architecting a business process environment
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Sandy Kemsley l www.column2.com l @skemsley
Architecting A Business
Process Environment
Aligning BPM and EA
My History in BPM
l Mid-late 80’s: from satellite imaging to
document imaging to workflow
l Early 90’s: desktop imaging/workflow
product
l Mid-late 90’s: integrate imaging, workflow,
EAI and e-commerce systems
l 2000-1: FileNet (now IBM) BPM evangelist
l 2002-now: process architect and BPM
industry analyst
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My BPM Calling Card
l Column2.com: “a blog about BPM,
Enterprise 2.0 and technology trends in
business”
l Community of up to 3,000/day
l Best known for:l Conference blogging
l Product reviews
l Independent opinions
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Agenda
l What is Enterprise Architecture?
l What is Business Process Management?
l EA-BPM Relationships and Synergies
l Model Types and Interactions
l Using BPMN 2.0 (Business Process Model
and Notation)
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Definitions, Synergies and
Benefits
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What is EA?
EA is the process of translating business vision
and strategy into effective organizational change
by creating, communicating and improving the key
requirements, principles and models that describe
the organization’s future state and enable its
evolution.
Gartner
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What Is EA?
1. A formal description of a system, or a
detailed plan of the system at a
component level to guide its
implementation
- OR -
2. The structure of components, their inter-
relationships, and the principles and
guidelines governing their design and
evolution over time
TOGAFCopyright Kemsley Design Ltd., 2011 7
What Is EA?
An architectural discipline that merges
strategic business and IT objectives with
opportunities for change and governs the
resulting change initiatives
IBM
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EA Defined
l Strategy (evolutionary path) to achieve
desired business future state
l Artefacts for documenting and
communicating strategy
l Many methodologies/frameworks: may be
a process, a taxonomy or a practice
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EA Goals
l Enterprise planningl Describe current and future state of the
structure of an enterprise
l Business-IT alignmentl Links between business/technology artefacts
l Business visibility and measurement
l Change-friendly capability deliveryl Adaptable and agile for continuous change
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What is BPM?
BPM is a management discipline that treats
processes as assets that directly contribute to
enterprise performance by driving operational
excellence and business process agility.
BPM employs methods, policies, metrics,
management practices and software tools to
continuously optimize the organization’s
processes to improve business performance
against goals and objectives
Gartner
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BPM Defined
l A management discipline for improving
cross-functional business processes
l The methods and technology tools used to
manage and optimize business processes
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BPM Goals
l Efficiencyl Automating steps and handoffs
l Integrating systems and data sources
l Compliancel Achieving and proving standardization
l Agilityl Changing processes quickly and easily
l Visibilityl See what’s happening in a process
Overlapping, Not Concentric
EA
• Strategy
• Targets
• Models
BPM
• Models
• Execution
• Metrics
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Linking EA and BPM
l Connect EA strategy and BPM execution
tacticsl EA shows what needs to be done to get from
strategy to execution
l BPM is an accelerator that turns EA concepts
into BPM initiatives to facilitate that goal
l Natural synergy from planning to solution
delivery
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Sharing Between EA and BPM:
Participants
l Chief architect
l Business architect
l Process architect
l Each needs to participate in both EA team
and BPM center of excellence (CoE)
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Sharing Between EA and BPM:
Activities
l End-to-end enterprise process modelling
l Conceptual and logical process design
l Establish process standards
l Establish and maintain artefact repository
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Sharing Between EA and BPM:
Key Models
l Process modelsl Functional flow between people and systems
l Organizational modelsl Roles, skills, hierarchy
l Data modelsl Information structures shared by systems
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Sharing Between EA and BPM:
Goals and Performance Indicators
l EA creates targets for business
measurementl Future state models
l Requirements and principles
l BPM feeds back metrics to assess EA
