analyzing the effects of policy reforms on the poor: an evaluation of the effectiveness of world...
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8/9/2019 Analyzing the Effects of Policy Reforms on the Poor: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of World Bank Support to P
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Fkfcyzakb thd Dggdmts
og ^ocamy \dgorjs ok thd ^oor
Fk Dvfcuftaok og thd Dggdmtavdkdss og Rorc` Lfke]upport to ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds
Fkfcyzakb thd Dggdmts
og ^ocamy \dgorjs ok thd ^oor
Fk Dvfcuftaok og thd Dggdmtavdkdss og Rorc` Lfke]upport to ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds
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RO\EAKB GO\ F RO\C@ G\DD OG ^OWD\PQ
Phd Rorc` Lfke Broup moksasts og gavd akstatutaoksthd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt
(AL\@), thd Aktdrkftaokfc Gakfkmd Morporftaok (AGM), thd Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt Fssomaftaok (A@F), thd
Juctacftdrfc Akvdstjdkt Bufrfktdd Fbdkmy (JABF), fk` thd Aktdrkftaokfc Mdktrd gor thd ]dttcdjdkt og Akvdstjdkt
@asputds (AM]A@). Ats jassaok as to gabht povdrty gor cfstakb rdsucts fk` to hdcp pdopcd hdcp thdjsdcvds fk` thdar
dkvarokjdkt ly prova`akb rdsourmds, shfrakb ekowcd`bd, luac`akb mfpfmaty, fk` gorbakb pfrtkdrshaps ak thd pulcam
fk` pravftd sdmtors.
PHD RO\C@ LFKE B\OT^
AJ^\OWAKB @DWDCO^JDKP \D]TCP] PH\OTBH DXMDCCDKMD AK DWFCTFPAOK
Phd Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB) as fk ak`dpdk`dkt, thrdd-pfrt ukat wathak thd Rorc` Lfke Broup.
ADB-Rorc` Lfke as mhfrbd` wath dvfcuftakb thd fmtavatads og thd AL\@ (Phd Rorc` Lfke) fk` A@F, ADB-AGM gomusds ok
fssdssjdkt og AGMs wore towfr` pravftd sdmtor `dvdcopjdkt, fk` ADB-JABF dvfcuftds thd moktralutaoks og JABF
bufrfktdd proidmts fk` sdrvamds. ADB rdports `ardmtcy to thd Lfkes Lofr` og @ardmtors throubh thd @ardmtor-Bdkdrfc,
Dvfcuftaok.
Phd bofcs og dvfcuftaok frd to cdfrk groj dxpdradkmd, to prova`d fk olidmtavd lfsas gor fssdssakb thd rdsucts og thd
Lfke Broups wore, fk` to prova`d fmmouktflacaty ak thd fmhadvdjdkt og ats olidmtavds. At fcso ajprovds Lfke Broup
wore ly a`dktagyakb fk` assdjakftakb thd cdssoks cdfrkd` groj dxpdradkmd fk` ly grfjakb rdmojjdk`ftaoks rfwk
groj dvfcuftaok gak`akbs.
PHD AK@D^DK@DKP DWFCTFPAOK B\OT^
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^raktd` ok \dmymcd` ^fpdr
6> Phd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke
6868 H ]trddt KR
Rfshakbtok @M 0==
Pdcdphokd9 >>
Aktdrkdt9 www.worc`lfke.orb
D-jfac9 gdd`lfmeNworc`lfke.orb
Fcc rabhts rdsdrvd`
6 < = 0 6= 6< 66 6>
Phas vocujd as f pro`umt og thd stfgg og thd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke. Phd gak`akbs, aktdrprdtftaoks,
fk` mokmcusaoks dxprdssd` ak thas vocujd `o kot kdmdssfracy rdgcdmt thd vadws og thd Dxdmutavd @ardmtors og Phd Rorc` Lfke or thd bovdrkjdkts
thdy rdprdsdkt.
Phd Rorc` Lfke ods kot bufrfktdd thd fmmurfmy og thd ftf akmcu`d` ak thas wore. Phd louk`frads, mocors, dkojakftaoks, fk` othdr akgorjf-
taok showk ok fky jfp ak thas wore o kot ajpcy fky iu`bdjdkt ok thd pfrt og Phd Rorc` Lfke mokmdrkakb thd cdbfc stftus og fky tdrratory or thd
dk`orsdjdkt or fmmdptfkmd og sumh louk`frads.
\abhts fk` ^drjassaoks
Phd jftdrafc ak thas pulcamftaok as mopyrabhtd`. Mopyakb fk`/or trfksjattakb portaoks or fcc og thas wore wathout pdrjassaok jfy ld f vaocftaok og
fppcamflcd cfw. Phd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke dkmourfbds `assdjakftaok og ats wore fk` wacc korjfccy
brfkt pdrjassaok to rdpro`umd portaoks og thd wore projptcy.
Gor pdrjassaok to photomopy or rdprakt fky pfrt og thas wore, pcdfsd sdk` f rdqudst wath mojpcdtd akgorjftaok to thd Mopyrabht Mcdfrfkmd
Mdktdr Akm., >5 gfx9 128-24>-002>5 Aktdrkdt9 www.mopyrabht.moj.
Fcc othdr qudrads ok rabhts fk` camdksds, akmcu`akb sulsa`afry rabhts, shouc` ld f``rdssd` to thd Oggamd og thd ^ulcashdr, Phd Rorc` Lfke, 6868
H ]trddt KR, Rfshakbtok, @M 0==, T]F5 gfx9
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v Fllrdvaftaoks
vaa Fmekowcd`bjdkts
ax Gordwor`
xa Dxdmutavd ]ujjfry
xvaa Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd
xxa Mhfarpdrsoks ]ujjfry9 Mojjattdd ok @dvdcopjdkt Dggdmtavdkdss
6 6 Aktro`umtaok 0 Rhft As f ^]AF?
0 \dmdkt ]tftus
7 Dvfcuftaok Olidmtavds fk` \ftaokfcd
2 Dvfcuftaok ]mopd, Vudstaoks, fk` Luac`akb Lcomes
1 < Ovdrvadw og ^]AFs66 Kujldrs fk` Mosts
66 Olidmtavds
6< ^]AF rfmtamd vdrsus Akatafc Mokmdpt
64 = ^]AF Dggdmt ft thd Mouktry Cdvdc
62 Dggdmt ok Mouktry ^ocamads
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8/9/2019 Analyzing the Effects of Policy Reforms on the Poor: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of World Bank Support to P
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F@JF\M Fbramucturfc @dvdcopjdkt fk` Jfredtakb Morporftaok (Jfcfwa)
MF] Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftdby
M^F Mhattfbokb ort Futhoraty (Lfkbcf`dsh)
@GA@ @dpfrtjdkt gor Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt (Tkatd` Eakb`oj)
@^C @dvdcopjdkt ocamy Cofk/Cdk`akb
D]R Dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore
BPY Bdrjfk Fbdkmy gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok
ADB Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup
AJG Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk`
CF]D@ Cfk` Fccomftaok gor ]omafc fk` Dmokojam @dvdcopjdkt (Mfjlo`af)
KBO Kokbovdrkjdktfc orbfkazftaok
O^ Opdrftaokfc ocamy
O^M] Opdrftaoks ^ocamy fk` Mouktry ]drvamds
^\DJ ^ovdrty \d`umtaok fk` Dmokojam Jfkfbdjdkt Kdtwore
^\]^ ^ovdrty \d`umtaok ]trftdby fpdr
^]AF ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas
]FJ ]omafc Fmmouktakb Jftrax
]@K ]ustfakflcd @dvdcopjdkt Kdtwore
v
Fllrdvaftaoks
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Mhac`rdk wath thdar jothdrs ak Lhutfk. hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.
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Loys ak Kabdraf. ^hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.
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Gordwor`
mouktry pocamads, thdar moktralutaok to mouktry
fkfcytam mfpfmaty, fk` thdar dggdmt ok Lfke
opdrftaoks. Phas stu`y gak`s thft ^]AFs hfvd hf`
f jo`drftd dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads fk` Lfke
opdrftaoks fk` f kdbcabalcd dggdmt ok mouktry
fkfcytam mfpfmaty, ok fvdrfbd, fcthoubh thdrd hfvd
lddk sojd outstfk`akb dxfjpcds og summdss.
Ovdrfcc, ajpcdjdktftaok og thd ^]AF fpprofmh
hfs hf` moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks. Phdrd hfvd
lddk tdksaoks ldtwddk thd vfraous opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds fssabkd` to ^]AFs. Phd tdksaoks
mokmdrk akmoksastdkmads ldtwddk akgorjakb
mouktry fk` Lfke pocamy `dmasaoks ak f tajdcy
wfy fk` luac`akb mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty.
^]AFs hfvd hf` cajatd` owkdrshap ly Lfke
stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs fk` hfvd ogtdk kot lddk
dggdmtavdcy aktdbrftd` akto mouktry fssastfkmd
probrfjs. Vufcaty fssurfkmd, jokatorakb, fk`
dvfcuftaok og thd ovdrfcc dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AFshfvd lddk wdfe.
Po ajprovd ^]AFs dggdmtavdkdss, thas dvfcuf-
taok rdmojjdk`s thft thd Lfke tfed jdfsurds
to dksurd thft stfgg guccy uk`drstfk` whft thd
^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at, mcfragy thd
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ^]AF, fk` dksurd
thft thd fpprofmh fk` tajdcakd f`optd` frd
fcabkd` wath thosd olidmtavds. Vufcaty fssurfkmd
jdmhfkasjs shouc` ld strdkbthdkd` to dksurd
thft ^]AFs frd `dsabkd` to fmhadvd thd aktdk`d`
dggdmts. Phd dvfcuftaok fcso rdmojjdk`s thft
thd Lfke shagt sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`
guk`akb futhoraty gor ^]AFs to thd \dbaokfc Wamd
^rdsa`dkmads fk` dksurd thft ]AFs frd brouk`d`
ak mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.
Phd murrdkt bcolfc gakfkmafc fk` dmokojam mrasds
frd caedcy to put dkorjous prdssurd ok bovdrk-
jdkts to rdspok` wath ajjd`aftd jdfsurds
fk` to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb rdgorjs ak thd
jd`auj tdrj, rdquarakb f sulstfktafc akmrdfsd ak
`okor support. Po protdmt thd poor fk` dkhfkmd
ldkdgats to thdj, edy pocamy rdgorjs wacc kdd` to
ld uk`drpakkd` ly systdjftam fkfcysas og thdar
dxpdmtd` povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts. Phd Rorc`
Lfkes dxpdradkmd to `ftd wath thd ^ovdrty fk`
]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF) fpprofmh prova`ds
usdguc cdssoks gor f``rdssakb thdsd assuds.
Aktro`umd` ak gasmfc >2
thd Lfke hf` uk`drtfedk 647 padmds og fkfcyta-
mfc wore usakb okd or jord dcdjdkts og thd ]AF
fpprofmh ak 24 mouktrads fmross sdvdrfc sdmtors.
Potfc Lfke fk` othdr `okor support to ^]AFs wfs
$64 jaccaok groj gasmfc >0 to gasmfc >7.
Moksastdkt wath thd rocds dkvasfbd` ly thd Lfke
gor ^]AFs, thas stu`y `astacs thrdd opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds gor dvfcuftaok9 thd dggdmt og ^]AFs ok
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]tu`dkt ft thd pulcam prajfry smhooc ak Pdbumabfcpf, Hok`urfs. hoto ly Fcgrd`o ]rur, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.
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Phd Rorc` Lfke aktro`umd` thd ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF)
fpprofmh ak gasmfc >< to hdcp bovdrkjdkts fk` thd Lfke fktamapftd
fk` f``rdss thd possalcd moksdqudkmds og proposd` pocamy rdgorjs,
dspdmafccy ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd, fk` to moktralutd to mouktry mfpfmaty gor
pocamy fkfcysas. Ly gasmfc >2 thd Lfke hf` uk`drtfedk 647 padmds og fkfcytamfc
wore usakb okd or jord dcdjdkts og thd ]AF fpprofmh (hdrdfgtdr mfccd` ]AFs)
ak 24 mouktrads fk` 60 sdmtors. Potfc `okor support to ^]AFs ovdr gasmfc >0>7
wfs $64 jaccaok, whamh mfjd groj thd Lfkes dfrjfred` Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor
^]AFs ($4.8 jaccaok), dfrjfred` ]AF Prust Guk`s moktralutd` ly vfraous lacftdrfc
`okors, fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke lu`bdt fk` othdr `okor guk`akb.
moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks, fk` thdrd frd tdksaoks
ldtwddk thd vfraous opdrftaokfc olidmtavds
fssabkd` to ]AFs. Phd tdksaoks mokmdrk akmoksas-
tdkmads ldtwddk akgorjakb mouktry fk` Lfke
pocamy `dmasaoks ak f tajdcy wfy fk` luac`akb
mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty. Gurthdrjord, ^]AFs`o kot fcwfys dxpcamatcy stftd thd opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds rdcftd` to thdar aktdk`d` dggdmt,
whamh rd`umds thd mhfkmd thft thdrd wacc ld f
wdcc-mokmdavd` strftdby to fmhadvd thas dggdmt.
