biochemistry

Atoms Elements

HONC PS make up 90% of all living organisms Monomers make up polymers

Monosaccharides Fatty acids Amino Acids Nucleotides

Biological Compounds (polymers) Carbohydrates (CH20) Lipids (CHO) 2x as many H as C, fewer O Proteins (CHONS) Nucleic Acids (CHONP)

Monomer Single unit of a macromolecule Can be linked together to form polymers

MonomerMonomer Monomer Monomer

AKA: sugars, saccharides <the movie was funny, but it had a saccharine ending in

which everyone lives happily ever after>development of saccharin -- an artificial sweetener known

today to many seasoned dieters as Sweet-n-Low. Why are they important?

Polymer: Cellulose

Polymer: Glycogen Animal energy

Monomers (C6H12O6 )Glucose - Photosynthesis Fructose - FruitGalactose – Milk

Same chemical formulaDifferent shape = isomer

Polymer : Starch Plant Energy

C6H12O6

+ C6H12O6

When H2O is created because two monomers are united, this is called a condensation reaction.

The opposite, when water is added to break a polymer apart, it is called hydrolysis.

C12H22 O11

Phospholipids Triglycerides Waxes Steroids

Type of Steroids: Cholesterol

Hormones Androgen

Corticosteroids HGH BGH

Lots of C, twice as much H, very little O Long hydrocarbon chains

Fatty acid (monomer)

Triglyceride (Fats) Saturated or unsaturated Oil (liquid) - E storage Fat (solid) - E storage, insulation, padding

-NonpolarNonpolar-HydrophobicHydrophobic

-PolarPolar-HydrophilicHydrophilic

Glycerol

TRIGLYCERIDE

Glycerol

Phosphate

PHOSPHOLIPID

Impermeable to H20, maintains cell integrity.

C, H, O, N and sometimes S Peptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer

Over twenty varieties(They differ only in the “radical” group)

RRRadical GroupRadical Group

CC

HH

NNHH

HHCC

OO

OO HH

Enzymes are a type of protein Lower the activation

energy for chemical reactions

Are reusable Phenylketonuria

Neurological disease Lack of enzyme Phenylalanine hydroxlase

Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine hydroxlase

Proteins are polymers comprised of amino acids

Structural examples Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Cell membrane proteins

C, H, O, N, and P Nucleotide (nucleic acid monomer)

Monosaccharide Ribose or Deoxyribose

Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group

Nucleic Acid PolymersRNA

Protein synthesisDNA

Primary genetic info

1. List the 6 elements common to all organisms 2. Name four organic compounds 3. Describe the amount of elements found in a carbohydrate

monomer. 4. Name 3 carbohydrate monomers 5. Name 3 carbohydrate polymers 6. Name the polymer for each monomer

A. nucleotide C. Fatty acid B. monosaccharide D. Amino acid

7. Draw a rough outline of what a nucleic acid monomer and a carbohydrate monomer would look like.

8. What elements are in a nucleic acid monomer?