targetsl Inform and improve planning with actual
performance data
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EA-BPM Additional Benefits
l EA helps BPM to evolve from a project to a
centre of excellence (CoE)l Widen scope to holistic end-to-end processes
l Sharing of resources, artefacts and repositories
l Encourage governance and standards
l BPM encourages process thinking in EAl Focus on end-to-end processes
l Push for service-oriented architecture
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EA and BPM: Better Together
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From IBM White Paper: “Continuous improvement with BPM and EA Together”
Separation of Concerns
l Scheduling:l Enterprise planning versus solution delivery
l Ongoing activities versus project-specific
l Artefacts:l Suitability for planning versus design
l Shared versus one-way translation versus bi-
directional round-trip
l Usability for different audiences
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Model Types And Interactions
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Horizontal and Vertical Model
Alignment
l Linking process models to other model
types in a taxonomy:l Data
l Organizational
l Security
l Rules
l Events
l Process models: levels and usages
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Copyright Kemsley Design Ltd., 2011 25From IBM White Paper: “Continuous improvement with BPM and EA Together”
A Taxonomy Of EA Models
(Zachman)
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Data
(What)
Function
(How)
Network
(Where)
People
(Who)
Time
(When)
Motivation
(Why)
Scope List of Things List of
Processes
List of
Locations
List of
Organizations
List of Cycles List of Goals
Business
Model
Business
Entity Model
Business
Process
Model
Business
Network
Model
Business
Workflow
Model
Business
Event Model
Business
Strategy
Model
System
Model
Logical Data
Model
System
Process
Model
System
Network
Model
Human
Interface
Architecture
System Event
Diagram
Business
Rule Model
Technology
Model
Physical
Data Model
Application
Structure
Chart
Network
Technology
Model
Presentation
Architecture
Technology
Event
Diagram
Rule Design
Model
Components Data
Components
Program
Components
Network
Components
Interface
Components
Event
Components
Rule
Specifications
Interrelated Model Types
l Process models
l Organizational models
l Data models
l Security models
l Event models
l Rules models
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Process
Data
Organization
SecurityRules
Events
Linking Process and Data Models
l Process activities require data input/outputl Information presented to or gathered from
person
l Data passed to or from automated service
l Process design includes process instance
data modell Subset of enterprise data model
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Linking Process, Organizational
and Security Models
l Process activities require specific skills or
security access levels
l Process activities assigned to roles
l Process activities may use implied
organizational hierarchy
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Linking Process and Rule Models
l Process decisions represent business rulesl Branching/routing decisions
l Data validation
l Get/set data values
l Rules can be externalized as decision
services, or inherent in process model
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Linking Process and Event
Models
l Events are external actions (information or
control) that impact that processl Event triggers a process
l Process triggers an event
l Event interrupts or diverts process
l Events increase process responsiveness to
changing conditions
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Process Model Levels
l EAl Strategy: processes linked to business
motivation and strategies
l BPMl Documentation: implementation-independent
models for as-is/to-be analysis
l Implementation: model-driven design in a BPM
system (BPMS)
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Different Perspectives on Process
Models
l Different modelling tools:l Process modelling in EA tool
l Standalone business process analysis (BPA)
tool
l Visio and other unstructured environments
l Business perspective in BPMS tool
l Technical/design perspective in BPMS tool
l Translations between perspectives and
tools
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BPMN 2.0 In Practice
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Why BPMN?
l OMG-supported standard
l Support by many tool vendors
l Training and certification programs
l Ongoing enhancements in BPMN 2.0:l Advanced event modelling
l Serialization for model interchange
l Execution semantics
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BPMN: The Rosetta Stone of
Process
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l Enables
communication
between different
audiences:l Business users
l Business analysts
l Technical
implementers
BPMN Is Simple...