^]AFs hfvd hf` cajatd` owkdrshap ly Lfke stfgg
fk` jfkfbdrs fk` hfvd ogtdk kot lddk dggdmtavdcy
aktdbrftd` akto mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.
Vufcaty fssurfkmd, jokatorakb, fk` dvfcuftaok
og thd ovdrfcc dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AFs hfvd lddk
wdfe.
Po ajprovd ^]AF dggdmtavdkdss, thd dvfcuf-
taok rdmojjdk`s thft thd Lfke tfed jdfsurds
to dksurd thft stfgg guccy uk`drstfk` whft thd
^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at, mcfragy thd
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ^]AF, fk` dksurd
thft thd fpprofmh fk` tajdcakd f`optd` frd
fcabkd` wath thosd olidmtavds. Vufcaty fssurfkmd
jdmhfkasjs shouc` ld strdkbthdkd` to dksurd
thft ^]AFs frd `dsabkd` to fmhadvd thd aktdk`d`
dggdmts. Phd dvfcuftaok fcso rdmojjdk`s thft
Dxdmutavd ]ujjfry
Phd Lfke hf` lddk mok`umtakb `astralutaokfc
fkfcysas ak sojd og ats dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore
dvdk ldgord thd aktro`umtaok og ^]AFs. Fs dfrcy fs
6182 thd Lfkes Opdrftaokfc Bua`dcakds rdquard`
fkfcysas og thd short-tdrj ajpfmt og f`iustjdkt
probrfjs ok thd urlfk fk` rurfc poor. Phd^]AF fpprofmh wfs `astakmtavd ak djphfsazakb
thd usd og somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcytamfc toocs
fk` tdmhkaquds to mok`umt dx fktd fkfcysas og
thd ajpfmts og dmokojywa`d pocamy rdgorjs fk`
jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas to akgorj
pocamy f`vamd fk` `dsabk.
@dvdcopjdkt catdrfturd hfs djphfsazd` thd
ajportfkmd og uk`drstfk`akb thd akstatutaokfc
fk` pocatamfc mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt,
luac`akb `ojdstam owkdrshap og pocamy rdgorjs,
fk` fssdssakb thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmts og pocamy
fmtaoks. Phd ^]AF fpprofmh morrdmtcy djphfsazds
thdsd fspdmts. Phd Lfke hfs pro`umd` f sulstfk-
tafc lo`y og bua`fkmd ok how to f``rdss thdsd
fspdmts, fk` thft bua`fkmd hfs lddk rdgakd` ovdr
tajd to akmorporftd cdssoks cdfrkd`.
Phas dvfcuftaok gak`s thft fcthoubh thdrd hfvd
lddk sojd habhcy dggdmtavd ak`ava`ufc ^]AFs,
ovdrfcc ajpcdjdktftaok og thd fpprofmh hfs hf`
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
fcso fajd` to akgorj Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftd-
bads, akvdstjdkt cofks, fk` fkfcytamfc wore.
Dvfcuftaok Lfmebrouk`
Fcthoubh thd Lfke hfs suljattd` probrdssrdports to `okors rdbfr`akb thd ajpcdjdk-
tftaok og ^]AFs, at hfs kot ydt mojpcdtd`
f mojprdhdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd
^]AF dxpdradkmd. Phas dvfcuftaok ly thd
Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup, rdqudstd`
ly thd Lfkes Lofr` og Dxdmutavd @ardmtors,
rdprdsdkts thd garst ak`dpdk`dkt dvfcuftaok og
thd ]AF dxpdradkmd.
Phd ^]AF dxpdradkmd as habhcy rdcdvfkt to`fy.
Phd rdmdkt gakfkmafc mrasas fk` bcolfc scow`owk
frd caedcy to put prdssurd ok bovdrkjdkts fk`
`okors to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb rdgorjs. Po
protdmt thd poor fk` dkhfkmd ldkdgats to thdj,
edy rdgorjs wacc kdd` to ld uk`drpakkd` ly
systdjftam fkfcysas og thdar dxpdmtd` povdrty fk`
somafc ajpfmts.
Phd Lfke hfs dkvasfbd` sdvdrfc rocds gor ^]AFs,
jfakcy ak thd dcflorftaok fk` ajpcdjdktf-
taok og povdrty rd`umtaok strftdbads ak `dvdcop-
akb mouktrads, supportakb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty
luac`akb, fk` akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks. Phdsdrocds mfk ld `astaccd` akto thrdd opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds thft gorj thd lfsas gor thd qudstaoks
f``rdssd` ak thas dvfcuftaok9
6. Rhft dggdmt hfvd ]AFs hf` ok mouktry pocamads
(akmcu`akb pocamy dlftd)?
thd Lfke shagt sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`
guk`akb futhoraty gor ^]AFs to thd \dbaokfc Wamd
^rdsa`dkmads fk` dksurd thft ^]AFs frd brouk`d`
ak mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.
Aktro`umtaokPhd `dvdcopjdkt mojjukaty garst ldmfjd
mokmdrkd` flout thd ajpfmts og dmokojam
pocamy rdgorjs ok thd poor `urakb thd strumturfc
f`iustjdkt pdrao` og thd 618>s. Ak thd 618>s
fk` 1>s, dxtdrkfc broups moktakuouscy mratamazd`
thd Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` fk` thd Rorc`
Lfke gor gfacakb to propdrcy fssdss thd ajpfmts og
thd pocamy rdgorjs thdy supportd`. Ak rdspoksd,
thd Lfke ak gasmfc >< aktro`umd` ^]AF. Fmmor`-
akb to thd rdvasd` Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy (O^ 8.7>)
ok `dvdcopjdkt pocamy cdk`akb assud` ak >0,
@dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Cofks wath caedcy fk`
sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc moksdqudkmds
wdrd rdquard` to sujjfrazd ak thdar probrfj
`omujdkts rdcdvfkt fkfcytam ekowcd`bd og
thdsd moksdqudkmds. Lut thd Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy
`ods kot jfk`ftd thft thd ^]AF fpprofmh ld
usd` to uk`drtfed fk fssdssjdkt og thdsd
moksdqudkmds.
Phd Lfke supportd` 647 ^]AFs ovdr gasmfc
>2, pfrtcy `ravdk ly thd fvfacflacaty ogdfrjfred` guk`s loth groj wathak thd Lfke
fk` groj thd Tkatd` Eakb`ojs @dpfrtjdkt gor
Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt, thd Bdrjfk Fbdkmy
gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok, Korwfy, Atfcy, Ldcbauj,
fk` Gakcfk`. Phd ^]AFs wdrd `okd jfakcy ak thd
moktdxt og @dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Cofks, lut sojd
Phd Lfke `dgakds ^]AF fs fkfcysas og thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt
og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd wdcc-ldakb og `aggdrdkt stfedhoc`dr
broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd.
Phd Lfke sdds thd akkovftavd fspdmts og ^]AF fs thd fp-
pcamftaok og thd toocs fk` tdmhkaquds og somafc fk` dmokojam
fkfcysas to fkfcyzd ajpfmts og dmokojywa`d pocamy rdgorjs
ldgord thosd rdgorjs frd mfrrad` out (dx fktd fkfcysas), fk`
jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas to akgorj pocamy f`vamd
fk` pocamy `dsabk.
Phd Lfke hfs a`dktagad` two edy dcdjdkts og ^]AF9 Garst, fk
fkfcysas to `dtdrjakd thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmts, fk` sdmok`, f pro-
mdss thft dkbfbds fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak pocamy jfeakb.
Lox D].69 Rhft As f ^]AF?
]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>=h, >7k, >8l).
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D X D M T P A W D ] T J J F \ Q
x a a a
wath thd fpprofmh rdquard` to luac` mouktry
fkfcytam mfpfmaty.
Moktdkt fk` fpprofmh
^]AF prfmtamd hfs grdqudktcy `dpfrtd` grojthd akatafc bua`fkmd ok how ^]AFs shouc` ld
mok`umtd`. Phd portgocao rdvadw shows thd
goccowakb9
Dvdk thoubh ^]AFs orabakftd` out og mokmdrk
flout thd ajpfmt og rdgorj probrfjs, flout
okd-thar` og thd ^]AFs ak thd portgocao rdvadw
`a` kot dxfjakd wdcc-spdmagad` rdgorjs lut
wdrd jord bdkdrfc sdmtor or jfmrodmokojam
fkfcysds.
Flout okd-thar` og thd ^]AFs dxpcamatcy a`dkta-
gad` ldkdgamafrads or thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`,
fk` flout hfcg a` kot, fcthoubh thdy akmcu`d`
`asfbbrdbftd` `ftf or rdsucts.
Flout 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ]AFs a`dk-
tagad` thd akstatutaoks rdspoksalcd gor ajpcd-
jdktakb thd rdgorj.
Jord thfk hfcg og thd sfjpcd ^]AFs akmcu`d`
sojd sort og stfedhoc`dr pfrtamapftaok, lut
ko moksuctftaoks wdrd jdktaokd` gor flout
two-gagths og thd ^]AFs.
^]AFs hfvd hf` wa`dcy vfryakb mhfrfmtdras-tams pfrtcy ldmfusd Lfke stfgg hfvd fk ukmcdfr
uk`drstfk`akb og thdj. Ft thd sfjd tajd, fkfcyta-
mfc wore possdssakb ^]AF-caed mhfrfmtdrastams hfs
kot fcwfys lddk mcfssagad` ly thd Lfke fs ^]AF.
Phdsd drrors og ojassaok fk` mojjassaok frd
caedcy to hfvd akhalatd` qufcaty fssurfkmd fk`
cdssok cdfrkakb.
Dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads
Prfmakb cakes ldtwddk ^]AF fkfcysds fk` mouktry
`dmasaoks as ogtdk `aggamuct, dspdmafccy whdrd thd
^]AF as okcy okd og jfky possalcd akgcudkmds.
^]AF dggdmts jfy fcso ld `aggusd fk` ommur ovdr
tajdf rdport jfy hfvd ko `asmdrkflcd ajpfmt
ok ajjd`aftd fmtaok ydt jfy fggdmt a`dfs fk`
`dlftd thft shfpd guturd pocamy mhoamds. Phas
dvfcuftaok gomusds okcy ok kdfr-tdrj dggdmts og
^]AFs.
Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` ak thas dvfcuftaok hf` f
jo`drftd dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads, ok fvdrfbd,
2 pdrao`. Phas
dvfcuftaok `rfws ats gak`akbs groj thd goccowakb
rdsourmds9 f portgocao rdvadw og f stftastamfccy
rdprdsdktftavd sfjpcd og 48 out og thd ukavdrsd
og 647 ^]AFs5 ak-`dpth mouktry mfsd rdvadws og
6< ^]AFs ak 8 mouktrads wath \dbaokfc, sdmtorfc,
fk` gasmfc ydfr movdrfbd5 fk` aktdrvadws wath
edy akgorjfkts. Phas cfst rdsourmd akmcu`ds
aktdrvadws wath mouktry stfedhoc`drs fk` Lfke
stfgg fssomaftd` wath fk f``ataokfc 66 ^]AFs ak 6>
mouktrads fk` aktdrvadws wath sdkaor Lfke stfgg
fk` jfkfbdrs.
Jfak Gak`akbs
Olidmtavds
Phd portgocao rdvadw gouk` thft flout okd-gagth
og thd ^]AFs hfvd kot dxpcamatcy a`dktagad` whamh
og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds thdy aktdk`
to pursud. Fjokb thosd thft hfvd a`dktagad`
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, akgorjakb mouktry pocamads
hfs lddk thd jost grdqudktcy stftd`, goccowd`
ly akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks fk` akmrdfsakb
mouktry mfpfmaty gor pocamy fkfcysas. Jost ^]AFs
hfvd hf` jord thfk okd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd.
Flout f thar` og thd tfse jfkfbdr survdy rdspok-
`dkts ak`amftd` thft thdar ^]AF pursud` fcc thrdd
olidmtavds.
