bio f4 chap 2 cell structure and cell organisatio
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7/30/2019 Bio f4 Chap 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisatio
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CHAPTER 2
CELL STRUCTURE
AND
CELL ORGANISATION
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1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus
3. Ribosome
4. Vesicle
5. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum 6. Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
7. Cytoskeleton
8. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
9. Mitochondrion
10. Vacuole
11. Cytoplasm
12. Lysosome
13. Centriole
Diagram of a typical animal cell. Organelles
are labelled as follows:
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Organelle Main function Structure Organisms Notes
chloroplast (plastid)
photosynthesis double-membranecompartment
plants,protists
has some genes
endoplasmic reticulum
translation and foldingof new proteins (roughendoplasmicreticulum), expressionof lipids (smoothendoplasmicreticulum)
single-membranecompartment
alleukaryotes
rough endoplasmicreticulum is covered withribosomes, has folds thatare flat sacs; smoothendoplasmic reticulum hasfolds that are tubular
Golgiapparatus
sorting andmodification of proteins
single-membranecompartment
alleukaryotes
cis-face (convex) nearestto rough endoplasmicreticulum; trans-face(concave) farthest fromrough endoplasmicreticulum
mitochondrion
energy productiondouble-membranecompartment
mosteukaryotes
has some DNA
vacuole storage, homeostasis single-membranecompartment
eukaryotes
nucleus DNA maintenance, double-
membraneall
has bulk of enome
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Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components
Organelle Main function Structure Organisms
centriole anchor for cytoskeleton Microtubule protein animals
cilium movement in or of external
mediumMicrotubule protein
animals, protists,
few plants
lysosome
breakdown of large molecules
(e.g., proteins +polysaccharides)
single-membrane
compartment most eukaryotes
myofibril muscular contraction bundled filaments animals
nucleolus ribosome production protein-DNA-RNA most eukaryotes
ribosome translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein
eukaryotes,
prokaryotes
vesicle material transportsingle-membrane
compartmentall eukaryotes
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• Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria, and aresurrounded by twospecialized membranes. In
plants and some other eukaryotes, chloroplasts arethe sites of photosynthesis,a process in whichatmospheric carbon dioxide
is "fixed" into organiccompounds, and oxygen isreleased into theatmosphere
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• Mitochondria are small, oval shaped
organelles surrounded by two highlyspecialized membranes. Mitochondria are thesites of aerobic respiration, and are generallythe major energy production center ineukaryotes
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• Cell Organisation
1. Organism can be categorised as unicellular or
multicellular
2. Unicellular organism are organism with just one
cell, for example Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp .
3. Multicellular organisms are made up of more than
one cell
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Amoeba proteus
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The Amoeba sp. Exhibits various living processes asfollows:
a) Feeding
b) Locomotion c) Reproduction Feeding
1. Amoeba sp. feeds on bacteria and algae much smaller than
itself.2. When the amoeba sp comes in contact with its food, it puts its pseudopodia all around the food to enclose it in a drop of water, forming a food vacuole
3. The cytoplasm secrete enzymes into the food vacuole to digest the food.4. The digested substances are absorbed into the cytoplasm
while the undigested material are removed when the vacuole comes in contact with the plasma membrane and
breaks
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Locomotion
• The amoeba moves by putting out new pseudopodia in
front withdrawing other behind.• Movement by means of pseudopodia is known as
amoeboid movement
•
The shape of the amoeba changes as it move.
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Reproduction • The amoeba reproduce mainly by binary fission • Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction which
does not involve the fusion of gametes.• When food is abundant, the amoeba reproduces by binary
fission. When the amoeba reaches a maximum size, the nucleus divides into two and the cytoplasm constrict, forming two new amoeba.
• The amoeba does not reproduce sexually.
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Cell specialisation in multicellular organism• Being multicellular not only enables organisms to be larger,
it also enables their to become specialised.
• Each type of cell specialiseds in performing a particular function, for example the red blood cell in animal transports oxygen and the xylem vessel in plant transports water and mineral salt. This is known as division of
labour.• The division of labour permits greater efficiency and
enables multicellular organisms to exploit environments that are denied to unicellular organisms. Foe example, only
multicellular organisms can adapt to life in terrestrial environment.
• Multicellular organisms have a great potential for cell specialisation, leading to the development of tissues and
organ
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Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organ and systems in
the multicellular organism
• The study of cells is known as cytology
Level of organisation meaning
Cell The smallest unit of life capable of carrying
out all the function of living things.Tissue A group of cells of the same type that
perform a specific function in an organism.
