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Technology and Market Trends in Millimeter Waves
Doug Lockie
President, Endgate Associates
April 27, 2012
IEEE PHoenix
Atmospheric Attenuation vs. Altitude for US Std Conditions
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.00E+00 1.00E+11 2.00E+11 3.00E+11 4.00E+11 5.00E+11 6.00E+11 7.00E+11 8.00E+11 9.00E+11 1.00E+12
Frequency (Hz)
Att
enua
tion
(dB
/km
)
0 ft
5000 ft
10000 ft
15000 ft
20000 ft
25000 ft
30000 ft
35000 ft
40000 ft
45000 ft
50000 ft
55000 ft
60000 ft
Presenters Background
Atmospheric Attenuation Defines Applications for Millimeter Waves
Atmospheric Attenuation vs. Altitude for US Std Conditions
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.00E+00 1.00E+11 2.00E+11 3.00E+11 4.00E+11 5.00E+11 6.00E+11 7.00E+11 8.00E+11 9.00E+11 1.00E+12
Frequency (Hz)
Att
enua
tion
(dB
/km
)
0 ft
5000 ft
10000 ft
15000 ft
20000 ft
25000 ft
30000 ft
35000 ft
40000 ft
45000 ft
50000 ft
55000 ft
60000 ftLoss to 100 dB/Km Provides Terrestrial Value
Antenna Size Vs Frequency
1 Inch Antenna 8 Degrees - 26 dBi
Size for a 1 Degree Beam
Link Margin
Transmit Power
(10 - 40 dBm)
Transmit Antenna Gain (40 to 56 dB)
Path Loss (134 dB, one mile)
Path Loss With Rain (50 dB, one mile)
Rx Antenna (40-56dB)
Noise Floor
Link Margin
1 Gbit
3 Gbit
10 Gbit
Noise Figure
(W Band) Path Loss at 50
feet is 97 dB
Overview
Technology
Spectrum
Markets
Millimeter Wave Technology Drivers
• GaN Power@ 100 GHz
• Silicon @ Millimeter Wave
• Massive Spaceborne Antennas
• Next Generation Electronic Steering
• Progress Driven by Cell Phones • 2 Billion Units/Year
• Now A Computer
• Millimeter Waves Draft
18 Inch Silicon
Intel 14 nm Fab
($5 Billion Investment
Millimeter Wave Spectrum Activity White Space Pulling Backhaul Data Rate
Automotive Radar 77 GHz,120 GHz and 170 GHz
28 GHz, 38 GHz Area Licenses For Backhaul and Millimeter Wave Mobility
Above 100 GHz Rulemaking Efforts
(Buy A Radio Astronomer Coffee)
Android, iPhone Driving Gb/s Data Rate on Handheld Platforms
Millimeter Wave Markets
• Terrestrial Point to Point • Long Haul - Backhaul
» Ericsson 300,000 radios/year » Huawei/NEC 200,000 radio/year
• Micro Cell Interconnect – 200 Meter » 1-2 Million Links/year
Radar • 77 GHz, 120 GHz, 170 GHz – 5-15 Million/yr
• Millimeter Wave Mobility • 60 GHz , Above 100 GHz, 28 GHz, 38 GHz • Cell Access Growing 20X to 180X Within 5 Years • Lower Frequency Bits/Hz Limit (10 b/Hz – 20 b/Hz) • MMWave Practical for 100 Ft Mobile Range
Satellite Market Impact
Early Satellite Market
Introduction Of Fiber Optics
Introduction Of Millimeter Waves
(W Band, Projected) Time
Value
W Band FCC Ruling Opened Market Segment
Progress For Satellite Applications • 2003: FCC authorized 13 GHz of Spectrum
• 71-76 GHz
• 81-86 GHz
• 92-95 GHz
• Dual Use – Government/Commercial
• Dual Use – Terrestrial/Space
• 7000 links Deployed Worldwide (Terrestrial)
• Link Cost @ 1 Gb/s 2004: $85K 2012: $15K
• Spectrum 5 Plans Spacecraft Use
Millimeter Wave Satellite Market
Just Possibly The Largest Growth “New
Segment” In Millimeter Waves !!