^ursuat og thd juctapcd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds
og ^]AFs mfk mrdftd tdksaok fk` rfasd ukrdfcas-
tam dxpdmtftaoks og whft f ^]AF mfk fmhadvd. Gor
dxfjpcd, ^]AFs sddeakb to akgorj bovdrkjdkt
pocamy `dmasaoks just f`iust to thd tajakb og thd
`dmasaok promdss, lut ogtdk thft as akmoksastdkt
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
Dggdmt ok Lfke opdrftaoks
Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` subbdst f jo`drftd dggdmt
ok Lfke opdrftaoks, ok fvdrfbd, wath sojd
outstfk`akb dxfjpcds og summdss. Edy gfmtors thft
hfvd akhalatd` ^]AF dggdmt ok Lfke opdrftaoksakmcu`d thd fjlabuaty og thd ]AF mokmdpt5 aksugga-
madkt mouktry `ardmtor luy-ak, rdsuctakb ak cfme og
brouk`akb og thd ^]AF ak thd mouktry fssastfkmd
probrfj5 fk` wdfe dkbfbdjdkt ldtwddk ^]AF
tdfjs fk` othdr opdrftaokfc stfgg.
Aktdrvadws wath sdkaor Lfke stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs
ak`amftd thft thd uptfed og ^]AFs ly mouktry
`ardmtors fk` opdrftaokfc tdfjs rdjfaks
`dpdk`dkt ok ak`ava`ufc akmcakftaoks jord thfk
at rdgcdmts dstflcashd` prfmtamd. Phdrd hfs lddk
okcy jo`dst fmmdptfkmd so gfr og thd ^]AF fs f
rolust prfmtamd fmross thd Lfke, fcthoubh stfgg
`ardmtcy akvocvd` wath ^]AFs sdd f kujldr og
morporftd ldkdgats groj thd dxpdradkmd, kotflcy
thd mrdftaok og fk ajportfkt lo`y og ekowcd`bd
throubh ^]AF bua`fkmd fk` fk fpprdmaftaok og
thd ajportfkmd og promdss assuds ak f``ataok
to fkfcytams. Howdvdr, opdrftaokfc stfgg cfme f
mojjok uk`drstfk`akb flout thd olidmtavds fk`
promdssds og thd ^]AF fpprofmh. ^\DJ Fkmhor
stfgg bdkdrfccy tdk` to gomus ok dmokojam fkfcysas,
fk` ]@K stfgg tdk` to djphfsazd jaxd` jdtho`s,akmcu`akb somafc fk` akstatutaokfc fkfcysas fk` f
pfrtamapftory promdss.
Phd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke
>8l) as fk ajprovdjdkt ovdr thd >0 ^]AF
Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke >0g) ak thft
at hdcps to cabhtdk ^]AF bua`fkmd, whamh wfs
prdvaouscy sddk ly stfgg fs ovdrcy djfk`akb. Phd
>8 Kotd prova`ds Lfke stfgg wath thd gcdxalac-
aty to `dtdrjakd, lfsd` ok mouktry moktdxt, thd
lfcfkmd fjokb dmokojam, somafc, akstatutaokfc,
fk` pocatamfc fkfcysds (fk` ldtwddk qufktatftavd
fk` qufcatftavd tdmhkaquds) fk` ldtwddk fkfcyt-
ams fk` sumh promdss assuds fs stfedhoc`dr pfrtam-
apftaok fk` `asmcosurd. Phd >8 Kotd `ods kot,
howdvdr, rdquard stfgg to prova`d f rftaokfcd gor
thd pfrtamucfr mhoamds jf`d. rova`akb f rftaokfcd
as dspdmafccy ajportfkt to dksurd thft Lfke stfgg
groj thd `aggdrdkt kdtwores `o kot moktakud
to pcfmd uk`ud djphfsas ok thdar rdspdmtavd
`asmapcakfry fpprofmhds ak uk`drtfeakb ]AFs.
fcthoubh thdrd hfvd lddk sojd outstfk`-
akb dxfjpcds og summdss. Akgorjakb f pocamy
promdss as kot dfsy fk` rdquards thd mokvdr-
bdkmd og f kujldr og gfmtors. Phdsd akmcu`d thd
opdrftaokfc gomus og thd ^]AF, f jftmh ldtwddk^]AF topam fk` mouktry praoratads, bovdrk-
jdkt owkdrshap, dkbfbdjdkt og pfrts og thd
bovdrkjdkt thft hfvd pocamy iuras`amtaok ovdr
thd frdfs movdrd` ly thd ^]AF, dkbfbdjdkt
wath fppropraftd kokbovdrkjdktfc stfedhoc`-
drs, tajdcakdss ak rdcftaok to mouktry `dmasaok-
jfeakb promdssds, sdksatavaty to thd pocatams og
rdgorj, fk` fmtavd `assdjakftaok ldyok` thd
`astralutaok og rdports. Okd or f gdw og thdsd
gfmtors hfvd lddk prdsdkt ak jost ]AFs, lut thd
prdsdkmd og f jfioraty og thdsd gfmtorswhamh
hfs ommurrd` okcy ak sojd ]AFsas ajportfkt
gor sulstfktafc dggdmt.
Moktralutaok to mouktry mfpfmaty
Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` subbdst f kdbcabalcd moktra-
lutaok to mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty, ok fvdrfbd,
wath f gdw posatavd dxfjpcds. Phd jfak rdfsok
gor thas gak`akb as thft jost ^]AFs hfvd trdftd`
thas olidmtavd fs f ly-pro`umt rfthdr thfk f mord
mokmdrk, fk` thdrd hfs lddk f tdksaok ldtwddk
thd kdd` to prova`d tajdcy akputs to pocamy
`dmasaoks fk` thd cokbdr-tdrj sustfakd` dkbfbd-jdkt kdd`d` to luac` mfpfmaty. Rhdrd mfpfmaty
luac`akb hfs lddk fk dxpcamat olidmtavd, at hfs kot
fcwfys lddk lfmed` ly fk fppropraftd strftdby
to fmhadvd at. Jfky ^]AFs hfvd akvocvd` comfc
jakastrads, moksuctakb garjs, kokbovdrkjdktfc
orbfkazftaoks, fmf`djams, or comfc moksuctfkts,
fk` othdrs hfvd hdc` trfakakb woreshops to
trfksgdr seaccs. Howdvdr, thd tajd fccomftd` to
dathdr og thdsd fpprofmhds hfs bdkdrfccy lddk
aksuggamadkt to luac` cfstakb mfpfmaty gor pocamy
fkfcysas. Phd gdw ^]AFs rdvadwd` thft hfvd
summdssguccy hdcpd` luac` mfpfmaty hfvd tfedk f
jord dcaldrftd fpprofmh. Bavdk thft ak jfky
pdrhfps jostsatuftaoks, thd tajd grfjd
fk` fpprofmh rdquard` gor mfpfmaty luac`akb
frd akmoksastdkt wath thd fpprofmh kdd`d` to
akgorj tajdcy bovdrkjdkt `dmasaok jfeakb,
brdftdr sdcdmtavaty ak opdrftaokfc olidmtavds
as `dsarflcd5 jord dggdmtavd fpprofmhds to
luac`akb mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty wacc fcso ld
kdd`d`.
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D X D M T P A W D ] T J J F \ Q
x v
tavds, dksurakb thft thd mokmdpt kotd
Moktfaks f mcdfr stftdjdkt og thd opdrf-
taokfc olidmtavds og thd ^]AF wath rdspdmt
to thd aktdk`d` dggdmt (kot iust thd topams/
assuds to ld fkfcyzd`) Ak`amftds how ats fpprofmhak pfrtamucfr,
stfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt, tdfj mojposa-
taok, pfrtkdr akstatutaoks, lu`bdt, fk` tajd
grfjdhfs lddk tfacord` to jddt thd op-
drftaokfc olidmtavds fk` prova`ds thd rftao-
kfcd gor thd mhoamds jf`d
]hows how fky tdksaoks fk` trf`d-oggs
fjokb thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds wacc ld
rdmokmacd`
@asmussds ag thd aktdk`d` `assdjakftaok fu-
`adkmd fk` strftdby frd moksastdkt wath thd
stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.
Ajprovd aktdbrftaok og thd ^]AF akto thd
Lfkes mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj ly
]hagtakb sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`
guk`akb futhoraty to thd \dbaokfc Wamd
^rdsa`dkmads to dksurd thft thd ^]AF top-
ams, smopd, fk` fpprofmh frd moksastdkt
wath thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj fk`
thft ^]AFs fse qudstaoks thft frd rdcdvfkt
to pocamy
\dquarakb thft fcc dfrjfred` guk`akb gor
^]AFs ld jftmhd` ly f sulstfktafc moktralu-taok groj thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt.
]trdkbthdk ]AF dggdmtavdkdss throubh dk-
hfkmd` qufcaty fssurfkmd, akmcu`akb
]ulidmtakb ^]AFs to systdjftam rdvadw ly
\dbaokfc jfkfbdjdkt ft mokmdpt fk` moj-
pcdtaok stfbds to dksurd rdcdvfkmd fk` gat og
thd ]AF to thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj
fs wdcc fs moksastdkmy og thd proposd` fp-
profmh wath opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, ak f`-
`ataok to dksurakb tdmhkamfc qufcaty
Dksurakb thft thd Lfke dstflcashds f joka-
torakb fk` sdcg-dvfcuftaok systdj dsabkd`
to fssdss whdthdr ^]AFs frd ldakb uk`dr-
tfedk whdrd fppropraftd fk` frd fmhadvakb
thdar stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.
Phd ^]AF fpprofmh hfs morrdmtcy djphfsazd` thd
ajportfkmd og uk`drstfk`akb thd akstatutaokfc
fk` pocatamfc mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt fk`
thd kdd` to luac` `ojdstam owkdrshap og pocamy
rdgorjs ak f``ataok to fssdssakb thd astralutaokfcajpfmt og pocamy fmtaoks. Lut ajpcdjdktftaok og
thd fpprofmh hfs hf` moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks.
]ojd kotflcd summdssds hfvd jo`dcd` whft
^]AFs mfk fmmojpcash whdk `okd rabht. Phd
rdmojjdk`ftaoks ldcow frd aktdk`d` to hdcp
ajprovd ^]AF ajpcdjdktftaok fk` rdfcazd ats
potdktafc.
\dmojjdk`ftaoksPhas dvfcuftaok jfeds gour rdmojjdk`ftaoks
to strdkbthdk thd Lfkes wore usakb thd ^]AF
fpprofmh, whdthdr `okd fs grddstfk`akb fkfcysas
or djld``d` ak othdr fkfcytamfc wore.
Dksurd thft stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd
^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at.
Lfke jfkfbdjdkt mfk `o thas ly pro-
va`akb mcdfr bua`fkmd (pdrhfps throubh
up`ftakb og thd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfm-
tamd Kotd) fk` fmtavdcy assdjakftakb thas
bua`fkmd, pfrtamucfrcy ok
Rhdthdr fk` how thd ]AF fpprofmh aggdrs
groj othdr `astralutaokfc fkfcysds, akmcu`-akb whdthdr thd akmcusaok og thd wor` so-
mafc ak ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas
subbdsts thd kdd` to akmcu`d f `aggdrdkt
typd og fkfcysas
Rhdthdr or kot ^]AFs shouc` ld caked`
to spdmagam rdgorjs fk` a`dktagy ldkdgamaf-
rads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd
rdgorj
Rhft mratdraf shouc` ld usd` to dtdrjakd
whdk thd ^]AF fpprofmh as fppropraftd
gor f pfrtamucfr opdrftaok ak f mouktry
probrfj.
Mcfragy thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh
^]AF wath rdbfr` to ats aktdk`d` dggdmt,
fk` tfacor thd fpprofmh to thosd olidm-
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Pwo wojdk wath brfak ak Bhfkf. hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto C alrfry.
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Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd
Aktro`umtaokJfkfbdjdkt rdbfr`s thd Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuf-
taok Broup (ADB) rdvadw og thd Rorc` Lfkes
^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF) fs f
mojprdhdksavd fttdjpt to rdgcdmt cdssoks groj
f wa`d rfkbd og ^]AF `okd ly thd Lfke. Phd
gak`akbs og thd rdvadw rdgcdmt wore mok`umtd`
throubh f jax og portgocao rdvadw fk` aktdrvadws
fk` habhcabht ajportfkt frdfs whdrd thd ^]AF
fpprofmh mfk ld strdkbthdkd`.
]upport gor ]trdkbthdkakb thd ]AF romdss.