l Activity
l Gateway
l Event
l Data
Source: http://bpmb.de/poster
The BPMN 2.0 Problem
l More than 100 elements
l Unlikely to be fully understood by most
experts, much less users
l Unlikely to be fully supported by most
vendors
l Has led to rejection of BPMN in favor of
“simpler” modeling paradigms
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Source: M. zur Muehlen,
Stevens Institute of
Technology
The BPMN 2.0 Solution
l Not everyone needs to learn everything
l Group BPMN elements into sets used by
different personasl Business user
l Business analyst
l Architect/developer
l Each level adds more detail to model
SIMPLE
sequenceFlow
Task (none)
subProcess(embed)
exclusiveGateway
parallelGateway
startEvent (none)
endEvent (none)
DESCRIPTIVE
Pool
Lane
messageFlow
userTask
serviceTask
Re-Usable subProcess
dataObject
dataInput
dataOutput
textAnnotation
Association
dataAssociation
dataStore
messageStartEvent
messageEndEvent
timerStartEvent
terminateEndEvent
DODAF
Plus 29 elements
COMPLETE
Plus 50 elements
BPMN 2.0 Subclasses:
Early Version
Source: Workflow Management Coalition’s “Update on BPMN Release 2.0”
BPMN 2.0 Conformance
Subclasses
l Descriptivel Visible elements for high-level models
l Used by business analysts
l Analyticl All of Descriptive plus elements for DoDAF
enterprise architecture models
l Common Executablel All of analytic plus elements for executable
models
Descriptive Subclass
l participant (pool)
l laneSet
l sequenceFlow (unconditional)
l messageFlow
l exclusiveGateway
l parallelGateway
l task (None)
l userTask
l serviceTask
l subProcess (expanded)
l subProcess (collapsed)
l callActivity
l dataObject
l textAnnotation
l association/dataAssociation
l dataStoreReference
l startEvent (None)
l endEvent (None)
l messageStartEvent
l messageEndEvent
l timerStartEvent
l terminateEndEvent
l documentation
l group
Pool
Lane
Message
Flow
Message
Start Event
Message
End Event
User
Task
Data
ObjectSub
Process(Collapsed)
Service
Task
Data
Association
Call
Activity(Collapsed)
Text
AnnotationAssociation
Source: Workflow Management Coalition’s “Update on BPMN Release 2.0”
Descriptive Subclass Example
Source: Workflow Management Coalition’s “Update on BPMN Release 2.0”
Data
Store
Descriptive Subclass Example
Analytic Subclassl sequenceFlow
(conditional)
l sequenceFlow (default)
l sendTask
l receiveTask
l Looping Activity
l MultiInstance Activity
l exclusiveGateway
l inclusiveGateway
l eventBasedGateway
l signalStartEvent
l signalEndEvent
l errorEndEvent
l message
l Plus: Intermediate
events
Analytic Subclass: Intermediate
Eventsl Catching message
l Throwing message
l Boundary message
l Non-interrupting
Boundary message
l Catching timer
l Boundary timer
l Non-interrupting
Boundary timer
l Boundary error
l Non-interrupting
Boundary escalation
l Throwing escalation
l escalationEndEvent
l Catching signal
l Throwing signal
l Boundary signal
l Non-interrupting
Boundary signal
l condtionalStartEvent
l Catching conditional
l Boundary conditional
l Non-interrupting
Boundary conditional
The Analyst’s Dilemma
l Descriptive is a manageable subset
l Analytic is too much, except for serious
process experts
l Some of the event concepts in analytic
subset are required for analysis and
modeling
Modeling Events In Processes
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Example: Event-Driven Financial
Process
l Scenario: loan origination documents
l Customer documents created or gathered
in front office
l Transactions created by front office
l Back office verifies documents against
transactions
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Event-Driven Process
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What Do Business Users Really
Need?
l Smaller subset of elements (?)l Depends on user skills/aptitude
l Comprehension of BPMN without
necessarily being able to model:l Work with analysts to capture processes
l Review and approve models, with a cheat sheet
or generous annotation
A Hierarchy Of Process Models
l Different perspectives from EA to BPM:l Milestones: major phases
l Handoffs: transitions between roles and organizations
l Decisions: major decision points and exception paths
l Procedures: requirements-level view of process
(zur Muehlen on BEA and DoDAF)
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Summary
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BPM In An EA Context
l Defining BPM and EA
l Synergiesl Participants
l Activities
l Models
l Goals
l Model types and interactions
l Using BPMN for process modelling
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Questions?
Sandy Kemsley
Kemsley Design Ltd.
email: sandy@kemsleydesign.com
blog: www.column2.com
twitter: @skemsley
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