re)wetting(re)wetting
Lamers et al. ES&T 1998Lamers et al. Biogeochem. 2001
Lamers et al H2O 2005
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mineralisatieOrg-P
PO43-
PO43- ~ Fe2+
Fe3+(O)(OH) PO43- ~ Fe3+(O)(OH)
Ca (O)(OH) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
(CaHPO4 )
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mineralizationseepage
PO43- uptake
PO43-
PO43-
Fe2+
Fe reduction mobilization PO 43-
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DDecompositionecomposition : :
Metabolic breakdown of organic matter (humus, peat) Metabolic breakdown of organic matter (humus, peat) to simple organic and inorganic molecules, to simple organic and inorganic molecules, generating energy.generating energy.
Mineralisation:Mineralisation:
The transition of a nutrient or another substance f rom The transition of a nutrient or another substance f rom organicallyorganically --bound form to water soluble inorganic bound form to water soluble inorganic form, as a result of biological or (inorganic) chem ical form, as a result of biological or (inorganic) chem ical processes.processes.
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Regulation of decomposition / mineralisation in peatlands• Nutrient concentrations
• Concentration / degradability organic matter
• Alkalinity (ANC)
• Ion strength: Cl -
• Electron acceptor availability (microbial redox rea ction):
O2, NO3, Fe, SO42- :
SO42- + 2 CH2O ���� HS- + HCO3
- + CO2 + H2O
mineralisation (N, P, K) sulphideP mobilisation (Fe ~ P)acid buffering
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Smolders Ph.D. Thesis 1995Smolders et al. Chem. Ecol. 2006
(bicarbonate) alkalinity
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Decomposition
0
50
100
150
200
WI WO
CO
2 +
CH
4 (m
mol
m-2
d-1
)
waterloggedmoist
dry
Decomposition
0
50
100
150
200
WI WO
CO
2 +
CH
4 (m
mol
m-2
d-1
)
waterloggedmoist
dry
S: low high
electron acceptor availabilityelectron acceptor availability
Sweet track – Somerset Levels – 3806 BC
Lamers et al in prep
oxygen
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Regulation of decomposition / mineralisation in peatlands
• Phenolic compounds regulate hydrolase activity
• Drainage (O 2 intrusion) stimulates phenol oxidase, lowering phenolics, stimulating decomposition
Freeman et al. Nature 2001
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nitrate
Under investigation
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FeSx
SOSO4422-- NONO33
--
0 1000 2000 µmol L -1
0
x
m
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A B
C D
A B
C D050
100150200250300350400450500
25 35 45 55 65
time (weeks)
SO
4 (µ
mol
L-1
)
Control
2S
4S
nitrate addition 1 nitrate addition 2cleaning 1 cleaning 2
FISH: betaproteobacterialThiobacilli
Haaijer et al. FEMS Micr. Biol. 2006Van der Welle et al . subm.
Total N-loss: 10-15 kg N ha -1 day -1
C (TIC) loss!
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Lamers et al. ES&T 1998
sulfate
4
20
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2 S1 S
0.5 S
ControlOutside
4 Cl
Month
0
2
4
6
8
46
810 12
o-P
(µm
ol L
-1)
Lamers et al Limnol Oceanogr 2002
Roelofs Aquat Bot 1991Smolders & Roelofs Aquat Bot 1993
sulfate
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sulfate
reduction alkalinity, sulfide
atmosphere
groundwater
surface water
iron
sulfate
PP--limitationlimitation
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reduction alkalinity, sulfide
Fe ~ P
HPO42-
FeSx
eutrophication
mineralization
Fe defic.
HS- tox.