Phd djphfsas og thd rdport ak thd goccowakb frdfs
as dspdmafccy wdcmojd9 thd kdd` to spdmagy mcdfr
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds5 thd ajportfkmd og pocata-
mfc dmokojy ak `oakb povdrty fk` `astralutaokfc
fkfcysas5 thd kdd` gor strokb cakefbds ldtwddk
thd mouktry ukat fk` thd ^]AF tdfj5 thd potdktafc
gor jord dggdmtavd usd og ^]AF gak`akbs to akgorj
jokatorakb fk` dvfcuftaok systdjs5 fk` thdajportfkmd og strdkbthdkakb qufcaty fssurfkmd.
Fcthoubh rolust probrdss hfs lddk jf`d ok
jfky og thdsd mrumafc dcdjdkts, ADBs olsdrvf-
taoks wacc fssast guturd fmtaoks ak thdsd frdfs.
F @aggdrakb Wadw ok ]ojd Dcdjdkts.Phft
sfa`, jfkfbdjdkt as og thd vadw thft sojd
og thd gak`akbs og thd rdport frd lfsd` ok f
pfrtafc uk`drstfk`akb og thd ^]AF fpprofmh,
akmcu`akb ats olidmtavds fk` cajatftaoks. Phd
mojjdkts ldcow ok thd fkfcysas ak thd rdvadw
rdgcdmt thas aggdrakb vadw. Jfkfbdjdkt lrof`cy
mokmurs wath ADBs rdmojjdk`ftaoks ok thd
wfy gorwfr` to dkhfkmd thd dggdmtavdkdss og
^]AF fk` kotds f kujldr og fmtaoks fcrdf`y
tfedk or pcfkkd` ak thd `ardmtaoks subbdstd`
ly thd rdmojjdk`ftaoks.
Jfkfbdjdkts Wadws ok thd Gak`akbsJfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath jumh og thd fkfcysas
lut ldcadvds thft thd fkfcytamfc grfjdwore jfeds
sojd og thd gak`akb fjlabuous. At fcso kotds fk
assud thft as ogtdk `aggamuct ak dvfcuftaokthd
gfmt thft fpprofmhds caed ^]AF dvocvd moktakufccy
lfsd` ok dxpdradkmd. Phft sfa`, jfkfbdjdkt
as ak lrof` fbrddjdkt wath thd thrust og thd
rdmojjdk`ftaoks.
F Gcdxalcd Fpprofmh.]ojd og thd edy gak`akbs
og thd dvfcuftaok fppdfr to ld caked` to ats
trdftjdkt og ^]AF fs jord og f stfk`fr`azd`
fpprofmh f`hdrakb to sojdwhft raba` bua`dcakds,
rfthdr thfk okd thft akmorporftds f rfkbd og toocs
fk` jdtho`s to ld gcdxalcy fppcad` to spdmagam
satuftaoks.6Fs rdgcdmtd` ak thd akatafc ^]AF Tsdrs
Bua`d, thd rdvasd` Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, fk` thd
gorthmojakb rdvasd` ^\DJ-]@W Rdl pfbd, ^]AF
mojprasds f rfkbd og toocs thft mfk ld fppcad` to
fkfcyzd astralutaokfc fk` somafc ajpfmts ak wa`dcy
vfryakb satuftaoks, `dpdk`akb ok thd spdmag am
moktdxts og pocamy rdgorj fk` mouktry marmuj-stfkmds. Phd up`ftd` Boo` rfmtamd Kotd og >8
rdakgormds thd gcdxalcd kfturd og thd fpprofmh fs
kdmdssfry gor ^]AF to ld dggdmtavd ak akgorjakb
pocamy `afcobud fk` opdrftaoks. Ak pfrtamucfr,
thd dvfcuftaok og ^]AF fbfakst thd thrdd spdmagam
mratdraf sdcdmtd` ly ADB (sdd ldcow) fppdfrs to
gcow groj ADBs trdftjdkt og ^]AF fs f stfk`fr`-
azd` fpprofmh.
Mratdraf gor Dvfcuftakb ^]AF Rore.]ojd og
thd gak`akbs og thd rdvadw fppdfr to ld lfsd`
ok mratdraf `rfwk groj fk ovdrcy lrof` mhfrfm-
tdrazftaok og thd olidmtavds og ^]AF. Lfsd` ok
thd Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, thd akstatutaok `dgakds
thd jfak olidmtavd og thd ^]AF fpprofmh to ld
to fkfcyzd thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy
rdgorjs ok thd wdcc-ldakb or wdcgfrd og `aggdrdkt
broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk`
vuckdrflcd. Phd rdvadw, ok thd othdr hfk`, usds
whft ADB moksa`drs fs ^]AFs thrdd bofcs groj
ats rdf`akb og ^]AF `omujdkts fs thd mratdraf gor
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
Ldttdr Aktdbrftaok akto Lfke ^robrfjs.
Jfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath ADBs rdmojjdk`f-
taoks to dksurd ldttdr aktdbrftaok og ^]AF akto
thd Lfkes probrfj fk` dkhfkmd thd qufcaty
fssurfkmd promdss og ^]AF. Mokmcusaoks fcokbsajacfr cakds frd djdrbakb groj aktdrkfc rdvadws og
^]AF ly \DJ fk` ]@W fkmhor ukats. F kdw Jucta-
@okor Prust Guk` to support ^]AF wore, to ld
opdrftaokfc ak gasmfc 6>, akmorporftds f kujldr
og gdfturds moksastdkt wath thdsd rdmojjdk`f-
taoks. Phd Prust Guk` fssabks rdspoksalacaty to thd
\dbaoks, ak tdrjs og fccomftakb guk`s, jokatorakb,
fk` qufcaty rdvadw og thd fkfcytamfc wore guk`d`
ly thd Prust Guk`.
Bua`fkmd. Jfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath thd
rdmojjdk`ftaok to prova`d mcdfr bua`fkmd
to Lfke stfgg flout whft thd ^]AF fpprofmh
akvocvds fk` whdk at mfk ld usd`. Ovdr thd ydfrs,
f kujldr og ekowcd`bd pro`umts ok ^]AF hfvd
lddk `dvdcopd` fk` up`ftd`, akmcu`akb mojprd-
hdksavd usdr bua`ds, Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotds,
jdtho`ocobamfc kotds, fk` d`atd` vocujds. Phd
outrdfmh og sumh jftdrafcs wacc ld dkhfkmd`
gurthdr throubh fk ajprovd` Rdl satd fk`
jord grdqudkt fk` fmmdssalcd cdfrkakb dvdkts,
`rfwakb ok f``ataokfc rdsourmds prova`d` ly
thd fgordjdktaokd` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`.Jfkfbdjdkt, howdvdr, kotds fk ajportfkt mfvdft
ak f``rdssakb thas rdmojjdk`ftaok. Dggorts to
dxpfk` fwfrdkdss flout thd ^]AF fpprofmh just
ld mfrdguc to kot mrdftd pdrmdptaoks og jakajuj
or ukavdrsfc stfk`fr`s gor ]AF, fk` akstdf` strdss
thd gcdxalacaty og thd fpprofmh to f`fpt to spdmagam
mouktry fk` pocamy moktdxts.
dvfcuftaokdggdmt ok mouktry pocamads, support-
akb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty luac`akb, fk` akgorjakb
Lfke opdrftaokswathout jfeakb thd `astakm-
taok ldtwddk thd jfak olidmtavd fk` potdktafc
ldkdgats. Akgorjakb mouktry pocamads fk` luac`akbmfpfmaty ak mouktrads shouc` ld moksa`drd` fs
`dsarflcd sdmok`-or`dr ajpfmts thft jfy mojd
groj f promdss og dkbfbdjdkt ovdr tajd, lut
rfrdcy groj f sakbcd ^]AF dxdrmasd.
Dvocutaok og ^]AF ovdr Pajd.Phd rdvadw
tfeds f sojdwhft stftam vadw og ^]AF, whamh ak
jfkfbdjdkts vadw `ods kot f`dquftdcy rdgcdmt
thd sabkagamfkt probrdss jf`d ovdr thd cfst sdvdk
ydfrs. Phd cdfrkakb fk` dvocutaok ovdr tajd hfs
rdsuctd` ak thd rdgakdjdkt og thd akstatutaokfc
uk`drstfk`akb fk` bua`fkmd mokmdrkakb ldst
prfmtamd og ^]AF, whamh hfs lddk rdgcdmtd` ak
thd Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd og >8. Phd stftam vadw
f`optd` ly thd rdvadw fcso bavds cattcd ak`amftaok
og whdthdr sojd og thd prolcdjs habhcabhtd` ak
thd dvfcuftaok wdrd jatabftd` ovdr tajd.
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J F K F B D J D K P \ D ] ^ O K ] D
Jfkfbdjdkt Fmtaok \dmor`
ADB rdmojjdk`ftaok Jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd
Dksurd thft stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd ^]AFfpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at ly prova`akbmcdfr bua`fkmd (pdrhfps throubh up`ftakbog thd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd)`assdjakftd` to stfgg fk` assdjakftakb thasbua`fkmd, pfrtamucfrcy ok
Rhdthdr fk` how thd ^]AF fpprofmh `aggdrs
groj othdr `astralutaokfc fkfcysds, akmcu`akb
whdthdr thd akmcusaok og thd wor` somafc ak
^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas subbdsts thd
kdd` to akmcu`d f `aggdrdkt typd og fkfcysas
Rhdthdr or kot ^]AFs shouc` ld caked` to
spdmagam rdgorjs fk` a`dktagy ldkdgamafrads fk`thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj
Rhft mratdraf shouc` ld usd` to `dtdrjakd whdk
thd ^]AF fpprofmh as fppropraftd gor f pfrtamucfr
opdrftaok ak f mouktry probrfj.
Fbrdd`.Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdds thft at shouc` `assdjakftd jord wa`dcy whft as jdfktly thd ^]AF fpprofmh fs outcakd` ak thd >8 Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd.
Jfkfbdjdkt, howdvdr, kotds fk ajportfkt mfvdft ak f``rdssakb thas rdmojjdk`ftaok.
Dggorts to dxpfk` fwfrdkdss flout thd ]AF fpprofmh just ld mfrdguc to kot mrdftd
pdrmdptaoks og jakajuj or ukavdrsfc stfk`fr`s gor ]AF, fk` akstdf` strdss thd
gcdxalacaty og thd fpprofmh to f`fpt to spdmagam mouktry fk` pocamy moktdxts. Phd rdvasd`
Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (B^K) `asmussds edy dcdjdkts og thd ^]AF fpprofmh9 garst, fk
fkfcysas to dtdrjakd thd astralutaokfc ajpfmts fk`, sdmok`, f promdss thft dkbfbds
fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak pocamy jfeakb.=Phd B^K fcso jfeds at mcdfr thft fk a`dfc
^]AF wacc vfry lfsd` ok mouktry fk` rdgorj-spdmagam mok`ataoks. Ak pfrtamucfr, thd rfkbd
fk` dxtdkt og stfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt ak thd ]AF promdss wacc vfry fmmor`akb to thd
pocatamfc moktdxt og thd rdgorj fk` thd rdcftd` opportukatads gor projotakb thd pulcam
`dlftd ok pocamy optaoks. Phd B^K mcfragads whdk at mouc` ld f praoraty gor f mouktry
tdfj to mfrry out `dtfacd` ]AF9 whdk thdrd frd potdktafc kdbftavd povdrty fk` somafcajpfmts ok aggdrdkt broups, pfrtamucfrcy poor fk` vuckdrflcd broups5 whdk thdrd as
potdktafc to sabkagamfktcy ajprovd thd ldkdgats og f rdgorj gor poor fk` vuckdrflcd
broups5 thd projakdkmd fk` urbdkmy og thd rdport ak thd bovdrkjdkts pocamy fbdk`f5
fk` thd cdvdc og `dlftd surrouk`akb thd rdgorj.
Rath rdbfr` to thd jdtho`s fk` toocs f`optd` gor ^]AF, thd B^K strdssds thd kdd`
gor gcdxalacaty fs wdcc. Rhacd jucta`asmapcakfry or jaxd` jdtho`s og fkfcysas dkhfkmd
thd uk`drstfk`akb og thd povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts og f rdgorj, thd `dsabk og thd
jdtho`ocoby fk` thd sdcdmtaok og toocs wacc `dpdk` ok thd kfturd og thd rdgorj
prolcdj ldakb f``rdssd`, thd fvfacflacaty fk` qufcaty og `ftf, thd tajd fvfacflcd gor
fkfcysas, fk` thd fvfacflcd ak-mouktry mfpfmaty.
