biodiesel from waste cooking oils (wco) in portugal
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BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OILS (WCO) IN
PORTUGAL: ALTERNATIVE COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1INESC Coimbra, Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Coimbra
2ADAI-LAETA, Center for Industrial Ecology, Dept of Mechanical Engineering
University of Coimbra, Portugal
Carla Caldeira1,2, João Queirós2 & Fausto Freire2
SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE| 19 – 21 June, Athens
OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
Motivation and goal
2. METHODOLOGY
Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCA)
3. LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
Allocation methods
Comparison of results with the values in RED
4. CONCLUSIONS
2Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
INTRODUCTION
3
The biodiesel consumption increased significantly in the last years and
according the OECD-FAO outlook 2011-2020, the biodiesel use in the
European Union (EU) will increase by almost 85% over the projection period
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
Renewable Energy Directice (RED)
EU DIRECTIVE n.º 2009/28/CE on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources
• Mandatory 10 % target for transport
• Sustainability criteria for biofuels
GHG emissions reduction 35% (until 2016), 50% (2017) and 60% (2018)
Land use and biodiversity
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
4
Questions raised related to the use of conventional biofuels
Competition with food
High environmental impacts (GHG emissions - Land use)
EU Proposal to amend the Renewable Energy Directive
(October 2012)
• Reduce the conventional fuels required for the transportation
energy mix by 2020
• Double counting for biodiesel from waste oils
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
INTRODUCTION
5
Most of the environmental assessment of WCO biodiesel studies are
focused on GHG emissions and do not analyse the WCO collection
stage
• Contribution of the collection stage to the overall environmental
impacts of WCO biodiesel
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
INTRODUCTION
• Analyze other environmental categories besides GHG emissions
6
• Present a LCA of biodiesel produced from WCO collected in Portugal
using alternative WCO collection systems for households and the
HoReCa (Hotels, Restaurants and Catering) sector
• Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Climate Change (CC), Terrestrial
Acidification (TA), Marine Eutrophication (ME) and Freshwater
Eutrophication (FE)
• Assess the implications of alternative allocation approaches in the Life
Cycle Impact Assessment
• Compare the GHG emissions of biodiesel from WCO collected in
Portugal with the RED typical values
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
INTRODUCTION
GOAL OF THIS STUDY
7
Assessment of the potential environmental impacts of a
product, process or activity trough the life cycle
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT - LCA
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
METHODOLOGY
8
WCO
Collection
WCO Pre treatment
Transesterification
“Well-to-gate”
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
9
WCO in Portugal
Households
HoReCa
Industrial
43 000 a 65 000 t per year (APA, 2010)
133 196 to 201 343 tonnes CO2 emissions savings
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
10
Model and Inventory : collection
HOUSEHOLDS
• Street containers
a municipality in the center of Portugal: Coimbra
an inter municipality area located in the south of Portugal: Grândola, Alcácer do Sal, Ferreira do Alentejo, Aljustrel, Odemira, Santiago do Cacém and Sines
an inter municipality area located in the north of Portugal: Espinho, Gondomar, Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, Póvoa de Varzim, Valongo and Vila do Conde
• Door-to-doora municipality located in Azores (island in Portugal) Angra do Heroísmo
HoReCa
WCO collection from restaurants in the municipality of Coimbra
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
11
Date Departure Arrival kmWCO
collected(L)
L WCO/ km
03-08-2009
Miranda do CorvoJ.F. de Santo António dos
Olivais41.4 280 6.8
J.F. de Santo António dos
OlivaisMiranda do Corvo
01-09-2009
Miranda do CorvoDAQV- Oficinas do Algar,
Assafarge
51.4 818 15.9DAQV- Oficinas do Algar,
Assafarge
J.F. de Santo António dos
Olivais
J.F. de Santo António dos