NN--limitationlimitation
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007- SO4-- SOSO44
+ SO4+ SO+ SO44
Loeb Loeb et alet al Biogeochemistry 2007Biogeochemistry 2007
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II: Fens
RAPIDC
RAPIDC
S depo 1985S depo 1985
S depo 2050S depo 2050
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0
1
10
100
1000
10000
outC C 0.5 S 1 S 2 S
Weerribben marsh
Tienhoven marsh
sulp
hide
in s
edi
me
nt w
ate
r (µ
mol
L-1
)
Fesw: 30 µmol L-1
Fesw: 400 µmol L-1
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0
20
40
60
80
100
C 25 S 250 S
C. distichaJ. acuti florus
% d
amag
ed r
oots
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Carex distichaCarex disticha Juncus acutiflorusJuncus acutiflorus
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ControlControl Sulphide treatmentSulphide treatment
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Stratiotes aloides
Smolders et al..1996
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Armstrong et al.. 1996
Phragmitesaustralis
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Caltha palustris
ab
bab
a
0
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
144 29 1 0 HS-
2 26 106 380 Fe
bio
mas
s (g
)
shoot
rootCaltha palustris
ab
bab
a
0
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
144 29 1 0 HS-
2 26 106 380 Fe
bio
mas
s (g
)
shoot
root
detoxifying toxicants
Van der Welle et al. Environ.Tox.Chem. 2006
Smolders & Roelofs New Phytol.1996
Van der Welle et al. Environ.Tox.Chem. 2006
Smolders & Roelofs New Phytol.1996
H2S
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Wetland restoration ?!Wetland restoration ?!Rewetting measures in Rewetting measures in carr woods oxbow lakescarr woods oxbow lakes
beforebefore afterafter
Stagnating high water table Stagnating high water table during summer generates during summer generates strong eutrophication!!strong eutrophication!!
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IntensificationIntensification of of agricultureagriculture resultedresulted in in lowerlower groundwatergroundwater tables tables and and desiccationdesiccation of of fensfens
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1998 1999
RewettingRewetting byby dammingdamming groundwatergroundwater oror inletinlet of of allochthonousallochthonoussurfacesurface ((riverriver ) water:) water:
KaldenbroekKaldenbroek fenfen
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FlowingFlowing , NO, NO33 highhighStagnantStagnant , NO, NO33 lowlow
Dubbroek carr
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0
2000
4000
6000
jun-0
0
dec-0
0
jun-0
1
dec-0
1
jun-
02
dec-0
2
ground water
pore water
water layer
NO3-
0
500
1000
1500
jun-00
dec-
00
jun-01
dec-
01
jun-02
dec-
02
SO42-
0
25
50
75
jun-
00
dec-0
0
jun-
01
dec-01
jun-
02
dec-0
2
o-PO4 3-
StagnantStagnant , NO, NO33 lowlow
((µµmol Lmol L --11))
LucassenLucassen et al 2004et al 2004
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0
2000
4000
6000
jun-0
0
dec-0
0
jun-0
1
dec-0
1
jun-0
2
dec-0
2
ground w ater
pore w ater
w ater layer
NO3-
0
500
1000
1500
jun-0
0
dec-0
0
jun-0
1
dec-0
1
jun-0
2
dec-0
2
SO42-
0
25
50
75
jun-0
0no
v-00
apr-0
1sep
-01
feb-0
2jul
-02
dec-
02
o-PO4 3-
FlowingFlowing , NO, NO33 highhigh
((µµmol Lmol L --11))
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stagnant + chloridestagnant + chloride
stagnantstagnant + sulfate+ sulfate
flowflow
Lucassen et al. Plant Soil 2005Lucassen et al. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2005Van der Welle et al. Freshw. Biol. 2007
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(ground)water table (cm)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Mar-98
Mar-99
Mar-00
Mar-01
Mar-02
Mar-03
groundwater
surface water
Phosphate
0
20
40
60
80
mrt-98
mrt-99
mrt-00
mrt-01
mrt-02
mrt-03
KaldenbroekKaldenbroek fenfen: : nono temporarytemporarydesiccationdesiccation ((firstfirst twotwo yearsyears ))
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(Ground) water table (cm)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mar-98
Mar-99
Mar-00
Mar-01
Mar-02
Mar-03
groundwater
surface water
Phosphate
0
5
10
15
20
mrt-98
mrt-99
mrt-00
mrt-01
mrt-02
mrt-03
DubbroekDubbroek : : temporarytemporarydesiccationdesiccationLucassenLucassen et al 2005et al 2005
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Natural water table fluctuation: proof from 1617!