^\DJ fk` ]@W frd fcrdf`y akmorporftakb thd rdvasd` B^K akto thdar ]AF-rdcftd` cdfrkakb
probrfjs (Guk`fjdktfcs og Lfke Opdrftaoks, ^]AF d-cdfrkakb, ^]AF moursd). Jfkfbdjdkt
wacc gurthdr dkhfkmd outrdfmh usakb thdsd jftdrafcs throubh fk ajprovd` Rdl satd thftjord mcdfrcy grfjds thd jfak olidmtavd fk` potdktafc ldkdgats, fs wdcc fs thd kdd` gor f
gcdxalcd fpprofmh, fk` jord grdqudkt fk` fmmdssalcd cdfrkakb dvdkts, rfwakb ok f``ataokfc
rdsourmds prova`d` ly thd fgordjdktaokd` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc
moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaok mojpcdtd wath thd gucc rocc-out og thdsd fmtavatads ak gasmfc 6>.
Mcfragy thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ]AFwath rdbfr` to ats aktdk`d` dggdmt fk` tfacor thdfpprofmh to thosd olidmtavds, dksurakb thftthd mokmdpt kotd
Moktfaks f mcdfr stftdjdkt og thd opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds og thd ^]AF wath rdspdmt to thd
aktdk`d` dggdmt (kot iust thd topams/assuds to ld
fkfcyzd`)
Ak`amftds how ats fpprofmhak pfrtamucfrstfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt, tdfj mojposataok,
pfrtkdr akstatutaoks, lu`bdt, fk` tajd grfjdhfs
lddk tfacord` to jddt thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds,
fk` prova`ds thd rftaokfcd gor thd mhoamds jf`d
]hows how fky tdksaoks fk` trf`d-oggs fjokb thd
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds wacc ld rdmokmacd`
@asmussds ag thd aktdk`d` `assdjakftaok
fu`adkmd fk` strftdby frd moksastdkt wath thd
stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.
Fbrdd`.Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdds thft povdrty, somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas
shouc` hfvd f mcdfr opdrftaokfc olidmtavd fk` f jdtho`ocoby fk` strftdby gor stfedhoc`dr
dkbfbdjdkt fk` `assdjakftaok thft as moksastdkt wath thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd.
Fcjost fcc ^]AF typd fkfcysas as `okd ak thd moktdxt og dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore
(D]R), whdrd Lfke bua`dcakds rdquard thft thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd, smopd, fk`
pfrtamapftory fpprofmhds ld mcdfrcy spdmagad` ak thd mokmdpt kotd. Phd rdvasd` B^K
ak`amftds thft povdrty, somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc fkfcysas shouc` ld fk aktdbrfc pfrt og
thd D]R mymcd. Fcc `assdjakftaok fmtavatads kdd` to ld guccy moksastdkt wath thd Lfkes
@asmcosurd ocamy.
^]AF mfk fcso ld `okd ak thd moktdxt og tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, whdrd thd olidmtavd
as to strdkbthdk mcadkt akstatutaoks fk` mfpfmaty to akgcudkmd rdgorjs or fs f gfmtufc
tdmhkamfc `omujdkt fkfcyzakb f spdmagam pocamy rdgorj supportd` ly f @dvdcopjdkt
^ocamy Opdrftaok.
Okmd opdrftaokfc, thd kdw ^]AF trust guk` wacc rdquard thft thd \dbaoks `dtfac ak thdar
mokmdpt kotds how thdy wacc dksurd thft povdrty, somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc fkfcysas
(supportd` ly thd Prust Guk`) as trdftd` fs fk D]R, tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, or f proidmt-
rdcftd` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc `omujdkt. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaok
mojpcdtd wath thd aktro`umtaok og thdsd rdquardjdkts.
(moktakud` ok kdxt pfbd)
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
Ajprovd aktdbrftaok og thd ]AF akto thd Lfkesmouktry fssastfkmd probrfj ly
]hagtakb `dmasaok-jfeakb fk` guk`akb futhoraty
to thd \dbaokfc Wamd ^rdsa`dkmads to dksurd
thft thd ^]AF topams, smopd, fk` fpprofmh frd
moksastdkt wath thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj
fk` thft ^]AFs fse pocamy-rdcdvfkt qudstaoks
\dquarakb thft fcc dfrjfred` guk`akb gor ^]AFs
ld jftmhd` ly f sulstfktafc moktralutaok groj
thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt.
Fbrdd`.^ovdrty, somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas thft as pfrt og D]R,tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, or f proidmt-rdcftd` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc `omujdkt as murrdktcy
jfkfbd` fk` guk`d` ly thd \dbaoks. Phd rdvasd` B^K dxpcamatcy f`vasds thft povdrty,
somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas ld fkmhord` ak thd Mouktry Fssastfkmd
]trftdby (MF]). Tk`dr thd rdvasd` pocamy gor povdrty rd`umtaok (O^ 6.>>), thd MF]
sujjfrazds dxastakb ekowcd`bd ok povdrty, a`dktagads fkfcytamfc bfps, fk` prdsdkts thd
wore probrfj ly thd Lfke fk` othdrs to gacc thdsd bfps. Phd MF] mfk usdguccy cfy out
edy rdgorj frdfs thft thd Lfke wacc support fk` ak`amftd whdthdr thdrd frd fky pcfks
gor povdrty, somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas.
Phd kdw ^]AF trust guk` wacc `dmdktrfcazd thd jfkfbdjdkt og rdsourmds gor povdrty,
somafc, fk` `astralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas mfrrad` out fs D]R, tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd,
fk` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc `omujdkts to thd \dbaoks. Phd \dbaoks wacc ld rdquard` to
prova`d jftmhakb rdsourmds groj thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt. Phd fkkufc Prust Guk`\dbaokfc jokatorakb rdports wacc ak`amftd thd shfrd og jftmhakb rdsourmds prova`d`
to mojpcdjdkt Prust Guk` support. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaoks
mojpcdtd wath thd rocc-out og thd trust guk`.
]trdkbthdk ]AF dggdmtavdkdss throubhdkhfkmd` qufcaty fssurfkmd, akmcu`akb
]ulidmtakb ^]AFs to systdjftam rdvadw ly
\dbaokfc jfkfbdjdkt ft thd mokmdpt fk`
mojpcdtaok stfbds to dksurd rdcdvfkmd fk` gat og
thd ^]AF to thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj fs
wdcc fs moksastdkmy og thd proposd` fpprofmh
wath opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, ak f``ataok to
dksurakb tdmhkamfc qufcaty
Dksurakb thft thd Lfke dstflcashds f jokatorakbfk` sdcg-dvfcuftaok systdj `dsabkd` to fssdss
whdthdr ^]AFs frd ldakb uk`drtfedk whdrd
fppropraftd fk` frd fmhadvakb thdar stftd`
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.
Fbrdd`.^]AF wore thft as pfrt og D]R as sulidmt to \dbaokfc qufcaty fssurfkmdpromd`urds fk` thd prdpfrftaok og fk fmtavaty mojpcdtaok rdport. Fs kotd` ak thd
Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd to ADBs dvfcuftaok og D]R fk` tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd,
jfkfbdjdkt wacc uk`drtfed f rdvadw og fkfcytam fk` f`vasory fmtavatads ak gasmfc 6>
thft wacc f``rdss akstatutaokfc frrfkbdjdkts, kotflcy qufcaty fssurfkmd.
Phd qufcaty fk` dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AF akgorjakb thd Lfkes @dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy
Opdrftaoks hfs lddk jokatord` throubh thd rdtrospdmtavd fssdssjdkt og thd Lfkes
@dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Cdk`akb portgocao thft hfs lddk mfrrad` out dvdry two ydfrs ly
Opdrftaoks ^ocamy fk` Mouktry ]drvamds. F @dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Opdrftaok rdtrospdmtavd
as uk`dr prdpfrftaok fk` wacc ld fvfacflcd dfrcy ak gasmfc 6>.
Phd proposd` ^]AF trust guk` fkkufc \dbaokfc jokatorakb rdports fs wdcc fs thd gakfc
ak`dpdk`dkt Prust Guk` dvfcuftaok wacc fssdss thd dxtdkt to whamh povdrty, somafc, fk`
`astralutaokfc fkfcysas (supportd` ly thd Prust Guk`) hfs jdt ats opdrftaokfc olidmtavds
fk` hfs hf` fk ajpfmt ok thd brouk`.
Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaoks mojpcdtd wath thd mojpcdtaok og thd
gasmfc 6> fkfcytam fk` f`vasory fmtavatads rdvadw fk` thd ajpcdjdktftaok og mhfkbds
mojakb out og thft promdss, thd assufkmd og thd @dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Opdrftaok
rdtrospdmtavd, fk` thd ajpcdjdktftaok og thd trust guk` rdportakb systdj.
Jfkfbdjdkt Fmtaok \dmor`
ADB rdmojjdk`ftaok Jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd
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Ok Iukd =, >1, thd Mojjattdd ok @dvdcop-
jdkt Dggdmtavdkdss (MO@D) jdt to moksa`dr
thd `omujdktHow Dggdmtavd Hfvd ^ovdrty fk`
]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds Lddk? Fk ADB ]tu`y og
Rorc` Lfke ]upport to ^]AFs, prdpfrd` ly thd
Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB), tobdthdr
wath thd rfgt jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd.
Ovdrfcc Mokmcusaoks. Phd Mojjattdd
wdcmojd` thd tajdcy `asmussaok og ADBs stu`y
og ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF),
pfrtamucfrcy ak cabht og thd okboakb asmussaok to
dstflcash f Jucta-@okor Prust Guk` to support
^]AF wore, to ld opdrftaokfc ak gasmfc 6>.Jdjldrs rdmojjdk`d` dkhfkmakb thd usd og
^]AF lut mcfragyakb thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og
dfmh ]AF dxdrmasd. Phdy proposd` dstflcashakb
f hadrfrmhy og olidmtavds fk` goccowakb up ok
^]AF gak`akbs wath fppropraftd `assdjakftaok
fk` `asmcosurd, akmcu`akb ak sdvdrfc cfkbufbds.
Phdy strdssd` thd ajportfkmd og cakefbd wath
mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs fk` gcdxalacaty ak
^]AF, fcldat wath mcdfr fmmouktflacaty, rfthdr
thfk hfvakb f stfk`fr`azd` fpprofmh f`hdrakb
to raba` bua`dcakds. Phdrd wdrd mojjdkts
ok thd ajportfkmd og mfpfmaty luac`akb lut
pdrhfps fs f sdmok`-or`dr olidmtavd og ^]AF.
Jdjldrs gdct thft ajportfkt cdssoks mouc` ld
`rfwk groj thd pfst dxpdradkmd ak mok`umtakb
^]AF. Ak thas rdbfr`, thdy gdct thd `dmdktrfc-
azd` jfkfbdjdkt og thd kdw ^]AF Prust Guk`
to thd \dbaoks wfs fppropraftd. Phd `dsarflac-
aty gor thd Lfke to shfrd thd ^]AF rdport wath
othdr `okors or `dvdcopjdkt pfrtkdrs wfs
jdktaokd`.
Phd goccowakb edy assuds wdrd rfasd` ft thd
jddtakb9
^]AF Opdrftaokfc Olidmtavds.Jfky jdjldrs
strdssd` thd ajportfkmd og ^]AF ak djphfsaz-
akb somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcysas dx fktd ok
thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorj, wath
pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor. Phdy fbrdd` thft
thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og sumh fkfcysas shouc`
ld mcfragad` fk` f`fptd` to dfmh spdmagam mouktry
pocamy moktdxt. ]ojd jdjldrs uk`drcakd` thft
^]AF shouc` kot ld fk atdj wathak f mhdmecast
to ld mojpcad` wath okmd fk aktdrvdktaok hfs
fcrdf`y lddk dma`d`, fk` subbdstd` thft povdrty`astralutaok fkfcysas a`dfccy shouc` ld mok`umtd`
upstrdfj so fs to ld fk akput to pocamy `dsabk.
Phdrd wdrd mojjdkts ok thd rdcdvfkmd og thd
olidmtavds og akgorjakb thd mouktry pocamads
fk` luac`akb mfpfmaty ak mcadkt mouktrads to
mok`umt thdar owk ^]AF. Howdvdr, thdrd wdrd
fcso vadws thft pdrhfps loth shouc` ld sdmok`-
or`dr olidmtavds og ^]AF. Okd jdjldr gdct thft
luac`akb mfpfmaty shouc` kot ld fk olidmtavd ft
fcc ldmfusd at rdquards sdpfrftd fmtavatads. Okd
spdfedr qudrad` whdthdr comfc akstatutaoks mouc`
ld jord akvocvd` ak thd prdpfrftaok og ^]AF.