OlivaisMiranda do Corvo
23-10-2009
Miranda do CorvoJ.F. de Torres do
Mondego
65 625 9.6
J.F. de Torres do
Mondego
J.F. de Santo António dos
Olivais
J.F. de Santo António dos
OlivaisJ.F. de Eiras
J.F. de EirasJ.F. de São Martinho do
Bispo
J.F. de São Martinho do
BispoMiranda do Corvo
Table 1. Collection data for Coimbra_Households_Streetcontainers
Performance indicator
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
Model and Inventory : collection
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
12
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
Collection System
Average
Fuel
consumption
(L/km)
Average
Performance
Indicator
(L WCO/km)
Households
Street Containers
Coimbra 0.09 9.1
Inter-municipal
system north0.11 2.1
Inter-municipal
system south0.14 3.1
Door-to-DoorAngra do
Heroísmo0.09 1.5
HoReCa 0.09 1.6
Model and Inventory : collection
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
Table 3. Vehicle fuel consumption and average WCO collected
13
Inputs (Jungbluth et al., 2007)
Value Units
WCO 1.008 kg
Methanol 0.027 kg
Sulfuric Acid 0.002 kg
Glycerin 0.106 kg
Natural gas 0.773 MJ
Electricity (Mix PT 2010) 0.051 kWh
Product
WCO treated 1 kg
* Filter, Water removal, Acid esterificationOil Purification
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
Model and Inventory : Pre treatment and transesterification
Inputs(Castanheira & Freire, 2012)
Value Units
Oil 0.998 kg
Methanol 0.105 kg
Chloridric Acid 0.010 kg
Sodium Hidroxide 0.001 kg
Sodium methoxide 0.005 kg
Natural gas 0.560 MJ
Fuel oil 0.197 MJ
Electricity (Mix PT 2010) 0.036 kWh
Raw material
transportation – land0.023 tkm
Raw material
transportation – sea0.008 tkm
Products Values Units
Biodiesel 1 kg
Glycerin 0.119 kg
Table 4. Inventory for WCO pre treatment* Table 5. Inventory for transterification
14Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
Allocation methods
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
MethodAllocation factors
Biodiesel Glycerin
No allocation (NA)1 0
Mass allocation
(MA)0.89 0.11
Energy allocation
(EnA)0.95 0.05
Economic
allocation (EcA)0.99 0.01
Mass Allocation based on the mass flows: 0.11 kg of glycerin per kg of biodiesel produced
Energy Allocation based on the lower heating value content of biodiesel and glycerin
Economic Allocation based on actual market prices
Table 6. Allocation factors applied in biodiesel from WCO production
15
RESULTS LCIA no-allocation
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
CLIMATE CHANGE TERRESTRIAL ACIDIFICATION
FRESHWATER EUTROPHICATION MARINE EUTROPHICATION
WCO Collection Pre treatment Transesterfication
5 %
50 %
90 %
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LCIA – allocation methods
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
CLIMATE CHANGE
Allocation Method NA MA EnA EcA
NA - 11% 5% 1%
MA -11% - -6% -11%
EnA -5% 6% - -4%
EcA -1% 11% 4% -
- 11 % - 5 % - 1 %
Table 7. Variation (%) in the results by applying different allocation methods.
17
COMPARISON WITH RED GHG EMISSION VALUES
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Coimbra IntermunicipalSystem - North
IntermunicipalSystem - South
Angra do Heroísmo CoimbraRestaurants
Street Containers Door-to-Door HoReCa
Clim
ate
ch
ange
(g C
O2
eq
/MJ
Bio
die
sel)
Default GHG emissions savings defined in RED:88%
Typical GHG emissions savings defined in RED:83%
The GHG emission saving for biodiesel from WCO collected in
Portugal ranged between 81% (Households - Door-to-Door) and 89%(Households - Street containers, Intermunicipal system north).
EB =total emissions from the biofuel or bioliquid;
EF = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator (83.8 gCO2eq/MJ)𝐺𝐻𝐺 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
(𝐸𝐹 − 𝐸𝐵)
𝐸𝐹
18Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
CONCLUSIONS
• The “door-to door” system presented the higher impacts for CC.
• The intermunicipal system north presented the lower impacts for CC but the
higher impacts for TA and ME due the use of biodiesel to preform the collection.
• The system implemented in Coimbra presented the lower impacts for TA and
ME.
• Depending on the impact category and the collection system, the contribution
of the collection stage to the overall impacts can range significantly.
• For CC the contribution can be less than 5 % (intermunicipal system north) or
represent about 50% (“door-to-door” system).
• For MA, the collection stage can reach 90 % (intermunicipal system north) of
contribution to the overall impacts.