Satellite Market Drivers • Direct Broadcast
• $45 Billion US Market (DirecTV, Dish Networks)
• Presently Receive 5 Satellites to Satisfy HD Demand
• Spectrum 5 New Entrant
• Commercial Two Way Telecom • Internet Access (DircectPC, ViaSat)
• Point to Point Telecom
• Military • Demands Higher Data Rate-Anti Jam
• Note: Lots of applications – Question “Who Will Put Up $7 Billion For Development?”
For Antenna Performance – Bigger is Better
• Telstar – 0.5 Foot Antenna
• Ground Station – 85 Feet (230,000 lbs)
Satellite Antenna Size History
Telstar 0.5 ft
Syncom 1 ft
ViaSat 1 12 ft
Inmarsat 4 60 ft
300 ft Antenna – 25X Area Increase
Large Antenna 300 ft
Performance Above 20 GHz For Unfurlable Antenna
Large Spaceborne Antenna
• Huge Technology Advantage
• Problem: Launch of a “Radio Telescope” • Conventional Rocket Launch – Deployed Antenna at top
of Rocket Potentially Aerodynamic Instability in Wind Shear
• Aerodynamic Drag at High Q Conditions Enroute to Altitude
Big Antenna – Small Earth Footprint W-Band Example
• 100 Meter Satellite Antenna – 0.5 Meter Earth Terminal Antenna 95 dB Gain Spaceborne Antenna – 50 dB Gain Earth Terminal
• 0.003 Degree Beamwidth (3 dB)
• 1 Watt Transmitter Power (W Band)
• 1.2 Mile Earth Footprint
• Nominal 400 Spot Beams/NFL City
• Interesting Anti-Jam Capability
Spectrum Five 1-A Satellite
Downlink Spot Beam Antennas
CONUS Beam Antenna
Uplink Antenna
^
Spectrum 5 Throughput
Band Sat Slots
Bandwidth Number Spots
System Throughput
Ku BSS (12 GHz)
1 1 GHz 20 10 Gbps
Reverse (17 GHz)
5 800 MHz 50 50 Gbps
E-Band (71-76 GHz) (81-86 GHz)
TBD 10 GHz 100-1000
2-25 Tbps
Note : Viasat-1 (just announced) has 100 Gbps throughput
Large Antenna Impact On Spacecraft
^
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept
300 ft
40 – 50 ft
Antenna Reflector Sperical - Parabaloid
Fairing
Stowed Feed/Electronics In Folded Position
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept
Payload
Main Rocket – 3rd Stage
1st and 2nd Stage Rockets
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept
Deployed Feed/Electronics Structure
Reflector
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept
Reflector
Deployed Feed/Electronics Structure
80,000 Simultaneous Beams
1.5 Mile Spot Beam
Up to 20 Gb/s Per Beam
Enables Next Generation Internet Access
Enables Next Generation Anti Jam
Enables Hand Held High Data Rate Space Access
Fly Assembled Antenna to Atmosphere Edge
Design Aircraft to Fly Assembled 100 Meter Antenna To 100K -150K Feet Ascent Phase at Low Speed, Drag Effects Are Minimized At High Altitude And Low Air Mass, Rocket Inititiation To High Speed (Mach 25-Mach 27) Experiences Insignificant Drag Proteus Aircraft is Purpose Built Custom Aircraft Example
Limitations of Conventional Aircraft Architecture
• 300 Foot Antenna Payload Drives 1,200 Foot Wingspan
• For Example, Stratolaunch
Limitations of Conventional Aircraft Architecture
• 300 Foot Antenna Payload Drives 1,200 Foot Wingspan
• For Example, Stratolaunch
New Aircraft Concept Ideal For Airborne Segment
Radical Blended Canard Design
Unprecedented Stability
Circular Aircraft Body
Aerobat Architecture Appears Ideal for Large Spaceborne Antenna Payload Fit
• 300 Foot Antenna
• 400- 450 Foot Airframe
• Compare with 1200 Foot Wingspan Conventional A/C
Rocket
Antenna
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