Vudstaoks wdrd rfasd` ok aktdbrftaok fk`
mojpcafkmd wath Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy 8.7>, whamh
rdquards thft thd Lfke `dtdrjakd whdthdr
spdmagam mouktry pocamads supportd` ly @dvdcop-
jdkt ^ocamy Cofks (@^Cs) frd caedcy to hfvd
sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt. ]upport-
akb fssdssjdkt mfk ld `okd throubh ^]AF or
djld``d` ak othdr fkfcytam wore. Ak f``ataok,
Mhfarpdrsoks ]ujjfry9
Mojjattdd ok @dvdcopjdktDggdmtavdkdss (MO@D)
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
jdjldr gdct thft ak f``ataok to fk fkfcysas
dx fktd ok thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy
rdgorj, dx post dvfcuftaoks wouc` ld vfcuflcd
moktralutaoks to ekowcd`bd. ]ojd qudstaoks
wdrd rf asd` ok ^]AFs rd cftaokshap wathdmokojam fk` sdmtor wore, akmcu`akb ^ovdrty
Fssdssjdkts.Jfkfbdjdkt stftd` thft ^]AF as
f sdt og toocs thft frd grdqudktcy mok`umtd` ak
thd moktdxt og @^Cs fk` ogtdk usd` ak ^ovdrty
Fssdssjdkts, ^ulcam Dxpdk`aturd \dvadw, fk`
othdr mord dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore or ak
thd prdpfrftaok og akvdstjdkt proidmts. At
fcso mcfragad` thft rdbaokfc ^]AF tdfjs `rfw
ok stfgg groj fcc kdtwores fk` @dvdcopjdkt
Dmokojams fk` thd Mhadg Dmokojast fk` frd
gurthdr supportd` ly thd ^ovdrty \d`umtaok
fk` Dmokojam Jfkfbdjdkt fk` ]ustfakflcd
@dvdcopjdkt Fkmhors. At fcso kotd` thft at as
woreakb to dkhfkmd thd outrdfmh og ekowcd`bd
ak ^]AF fk` to ajprovd Rdl-lfsd` cdfrkakb.
ADB poaktd` out thft thdrd as stacc aksuggamadkt
owkdrshap og ^]AF gak`akbs ly opdrftaokfc
stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs wathak thd Lfke.
Prust Guk`. ]ojd jdjldrs gdct thft thd
jfak purposd og thd Prust Guk` shouc` kot ld
to sfvd rdsourmds groj rdbucfr lu`bdt. Phdy
fcso proposd` thd kdw Prust Guk` shouc` ld`dsabkd` to gakfkmd fmtavatads ak whamh ^]AF wfs
kot rdbucfrcy usd`. F qudstaok wfs rfasd` ok
possalcd cfme og sustfakflacaty og ^]AF guk`d`
throubh dfrjfred` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`s.
Phdrd wfs fcso f rdqudst gor thd Lfke to shfrd
thd gak`akbs og ]AF wath othdr okors. \dcftd`cy,
f mojjdkt wfs rfasd` ok thd kdd` to uk`drstfk`
whdthdr ajportfkt `okor-guk`d` fmtavatads frd
kot loubht ly mouktry `ardmtors, who thdrdgord
`o kot aktdbrftd thdj ak MF]s. Phd rdmojjdk`f-
taok ok shagtakb thd dmasaok-jfeakb fk` guk`akb
jfk`ftd og thd kdw Prust Guk` to \dbaokfc vamd
prdsa`dktafc ukats wfs wdcmojd`. Jfkfbd-
jdkt mcfragad` thft thd luce og rdsourmds usd`
to support ^]AF mojds groj Lfke rdsourmds,
fk` thft thd gakfkmafc moktralutaoks groj thd
kdwPrust Guk`wacc ld vdry sjfcc. Howdvdr, at
ak`amftd` thft at hopds to cdvdrfbd thd kdw Prust
Guk`so fs to jfed thd \dbaokfc vamd prdsa`dk-
tafc ukats jord rdspoksalcd fk` fmmouktflcd
gor mfrryakb out thas fkfcysas.
thdrd wdrd qudstaoks ok thd rftaokfcd fk`
mratdraf gor mouktry sdcdmtaok, fk` who akataftds
thd rdqudst or proposfc gor mok`umtakb f ^]AF.
Okd jdjldr fsed` to whft dxtdkt bdk`dr
assuds hfvd lddk f`dquftdcy jfakstrdfjd`ak thd kdw Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd. Jfkfbdjdkt
fbrdd` wath ADB ok thd kdd` to dksurd thft
stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd ^]AF fpprofmh as
fk` stftd` thft at wouc` `assdjakftd wa`dcy
thd rdvasd` Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, fk` dkhfkmd
thd qufcaty fssurfkmd promdss.
Mouktry ^robrfj. ]pdfedrs uk`drsmord`
thd kdd` gor ^]AF to ldmojd fk aktdbrfc
pfrt og mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs fk`
Lfke opdrftaoks, fk` to moksa`dr thd pocata-
mfc dmokojy `ajdksaok ak `oakb povdrty fk`
`astralutaok fkfcysas. Phd kdd` gor strokbdr
cakefbds ldtwddk mouktry ukats fk` ^]AF tdfjs
wfs djphfsazd`. ]ojd spdfedrs kotd` thd
kdd` gor gcdxalacaty ak fppcyakb f rfkbd og toocs
fk` jdtho`s to spdmagam satuftaoks rfthdr thfk
trdftakb ^]AF fs f stfk`fr`azd` fpprofmh. At wfs
fcso subbdstd` thft thd topam fk` tajakb og thd
^]AF shouc` ld fcabkd` wath thd mouktrys praora-
tads fk` thd olidmtavds og thd Mouktry Fssastfkmd
]trftdby (MF]). \dcftd`cy, thdrd wdrd mojjdkts
ok thd kdd` gor dkbfbakb mouktry stfedhoc`-drs to luac` owkdrshap, dspdmafccy fjokb pocamy
jfedrs. Phdrd wdrd fcso qudstaoks ok thd dxtdkt
to whamh ^]AFs frd usd` ak thd `dsabk og @^Cs.
Ak f``ataok, sojd jdjldrs soubht gurthdr
akgorjftaok ok mouktrads `djfk` gor ^]AF.
Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdd` wath ADBs rdmojjdk-
`ftaok ok thd kdd` to dksurd ldttdr aktdbrf-
taok og ^]AF akto thd Lfkes mouktry probrfj.
Jfkfbdjdkt mcfragad` thft f kujldr og assuds,
akmcu`akb mojpcafkmd wath Opdrftaokfc ocamy
8.7> fk` moksuctftaoks wath stfedhoc`drs, wacc
ld f``rdssd` ak thd @^C \dtrospdmtavd rdport
murrdktcy uk`dr prdpfrftaok.
Ekowcd`bd. ]ojd jdjldrs gdct thft ak thd
moktdxt og thd ekowcd`bd fbdk`f thdrd wfs
dxtdksavd dxpdradkmd thft shouc` ld usd` to
ldttdr ajpcdjdkt thd ^]AF fpprofmh ak thd
guturd. Ak thas rdbfr`, thdy dkmourfbd` jord
`assdjakftaok, akmcu`akb trfkscftaok akto comfc
cfkbufbds fk` goccow-up og ^]AF gak`akbs. Okd
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M H F A \ ^ D \ ] O K ] ] T J J F \ Q9 M O J J A P P D D O K @ D W D C O ^ J D K P D G G D M P A W D K D ] ] ( M O @ D )
uk`drsmord` thd potdktafc gor jord dggdmtavd usd
og ]AF gak`akbs to akgorj thd J&D systdjs.
Baovfkka Jfikoka, Mhfarpdrsok
Jokatorakb fk` Dvfcuftaok (J&D).]ojd
jdjldrs tooe kotd thft flout 24 pdrmdkt og
thd sfjpcd ^]AF `a` kot akmcu`d J&D ak`amf-
tors or `ftf moccdmtaok jdtho`s kdmdssfry gor
jokatorakb thd ajpfmt og rdgorj pocamy. Phdy
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Mhfptdr 6
Dvfcuftaok Habhcabhts
Phd Rorc` Lfke hfs dgakd` ovdrty
fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF)
fs thd fkfcysas og thd astralutaokfc
ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd
wdcc-ldakb og `aggdrdkt stfedhoc`dr
broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd
poor fk` vuckdrflcd.
^]AFs wdrd f okor rdspoksd to thd
mokmdrks og dxtdrkfc broupskot
mcadkt mouktradsflout thd ajpfmt
og Lfke-supportd` probrfjs fk`
pocamads.
F Lfke Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy rdquards
@dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy Cofks wath
caedcy sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc
ajpfmts to f``rdss thosd ajpfmts,
lut thdrd as ko spdmagam rdquardjdkt
to `o so usakb thd ^]AF fpprofmh.
Phd Lfke hfs supportd` 647 ]AFs,
pfrtcy `ravdk ly thd fvfacflacaty og
dfrjfred` guk`s loth groj wathakthd Lfke fk` groj othdr `okors.
Moksastdkt wath thd rocds dkvasfbd`
ly thd Rorc` Lfke gor ^]AFs, thas
dvfcuftaok fssdssds thdar dggdmt
ok mouktry pocamads fk` Lfke op-
drftaoks fk` thdar moktralutaok to
mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty.
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Hfkoa, Wadtkfj, lamymcd fk` smootdr ra`drs. ^hoto ly ]ajokd @. JmMourtad, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.
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Phas promdss wfs dsabkd` to dksurd thft rdgorjs
wdrd fcabkd` wath thd ojdstam praoratads og mcadkt
mouktrads (Rocgdksok 6112). Fs stftd` ak f Rorc`
Lfke pulcamftaok, Goccowakb thd f`optaok og thd
Upovdrty rd`umtaok strftdbyZ fpprofmh, thd Rorc`
Lfke fk` Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` mojjat-
td`, ak >6, to f systdjftam fssdssjdkt og thd
povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts og pocamy rdgorjs
(Rorc` Lfke >7k).
Phd Lfke hf` lddk mok`umtakb `astralutaokfc
fkfcysas ak sojd og ats dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore
(D]R) dvdk ldgord thd aktro`umtaok og ^]AFs.
Ak gfmt, fs dfrcy fs 6182 thd Lfkes Opdrftaokfc
Bua`dcakds rdquard fk fkfcysas og thd short-tdrj
ajpfmt og f`iustjdkt probrfjs ok thd urlfk
fk` rurfc poor (Rorc` Lfke 6182). Phdk, ovdr
thd 61821< pdrao`, thd Rorc` Lfke, thd Fgramfk
@dvdcopjdkt Lfke, fk` thd Tkatd` Kftaoks
@dvdcopjdkt ^robrfjjd ioaktcy supportd`
thd ]omafc @ajdksaoks og F`iustjdkt ak Fgramf
Ak gasmfc >< to >2.
Phd ajpdtus to fssdss thd povdrty fk` somafc
ajpfmts og Rorc` Lfke opdrftaoks mfk ld trfmd`
lfme to thd ja`-611>s, whdk dxtdrkfc broups
mratamazd` thd Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` (AJG)
fk` thd Rorc` Lfke gor kot propdrcy fssdssakb
thd ajpfmts og rdgorjs ldgord supportakb thdj.
Ak thd cftd 611>s, sdvdrfc stdps wdrd tfedk to
ajprovd thd povdrty rd`umtaok gomus og Lfke
opdrftaoks5 fjokb thdsd stdps wfs thd `dvdcop-
jdkt og thd povdrty rd`umtaok strftdby promdss.
Mouktradsloth thdar bovdrkjdkts fk` thd pulcamkdd` to uk`dr-stfk` thd prolflcd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs fk` pro-
brfjs. Dquappd` wath thft akgorjftaok, thdy kdd` to `dsabk rdgorj
promdssds thft tfed fmmoukt og ldkdgamafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`, ag
thdy frd boakb to ld dggdmtavd ak fmhadvakb olidmtavds og browth fk` povdrty
rd`umtaok. Dxpdradkmd hfs showk thft uk`drstfk`akb fk` `dgakakb dggdmtavd
rdgorj promdssds ogtdk rdquard mfrdguc dmokojam fk` somafc fkfcysds og thd
potdktafc ajpfmts og thd rdgorjs wathak spdmagam mouktry moktdxts.
Aktro`umtaok
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
Phd Lfke hfs dkvasfbd` thrdd jfak rocds gor
^]AFs9 supportakb thd dcflorftaok fk` ajpcdjdk-
tftaok og povdrty rd`umtaok strftdbads ak dvdcop-
akb mouktrads, supportakb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty
luac`akb, fk` akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks (Rorc`Lfke >=h, >0g, >8d). Phdsd rocds hfvd lddk
`astaccd` akto thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds ak thas
dvfcuftaok9 akgorjakb mouktry pocamads, moktral-
utakb to mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty, fk` akgorjakb
Lfke opdrftaoks.