• The difference in the results by applying different allocation methods ranges
from 1% to 11 % (absolute value).
• The GHG emission saving for biodiesel from WCO collected in Portugal ranged
from 81% to 89%.
The authors would like to thank to Fundação para a Ciência e a
Tecnologia (FCT) de Portugal for support under the projects:
• Capturing Uncertainty in Biofuels for Transportation. Resolving Environmental Performanceand Enabling Improved Use. MIT/SET/0014/2009;
• Extended “well-to-wheels” assessment of biodiesel for heavy transport vehicles” (BioHeavy).PTDC/SEN-TRA/117251/2010;
• Sustainable mobility: Perspectives for the future of biofuel production. PTDC/EMS-ENE/1839/2012.
Carla Caldeira acknowledge financial support from FCT, through grants
SFR/BD/60328/2009 and SFRH/BD/51952/2012, respectively.
This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability initiative of
the University of Coimbra and supported by the R&D project EMSURE
(CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004)
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Carla Caldeiracarla.caldeira@dem.uc.pt
INESC Coimbra |ADAI-LAETA, Centre for Industrial Ecology
University of Coimbra, Portugal
http://www2.dem.uc.pt/CenterIndustrialEcology
Thank you!
SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE| 19 – 21 June, Athens
21
Renewable Energy Directice (RED)
EU DIRECTIVE n.º 2009/28/CE
on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
• Mandatory 10 % target for transport
• Sustainability criteria for biofuels
GHG emissions reduction 35% (until 2016), 50% (2017) and 60% (2018)
Land use and biodiversity
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
22
According the OECD-FAO outlook 2011-2020, the biodiesel use in the
European Union (EU) will increase by almost 85% over the projection
period and 75% of the global production is expected to come from
vegetable oil
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
23Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
REFERENCES
C. B. H. Chua, H. M. Lee, and J. S. C. Low, “Life cycle emissions and energy study of biodiesel derived from waste
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J. Dufour and D. Iribarren, “Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from free fatty acid-rich wastes,” Renew.
Energy, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 155–162, Feb. 2012.
L. Talens Peiró, L. Lombardi, G. Villalba Méndez, and X. Gabarrell i Durany, “Life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergetic
life cycle assessment (ELCA) of the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil (UCO),” Energy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp.
889–893, Feb. 2010.
T. Thamsiriroj and J. D. Murphy, “The impact of the life cycle analysis methodology on whether biodiesel produced
from residues can meet the EU sustainability criteria for biofuel facilities constructed after 2017,” Renew. Energy, vol.
36, no. 1, pp. 50–63, Jan. 2011.
M. C. McManus, “An Environmental Assessment of the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Oil : Two Case Studies,”
World Renew. Energy Congr. , Bioenergy Technol., pp. 455–462, Nov. 2011.
C. Caldeira, J. Queirós, É. Castanheira, and F. Freire, “GHG emissions analysis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in
Portugal,” Energy for Sustainability, Sustainable Cities: Designing for People and the Planet, 8-10 Sept. 2013, Coimbra
J. Jungbluth, N., Chudacoff, M., Dauriat, A., Dinkel, F., Doka, G., Faist Emmenegger, M., Gnansounou, E., Kljun, N.,
Spielmann, M., Stettler, C., Sutter, “Life Cycle Inventories of Bioenergy,” Life cycle Invent. bioenergy. Ecoinvent Rep.
.Swiss Cent. LCI, ESU. Dübendorf, CH., vol. no. 17,, 2007.
Freire F. Castanheira, É. G., “Biodiesel de Soja: Gases com Efeito de Estufa e a Relevância da Alteração de Uso dos
Solos,” III Congr. Bras. em Gestão do Ciclo Vida Prod. e Serviços “Novos desafios para um planeta sustentável,” 2012
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LCIA – allocation methods
Symbiosis International Conference | 19 – 21 June, Athens
LCA OF BIODIESEL FROM WCO PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL
CLIMATE CHANGE TERRESTRIAL ACIDIFICATION
FRESHWATER EUTROPHICATION MARINE EUTROPHICATION
Allocation Method NA MA EnA EcA
NA - 11% 5% 1%
MA -11% - -6% -11%
EnA -5% 6% - -4%
EcA -1% 11% 4% -
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