Rubens & Brueghel: Pan & Syrinx in Arcadia (Hollandi ca)
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oo FutureFuture : : Winter Winter higherhigher :: water water storagestorageSummer Summer lowerlower :: modest modest desiccationdesiccation
ProfitsProfits ::oo LessLess allochthonousallochthonous waterwateroo LessLess PP--mobilisationmobilisation , more P, more P --bindingbindingoo StimulationStimulation growthgrowth and and germinationgermination helophyteshelophytes (e.g. Reed)(e.g. Reed)oo StimulationStimulation germinationgermination aquaticaquatic macrophytesmacrophytesoo DetoxificationDetoxification (e.g. (e.g. forfor sulphidesulphide ))
Drawbacks (?):Drawbacks (?):oo DesiccationDesiccation and S and S mobilisationmobilisation (?)(?)oo IncreasedIncreased mineralisationmineralisation (?)(?)oo ProblemsProblems forfor infrastructureinfrastructure , , recreationrecreation , homes, homes
Towards a more natural hydrological regimeTowards a more natural hydrological regime ::
oo NowNow: : Winter Winter lowlow :: drainage (drainage ( agricultureagriculture ))Summer Summer hooghoog :: supplysupply ((agricultureagriculture , nature), nature)
AArtificialrtificial regime!regime!
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dredging
inlet P-stripped water!
13 µmol/L!
Shallow peat lake (Shallow peat lake ( GeerplasGeerplas , the Netherlands), the Netherlands)
Michielsen et al . 2007
g P
O4-
P/m
3
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PhD
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dredging
inlet P-stripped water!
13 µmol/L!
Shallow peat lake (Shallow peat lake ( GeerplasGeerplas , the Netherlands), the Netherlands)
Michielsen et al . H2O 2007
45 µmol/L!g
PO
4-P
/m3
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Banach et al. in prep.
sulfate
Lower fertilization
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 6 11 12 16 21 27 34 37 48
time [week]
o-P
O4
in p
ore
wat
er [µ
mol
L-1]
control-S-N-S+N+S-N+S+N
dry drywet wet
Lower fertilizationHigher fertilization
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 6 11 12 16 21 27 34 37 48
time [week]
o-P
O4 i
n p
ore
wat
er [µ
mol
L-1
]
control-S-N-S+N+S-N+S+N
dry drywet wet
Vistula floodplain
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0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20
sulp
hide
(µm
ol/l)
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20
Weeks
phos
phat
e (µ
mol
/l)Wet + sulphate
Wet
Dry (-12 cm)
winter spring summer
(50C – 8/16 - flo) (200C – 12/12 - flo) (200C – 16/8 – dry)
Flooding and wetland creation / restoration: season al effect?Flooding and wetland creation / restoration: season al effect?
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Water storageWater storage
•• Winter: less harmWinter: less harm
In existing wetlandsIn existing wetlands
•• Spring / summer: high eutrophication risk (especia lly with Spring / summer: high eutrophication risk (especia lly with alkaline, Salkaline, S --rich water)rich water)--> > not in oligonot in oligo -- / mesotrophic wetlands/ mesotrophic wetlands
In combination with wetland creation?In combination with wetland creation?
Low conc. mobilisable P: Low conc. mobilisable P: -- okokHigh conc. mobilisable P:High conc. mobilisable P: -- either remove top layer and Peither remove top layer and P
-- or hypertrophic wetland or hypertrophic wetland
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Input Weerribben‘82-’92 ‘98
WaterHCO3
- 3 2 1.5 (mmol L -1) SO4
2- 1.5 0.3 0.2Cl- 3 1 1PO4
3- 0.5 / 1.5 2 0.3 (µmol L -1)
SedimentPO4
3- 25 3 (µmol L -1)Fe 3 30
Geurts et al. in prep.Lamers et al. unpubl.
MeasuresMeasures ??1. Lower influx P N2. Hydrological measures: decreased internal mobilizat ion !!
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ConclusionsConclusions
•• Global change effects complex: decomposition, prima ry Global change effects complex: decomposition, prima ry production, changes vegetationproduction, changes vegetation
•• Mineralization (partly) coupled to decompositionMineralization (partly) coupled to decomposition
•• Internal eutrophication: pollutants from the pastInternal eutrophication: pollutants from the past
•• Water en soil qualityWater en soil quality
•• Management (e.g. wetland restoration) should take Management (e.g. wetland restoration) should take account of these internal processes account of these internal processes