Catdrfturd ok `dvdcopjdkt ovdr thd pfst
`dmf`d hfs djphfsazd` thd ajportfkmd og
uk`drstfk`akb thd akstatutaokfc fk` pocatamfc
mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt fk` thd kdd` to
luac` `ojdstam owkdrshap og pocamy rdgorjs ak
f``ataok to fssdssakb thd `astralutaokfc ajpfmt
og pocamy fmtaoks. Phd ^]AF fpprofmh morrdmtcy
djphfsazds thdsd fspdmts. Fs `asmussd` ak
mhfptdrs 2 thd Lfke guk`d` 647 ^]AFs
(kot akmcu`akb thd akatafc pacot ^]AFs), fs a`dk-
tagad` ly thd Lfkes ^ovdrty \d`umtaok fk` Dmo-
kojam Jfkfbdjdkt (^\DJ) fk` ]ustfakflcd @d-
vdcopjdkt Kdtwore (]@K) Fkmhors. Fppdk`ax L
prova`ds f cast og thd 647 ^]AFs.0>7 wfs $64 jaccaok,
fk` thas guk`akb wfs pfrtcy f ravdr og ]AFs. At mfjd
groj thd Lfkes dfrjfred` Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor
^]AFs ($4.8 jaccaok), dfrjfred` ^]AF Prust Guk`s
moktralutd` ly vfraous lacftdrfc okors (akmcu`akb
@GA@, BPY, Korwfy, Atfcy, Ldcbauj, fk` Gakcfk`),
fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke lu`bdt fk` othdr okor
guk`akb. Fgtdr thd dxhfustaok og thd Akmrdjdktfc
^robrfj, whamh fajd` to hdcp pfrtama-
pftakb Fgramfk mouktrads aktdbrftd
povdrty fk` somafc mokmdrks ak thd
`dsabk fk` ajpcdjdktftaok og thdar
f`iustjdkt probrfjs. Fk` ak 6117,ak mokiukmtaok wath kftaokfc bovdrk-
jdkts fk` mavac somadty orbfkazf-
taoks, thd Rorc` Lfke cfukmhd`
thd ]trumturfc F`iustjdkt ^frtama-
pftory \dvadw Akataftavd to fssdss
thd dmokojam fk` somafc ajpfmt og
strumturfc f`iustjdkt pocamads ok vfraous somafc
broups ak lorrowakb mouktrads.6Ak >>, f broup
og kokbovdrkjdktfc orbfkazftaoks (KBOs), cd`
ly Oxgfj, rdjak`d` thd Lfke og ats mojjatjdkt
to fssdss proposd` rdgorjs ak Lfke probrfjs
(Oxgfj Aktdrkftaokfc >>). Phd Lfke rdspok`d`
ly aktro`umakb thd ]AF fpprofmh ak gasmfc >< fs
f gorjfc wfy to mok`umt `astralutaokfc fkfcysas.
Phd fpprofmh wfs lfsd` ok moccflorftavd wore
wath thd AJG, thd Tkatd` Eakb`ojs @dpfrt-
jdkt gor Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt (@GA@),
thd Bdrjfk Fbdkmy gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok
(BPY), fk` othdr `okors. Fppdk`ax F shows thd
tajdcakd og ^]AF hastory.
Rhft As f ^]AF?
Phd Lfke `dgakds ^]AF fs thd fkfcysas og thd`astralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd
wdcc-ldakb og `aggdrdkt stfedhoc dr broups, wath
pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd
(Rorc` Lfke >=b).Phd Lfke cfa` out 6> edy
dcdjdkts og f ^]AF ak >= (sdd lox 6.6) (Rorc`
Lfke >=h). Phd Lfke sdds thd `astakmtavd
fspdmts og ^]AF fs goccows9 Rhft as kdw as thd
fppcamftaok og thd toocs fk` tdmhkaquds
og somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcysas to
fkfcyzd ajpfmts og dmokojy-wa`d
pocamy rdgorjs ldgord thosd rdgorjs
frd mfrrad` out (dx fktd fkfcysas), fk`
jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas
to akgorj pocamy f`vamd fk` pocamy
`dsabk (Rorc` Lfke >7k). Gurthdr-
jord, thd Lfke hfs a`dktagad` two edy
dcdjdkts og thd ]AF9 garst, fk fkfcysas
to `dtdrjakd thd `astralutaokfc
ajpfmts, fk` sdmok`, f promdss thft
dkbfbds fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak
pocamy-jfeakb (Rorc` Lfke >8d).
Phrdd jfak rocds
wdrd dkvasfbd` gor^]AFsthd dcflorftaok
fk` ajpcdjdktftaok
og povdrty rd`umtaokstrftdbads ak `dvdcopakb
mouktrads, supportakbak-mouktry mfpfmaty
luac`akb, fk` akgorjakb
Lfke opdrftaoks.
Phd ]AF fpprofmh
djphfsazds thdajportfkmd og
uk`drstfk`akb thdakstatutaokfc fk`
pocatamfc mokstrfaktsto dvdcopjdkt fk`
thd kdd` to luac``ojdstam owkdrshapog pocamy rdgorjs ak
f``ataok to fssdssakb thd`astralutaokfc ajpfmt
og pocamy fmtaoks.
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A K P \ O @ T M P A O K
hfvd sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc
moksdqudkmds (lox 6.0g). Rhdrdfs O^ 8.7> fppcads okcy to @^Cs,
thd Lfke hfs uk`drtfedk ^]AFs ak f rfkbd og
othdr moktdxts, akmcu`akb akgorjakb akvdstjdkt
proidmts, Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftdbads, fk`
Guk` gor ^]AFs ak gasmfc >7, ^]AFs wdrd guk`d`
groj thd rdjfakakb ^]AF Prust Guk` rdsourmds
fk` Lfke lu`bdt. Phd fjoukt og thd Lfke lu`-
bdt spdkt ok ^]AFs fgtdr dxhfustaok og thd Akmrd-
jdktfc Guk` as kot fvfacflcd.
Rath thd pulcamftaok og thd Lfkes rdvasd`
Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy (O^) ok @dvdcopjdkt ^ocamy
Cdk`akb (O^ 8.7>) ak >0, thd fkfcysas og povdrty
fk` somafc ajpfmts og dvdcopjdkt pocamy cdk`akb
wfs jf`d f rdquard` pfrt og Lfke @dvdcop-
jdkt ^ocamy Cofks (@^Cs) thft wdrd caedcy to
Phd Lfkes >= ^]AF Tsdrs Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h) `ods kot
spdmagy jakajuj stfk`fr`s gor ^]AF5 akstdf` at prova`ds subbds-
taoks ok how to fpprofmh thd fkfcysas lfsd` ok 6> edy dcdjdkts.
At poakts out thft fcthoubh thdrd as f cobamfc sdqudkmd to thdsd dcd-
jdkts, thft ods kot ajpcy thft thdy kdd` to ld uk`drtfedk ak stramt
or`dr or thft fcc thd stdps wacc ld gdfsalcd ak dvdry mouktry.
6. Fseakb thd rabht qudstaoks9 Fseakb qudstaoks sumh fs thd
projakdkmd og thd assud ok thd bovdrkjdkts fbdk`f, thd tajakb
og thd rdgorj, fk` thd kfturd og thd kftaokfc `dlftd ok thd assud
wacc hdcp oradkt thd fkfcysas morrdmtcy.
.Gostdrakb pocamy dlftd fk` gdd`akb lfme akto pocamy mhoamd9
Gostdrakb fk` `rfwakb ok pulcam `asmussaok og pocamy mfk ld
usdguc ft vfraous poakts og thd ^]AF promdssgor dxfjpcd, to
hdcp a`dktagy stfedhoc`drs fk` thdar posataoks, to uk`drstfk`
trfksjassaok mhfkkdcs, to vfca`ftd tdmhkamfc ajpfmt fkfcysas,
or to cdvdrfbd somafc fmmouktflacaty. At as mratamfc gor ^]AF to dk-
surd thft thd cdssoks cdfrkd` groj ajpfmt fkfcysas, jokatorakbfk` dvfcuftaok, somafc fmmouktflacaty, fk` pulcam pocamy `dlftd
fmtufccy akgorj fk` fggdmt pocamy.
Phd Lfke rdakgormd` thdsd 6> edy dcdjdkts ak ats >0 Boo`
^rfmtamd Kotd ok ^]AF.
Lox 6.69 Rorc` Lfke Bua`fkmd ok ^]AF
]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>=h, >0g).
Phd Lfke fk` othdr`okors guk`d` 647 ^]AFs
ovdr gasmfc >2.
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
sourmdlooe (Rorc` Lfke >=h, >2b), fk`,
ak moksuctftaok wath thd Opdrftaokfc ^ocamy fk`
Mouktry ]drvamds (O^M]) Wamd ^rdsa`dktafc Tkat,
thd ]AF Boo` rfmtamd Kotds (Rorc` Lfke >0g,
>8l).
Dvfcuftaok Olidmtavds fk` \ftaokfcdPhas dvfcuftaok rdspok`s to f rdqudst groj thd
Rorc` Lfkes Lofr` og Dxdmutavd @ardmtors gor
fk ak`dpdk`dkt fssdssjdkt og ^]AFs, fbfakst thd
lfme`rop og thd mokmdrks dxprdssd` ly Oxgfj fk`
othdr KBOs=flout thd dggdmtavdkdss og ]AF to ftd
fk` thd aktdrdst og A@F-64 `dputads ak strdkbthdk-
akb povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fssdssjdkts.0
Phoubh thd Lfke hfs prdpfrd` sdvdrfc probrdss
rdports ok ]AFs, at hfs ydt to mojpcdtd f mojprd-
hdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd ^]AF dxpdradkmd.
^robrdss rdports hfvd lddk uk`drtfedk jfakcy
ak thd moktdxt og rdportakb lfme to `okors ok
ajpcdjdktftaok. Phdrd frd murrdktcy two okboakb
rdvadws og povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fkfcysas ak
thd Lfkes @^Csf stometfeakb ly ^\DJ fk`
f @^C rdtrospdmtavd ly O^M]. Fk okboakb ioakt
Ovdrsdfs @dvdcopjdkt Akstatutd fk` Rorc` Lfke
rdport ok ]AFs (O@A fk` Rorc` Lfke >1) fajs
to ajprovd thd prfmtamd fk` dkhfkmd thd usd og
povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fkfcysas ak thd Lfkefk` ak pfrtkdr mouktrads.4
Aktdrdst ak thd ^]AF dxpdradkmd as caedcy to
akmrdfsd worc`wa`d. Phd rdmdkt gakfkmafc mrasas
othdr fkfcytamfc wore. Jost og thd
^]AFs hfvd, howdvdr, lddk aktdk`d`
to akgorj @^Cs.
Ldmfusd ko Lfke O^ bovdrks ^]AFs,thd jfak sourmds og bua`fkmd gor
mok`umtakb thdj frd thd Lfkes ^]AF
Tsdrs Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h)5
sojd othdr bua`fkmd sumh fs thd
tooceat gor dvfcuftakb thd povdrty fk` `astralu-
taokfc ajpfmt og dmokojam pocamads (Rorc` Lfke
>=b)5 f cdssoks fk` dxfjpcds looe (Rorc`
Lfke >7k)5 prfmtataokdrs bua`ds (Rorc` Lfke
>4f, >7l)5 f sourmdlooe og toocs gor akstatu-
taokfc, pocatamfc, fk` somafc fkfcysas og pocamy
rdgorj (Rorc` Lfke >2b)5 thd Boo` ^rfmtamd
Kotds ok ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >0g, >8l)5
fk` Phd Ajpfmt og Jfmro-Dmokojam ^ocamads
ok ^ovdrty fk` Akmojd @astralutaok9 Jfmro-
Jamro Dvfcuftaok Pdmhkaquds fk` Poocs (Rorc`
Lfke >8m). Phdsd `omujdkts ak`amftd whft
thd Lfke dxpdmtd` ^]AFs to cooe caed frouk`
thd tajd og thdar akataftaok fk` thd
sulsdqudkt dvocutaok ak thakeakb
flout ^]AFs.
\dspoksalacaty gor thd projotaok og
^]AF wathak thd Rorc` Lfke cads prakma-pfccy wath thd \DJ fk` ]@K Fkmhors.
Phdy hfvd f`jakastdrd` thd `d`amftd`
Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor ^]AFs fk`
pro`umd` thd ^]AF Tsdrs Bua`d fk`
@okor support gor ^]AFs
hfs fjouktd` to $64jaccaok ovdr gasmfc
>0>7 fk` hfs akmcu`d`
f jax og dfrjfred`Lfke guk`s, dfrjfred``okor guk`s, fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke guk`s.
