ap biology lab review ap biology big idea 3: genetics and information transfer

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Lab Review

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Big Idea 3: genetics and information transfer

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis Concepts:

Cell Cycle (G1 S G2 M) Control of cell cycle (checkpoints)

Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) Mitosis vs. Meiosis Crossing over genetic diversity

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis Description:

Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads) How environment affects mitosis of plant roots

Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus Root stimulating powder Count # cells in interphase, mitosis

Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations) Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

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Abnormal karyotype = Cancer

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Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I

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Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria)

Arrangement of ascospores

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Sordaria Analysis

% crossovertotal crossover

total offspring=

distance fromcentromere

% crossover

2=

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Lab 8: Bacterial TransformationConcepts: Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from

surroundings Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes

Replicates separately from bacteria DNA Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO

plasmid

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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation

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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation

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Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation Conclusions:

Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid) Ampicillin = Selecting agent

No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Concepts: Restriction Enzymes

Cut DNA at specific locations Gel Electrophoresis

DNA is negatively charged Smaller fragments travel faster

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Description

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Determine DNA fragment sizes

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Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Conclusions: Restriction enzymes cut at specific

locations (restriction sites) DNA is negatively charged Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than

larger fragments Relative size of DNA fragments can be

determined by distance travelled Use standard curve to calculate size

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Big Idea 4: interactions

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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Concepts:

Energy from sunlight drives photosynthesis (store E in organic compounds)

Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured But some energy is used for respiration (R) Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R

Energy flows! (but matter cycles) Producers consumers

Biomass = mass of dry weight

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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics

Pyramid of EnergyPyramid of BiomassPyramid of Numbers

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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Description:

Brassica (cabbage) cabbage white butterfly larvae (caterpillars)

Lab 10: Energy Dynamics

Measuring Biomass: Cabbage mass lost Caterpillar mass gained Caterpillar frass (poop) dry mass

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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Conclusions:

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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Conclusions:

Energy is lost (respiration, waste) Conservation of Mass Input = Output

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Lab 11: Transpiration

Concepts: Transpiration

Xylem Water potential Cohesion-tension hypothesis

Stomata & Guard cells Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of

transpiration

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Lab 11: Transpiration

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Lab 11: Transpiration Description:

Determine relationship between leaf surface area, # stomata, rate of transpiration Nail polish stomatal peels

Effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind),

light intensity

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Analysis of Stomata

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Rates of Transpiration

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Lab 11: Transpiration Conclusions:

transpiration: wind, light transpiration: humidity Density of stomata vs. transpiration Leaf surface area vs. transpiration

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior

Concepts: Experimental design

IV, DV, control, constants Control vs. Experimental Hypothesis

innate vs. learned behavior choice chambers

temperature humidity light intensity salinity other factors

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior

Description: Investigate relationship between

environmental factors vs. behavior Betta fish agonistic behavior Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior Pillbug kinesis

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior

Hypothesis Development Poor:

I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber.

Better: If pillbugs are randomly placed on two sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found on the wet side because they prefer moist environments.

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior

Experimental Design sample size

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Lab 12: Animal Behavior Data Analysis:

Chi-Square Test Null hypothesis: there is no difference

between the conditions Degrees of Freedom = n-1 At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value accept null

hypothesis (any differences between observed and expected due to CHANCE)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity Concepts:

Enzyme Structure (active site, allosteric site) Lower activation energy

Substrate product Proteins denature (structure/binding site

changes)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity Description:

Determine which factors affecting rate of enzyme reaction

H2O2 H2O + O2

Measure rate of O2 production

catalase

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Turnip peroxidase Color change (O2 produced)

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Lab 13: Enzyme Activity Conclusions:

Enzyme reaction rate affected by: pH (acids, bases) Temperature Substrate concentration Enzyme concentration

Calculate Rate of Reaction

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Any Questions??