Organ Several type of tissue that carry out a
particular function
Organ system Several organ working together to perform a
function
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cell Function
Muscle cell Able to contract and relax and are involve in
movement
White blood cell Involves in defence of the body against
diseases
Sperm Fertilises the ovum
Red blood cell Transport oxygen
Nerve cell Receive and sends out nerve impulses
Some of the human cell and their functions
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cell Function
Parenchyma cell For support and storage
Xylem vessel
element
Transports water and mineral salt
Sieve tube element Transports organic product of photosynthesis
Companion cell Regulates the metabolic activity of sieve
tube element
Epidermal cell For protection and covering of other cells
beneath
Some of the human cell and their functions
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Tissue Function Example
Epithelial tissue Forms thin sheets that line and cover body structure; the function depends on its location in an organ
Ciliated cells that line the respiratory tract
Connective tissue Holds the body together Bone, cartilage, blood,tendon, ligament
Muscular tissue Contract to produce movement
Skeletal muscles,smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle Nervous tissue Conduct nerve impulses Densely packed nerve
cells
Humans and animal tissues
• The study of tissues is known as histology
• In human and animal, there are four basic types of tissuesc
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Tissue Function Example
Epidermis Covers and protects underlying tissues from drying
out and form mechanical abrasions
Epidermis of leaves,cork layer of stems
and roots
Ground tissue Chief functions are to store food and to provide support
Parenchyma at the cortex and pith
Vascular tissue Distribute water, mineral salts and photosynthetic
products throughout the plant
Xylem, phloem
Plant tissues
• There are three major plant tissues; epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue
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• Organ consists of several types of tissues and it is
specialised to perform a specific function
• Example of human organ include heart, stomach, kidney,
liver and blood vessels
• Organ system consists of a group of organs which
carryout major function such as respiratory, nutrition and other
• There are 12 organ system in human.
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Circulatory system
Function;Transport material such as
nutrient, gases, metabolic
waste and heat around the
body
Organs and structure;
hear, blood vessels
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Function; provides a means for
gaseous exchange, that is
oxygen
Organs and structure;
hear, blood vessels
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Function;
Breaks down complex food
into simple substance for
easy absorption by body
cells
Organs and structure;mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, intestine, rectum
and anus
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Excretory system
Function;
Discard toxic waste
product
Organs and structure;
Liver, kidney, urinary
bladder
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Intergumentary System
Function;• Physically separates the
body from the external
environment
• Protects the body against mechanical injuries,
microbial infection and
dehydration
Organs and structure;
Skin
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Skeletal System
Function;
Provides bodily support and
protection to soft internal
organs
Organs and structure;
skull, rib cage, humerus,backbone, ulna, radius,
femur, fibula and tibia
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Muscular System
Function;
help in movement of the
body
Organs and structure;
all muscle..
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Lymphatic System
Function;
• Defend the body against
infection
• Return excess tissue fluid to the
blood
Organs and structure;
all muscle..
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Endocrine System
Function;
produces hormone that
control the bodily activities Organs and structure;
Pituitary gland, adrenal
gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, testes and ovaries.
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Female reproductive system
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C ll i ti
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Cell organisation
Plant tissue
•
Meristematic tissue consist of small cells whichhave thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasmand no vacuoles.
• Apical meristems are located at the tips of
roots and the bud of shoots. The tissuesundergo mitotic cell division to increase thenumber of cell division to increase the number
of cell for plant growth.• Lateral meristems or cambium are found in the
peripheral areas of stem and roots. They areresponsible for secondary growth which adds
girth to the plants.
Permanent tissues
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Permanent tissues• Permanent tissues consist of more mature cells that
are either undergoing differentiation or have already
undergone differentiation.• There are three types of permanent tissuesa) Epidermal tissues• forms a layer to cover the entire surface of the plants
and protects the surface of plants• Protect the underlying tissues from physical damageinfection
• Reduce water loss
b) Ground tissues• Provide support and strengthens the plantsc) Vascular tissues• Transport water and food
• Provide support
The importance of maintaining an optimal
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The importance of maintaining an optimal
internal environment in cells1. The self-regulation of the internal environment of
organisms have or cells is called homeostasis
2. Multicellular organisms have a series or organ andsystems that functional in homeostasis
3. For a multicellular organisms to function efficiently,other factors in the internal environment also have tobe maintained within narrow limits. Examples of these factors include the volume of water,
temperature, acidity and concentration of salts.4. Homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of
health and its breakdown will inevitably result in
disease
Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell
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Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell
1. Each cell is unique and its organelles are specialised toperform specific roles to carry out the cell mechanisms
2. With the division of labour among the different types of cells, it ensures the efficient and smooth functioning of the life processes in the body and the survival of the
organism.3. The function of intracellular organelles such as
mitochondria, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulumalso depend on the integrity of their cell membrane
(explain the function of each organelles)4. Generally, any damage to the cell parts or organelles
can effect the cell’s activities and this could be
d i l h ll i ld l d ll d h
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