O^ 8.7> rdquards thftthd povdrty fk` somafc
ajpfmts og @^Cs thftfrd caedcy to hfvd
sabkagamfkt povdrty fk`somafc moksdqudkmds ld
fssdssd`, lut at odskot rdquard thft thas ld
`okd throubh ]AFs.
Phd Lfke `dtdrjakds whdthdr spdmagam mouktry pocamads sup-portd` ly f @^C frd caedcy to hfvd sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` so-
mafc moksdqudkmds, dspdmafccy gor poor pdopcd fk` vuckdrflcd
broups. Gor mouktry pocamads wath caedcy sabkagamfkt dggdmts, thd
Lfkes probrfj omujdkt sujjfrazds rdcdvfkt fkfcytam ekowc-
d`bd og thdsd dggdmts fk` og thd lorrowdrs systdjs gor rd`umakb
f`vdrsd dggdmts fk` dkhfkmakb posatavd dggdmts fssomaftd` wath
thd spdmagam pocamads ldakb supportd`. Ag thdrd frd sabkagamfkt
bfps ak thd fkfcysas or shortmojakbs ak thd lorrowdrs systdjs,thd Lfkes probrfj `omujdkt `dsmralds how sumh bfps or
shortmojakbs wouc` ld f``rdssd` ldgord or `urakb probrfj
ajpcdjdktftaok, fs fppropraftd. O^ 8.7> rdgdrs stfgg to f >0
Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd ok ^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas
(Rorc` Lfke >0g) gor fppcyakb thas bua`fkmd, akmcu`akb possalcd
mratdraf gor thd sdcdmtaok og pocamads gor fkfcysas.
]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>0g, >0i).
Lox 6. \dcftakb to Fssdssakb
^ovdrty fk` ]omafc Moksdqudkmds og \dgorjs
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A K P \ O @ T M P A O K
mojd groj othdr sourmds. At as thdk
`aggamuct to fssdss thd ^]AFs moktralu-
taok. ]ajacfr prolcdjs og fttralutaok
fppcy to `dmasaoks or fmtaoks wathak
thd Lfke. Phd gak`akbs og thas dvfcuf-taok shouc` ld aktdrprdtd` ldfrakb
thdsd mfvdfts ak jak`.
Dvfcuftaok qudstaoks
Moksastdkt wath thd thrdd rocds thd Lfke
dkvasfbd` gor ^]AFs, thas dvfcuftaok `astacs thrdd
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds thft gorj thd lfsas gor thd
qudstaoks f``rdssd`9
Dggdmt ft thd mouktry cdvdc9
Rhft dggdmt hfvd ^]AFs hf` ok
mouktry pocamads (akmcu`akb pocamy
`dlftd)?
Rhft moktralutaok hfvd ]AFs jf`d
to thd `dvdcopjdkt og mouktry mf-
pfmaty gor pocamy fkfcysas?7
Dggdmt wathak thd Lfke9
Rhft dggdmt hfvd ^]AFs hf` ok Lfke opdrf-
taoks (akmcu`akb strftdby fk` fkfcytamfc wore)?
Luac`akb lcomes
Dva`dkmd grojvfraous sourmds hfs lddk usd`moccdmtavdcy to gorjucftd thd gak`akbs9
F portgocao rdvadw og f stftastamfccy rdprdsdktf-
tavd sfjpcd og 48 ]AFs mhosdk rfk`ojcy groj
thd ukavdrsd og 647 ^]AFs.
Mfsd rdvadws gor 6< ^]AFs ak 8 mouktrads
(Lfkbcf`dsh, Mfjlo`af, Bhfkf, Jfcfwa, Jfca,
Jozfjlaqud, Kamfrfbuf, fk` Yfjlaf) mhosdk
purposavdcy gor avdrsd rdbaokfc, sdmtorfc, fk`
gasmfc ydfr movdrfbd.
]djastrumturd` tdcdphokd aktdrvadws wath 02
stfedhoc`drs (akmcu`akb bovdrkjdkt oggamafcs,
pravftd sdmtor rdprdsdktftavds, KBO stfgg, fmf-
`djams fk` rdsdfrmhdrs, oggamafcs groj okor
fbdkmads, fk` Lfke stfgg) mhosdk purposavdcy
to akmcu`d stfedhoc`drs gfjacafr
wath thd ^]AF promdss. Phdsd ak-
tdrvadws movdrd` 66 ^]AFs ak 6>
mouktrads (fk` wdrd f``ataokfc to
thd okds movdrd` ak thd mouktry
mfsd rdvadws).
fk` bcolfc scow`owk frd caedcy to put prdssurd
ok bovdrkjdkts to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb
rdgorjs ak thd jd`auj tdrj. Po protdmt thd
poor fk` dkhfkmd ldkdgats to thdj, edy rdgorjs
wacc kdd` to ld uk`drpakkd` ly systdjftamfkfcysas og thdar dxpdmtd` povdrty fk` somafc
ajpfmts.
Dvfcuftaok ]mopd, Vudstaoks, fk`Luac`akb Lcomes
]mopd
Phas dvfcuftaok movdrs fkfcytamfc wore a`dktagad` fs
^]AFs ly thd Lfkes ^\DJ fk` thd ]@K Fkmhors.
Phd dvfcuftaok `ods kot movdr Lfke fkfcysds og
povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts thft thd fkmhors `a`
kot a`dktagy fs ^]AFs. Phd fkmhors a`dktagad` 647
fkfcysds thft akmorporftd` okd or jord dcdjdkts
og thd ^]AF fpprofmh ovdr thd gasmfc >2
pdrao`. Jost og thdsd frd grddstfk`akb fkfcysds,
lut sojd frd djld``d` ak thd Lfkes othdr D]R.
Fmmor`akbcy, ^]AF as usd` ak thas dvfcuftaok to
movdr fkfcytamfc wore thft akmorporftds okd or
jord dcdjdkts og thd ^]AF fpprofmh, rdbfr`cdss
og whdthdr thas fkfcytamfc wore as grddstfk`akb
or djld``d`. @urakb thd moursd og thas dvfcuf-
taok, sojd Lfke stfgg poaktd` to thd dxastdkmd
og ^]AF-typd wore thft wfs kot ok thd ^\DJ/]@K cast lut thft shouc` ld, fk` othdrs poaktd`
to ^]AFs murrdktcy ok thd cast thft thdy ldcadvd`
shouc` kot ld thdrd.
Phas dvfcuftaok `ods kot faj to fssdss thd
`owkstrdfj povdrty rd`umtaok ajpfmts og ^]AFs.
Phd fttralutaok prolcdjs akvocvd` ak `oakb so
wouc` ld prohalatavd. Kor `ods thd dvfcuftaok
faj to fssdss mojpcafkmd wath O^ 8.7>, whamh as
ldakb `okd ly ^\DJ fk` ly O^M].
Jordovdr, thas dvfcuftaok gomusds ok kdfr-tdrj
dggdmts og ^]AFs. Cokbdr-tdrj dggdmts mfk ld
`aggamuct to trfmd fk` frd ukcaedcy to ld jdfsur-
flcd ydt gor rdmdkt ^]AFs. Howdvdr, thd dvfcuf-
taok rdmobkazds thft f sddjakbcy akdggdmtavd ^]AF
mfk ld powdrguccy dggdmtavd ak thd guturd.
Othdr jdfsurdjdkt prolcdjs fcso dxast. F bovdrk-
jdkt dmasaok jfy fmmor` wath rdmojjdk`ftaoks
ak f ^]AF, lut sajacfr rdmojjdk`ftaoks jfy hfvd
Po `ftd, thd Lfke
hfs kot mojpcdtd` fmojprdhdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd
^]AF dxpdradkmd.
Phd jfak sourmds og
bua`fkmd ok mok`umtakb^]AFs frd thd Tsdrs Bua`thd sourmdlooe ok toocs
gor akstatutaokfc, pocatamffk` somafc fkfcysas ogpocamy rdgorj5 fk` thdBoo` rfmtamd Kotds.
Phd qudstaoks thasdvfcuftaok fajs to
fkswdr `dravd groj thdthrdd rocds thd Lfke hfs
dkvasaokd` gor ]AFs,fcso rdgdrrd` to fsopdrftaokfc olidmtavdsak thas dvfcuftaok.
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F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \
F catdrfturd rdvadw, akmcu`akb rdcdvfkt jftdrafc
groj sdvdrfc rdmdkt dvfcuftaoks ly thd Ak`d-
pdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB).
Fppdk`ax M prova`ds f `dtfacd` `dsmraptaok ogdfmh og thdsd sourmds. Mhfptdr < prova`ds fk
ovdrvadw og ]AFs.
Aktdrvadws wath => sdkaor Lfke stfgg fk` jfk-
fbdrs (akmcu`akb mouktry `ardmtors, f`vasors,
fk` so gorth) mhosdk purposavdcy to akmcu`d
stfgg who wdrd ekowcd`bdflcd flout ]AF strft-
dby or who wdrd rdspoksalcd gor ovdrsddakb^]AFs.
F thdjftam rdvadw og `okor akvocvdjdkt ak
^]AFs.
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Mhfptdr 2 pdrao` hfvd hf` wa`dcy
vfryakb mhfrfmtdrastams.
Ak jfky mfsds, prfmtamd hfs `d-
pfrtd` groj thd akatafc mokmdpt og
how ^]AF shouc` ld mok`umtd`.
F dsard` mhfrfmtdrastam thft ]AFs
hfvd jost grdqudktcy f`optd` hfs
lddk fkfcysas og rases.
Flout okd-gagth og thd sfjpcd`
^]AFs `a` kot dxpcamatcy stftd fky
og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds
rdcftakb to thd ^]AFs aktdk`d` dg-
gdmt, whamh rd`umd` thd mhfkmd thft
thdrd wouc` ld f wdcc-mokmdavd`
strftdby to fmhadvd or jokator ak-
tdk`d` dggdmts.
^rfmtamd hfs kot lddk akstatutaokfc-
azd` ak f wfy thft dksurds jokator-
akb fk` dvfcuftaok og ^]AFs, whamh
`dtrfmts groj cdssok cdfrkakb.
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Rojfk ak Mhakf mfrryakb f mrop ak hdr lfsedt. ^hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.
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Kujldrs fk` MostsPhd 647 ^]AFs movdrd` 24 mouktrads fk` 60
sdmtors. Fs showk ak gaburd 2, thd fvdrfbd most og ]AFswfs
$608,sojdwhft cowdr thfk thd fvdrfbd og
$628,>>> gor fcc Lfke D]R ovdr gasmfc >7
(ADB >85 Rorc` Lfke >1l). Phd wa`d rfkbd ak
^]AFs mostsgroj $0,>>> to $1>>fttdsts
to thd vfradty og topams fk` typds og pro`umts thft
frd mcfssd` fs ]AF (fs `asmussd` ldcow).
Flout hfcg og thd ^]AFs ovdr thd pdrao` gasmfc
>2 tooe cdss thfk f ydfr to mojpcdtd, fk`
flout f gagth tooe jord thfk two ydfrs. Ly mojpfr-
asok, 40 pdrmdkt og Lfke D]R ovdr gasmfc >7
tooe cdss thfk f ydfr, fk` 6< pdrmdkt tooe jord
thfk two ydfrs (ADB >85 Rorc` Lfke >1l).
OlidmtavdsFcthoubh ^]AFs typamfccy matd thdar olidmtavds
rdcftakb to thd moktdkt og thd rdgorj or sdmtor
Phas mhfptdr gomusds ok f stftastamfccy sabkagamfkt sfjpcd og 48 ^]AFsgroj f ukavdrsd og 647 Lfke-a`dktagad` ^]AFs mojpcdtd` ldtwddk gas-
mfc >< fk` >2. At prdsdkts fk ovdrvadw og thas sfjpcd ak tdrjs og
thdar kujldr, mosts, fk` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds. At fcso dxfjakds how ^]AF
prfmtamd mojpfrds wath thd Lfkes akatafc mokmdpt og how sumh fkfcysas shouc`
ld mok`umtd`.
Ovdrvadw og ^]AFs
thdy frd fkfcyzakb, thdy `o kot fcwfys
stftd thdaropdrftaokfcolidmtavds, thft
as, olidmtavds pdrtfakakb to thd dggdmt
thft thd ^]AF aktdk`s to hfvd. Dxpcam-atcy stftakb opdrftaokfc olidmtavds as ajportfkt
ldmfusd at dkflcds thd ^]AF to ld spdmagamfccy
`dsabkd` to fmhadvd thosd olidmtavds.
Fjokb thd 48 sfjpcd` ^]AFs, og thosd thft `o
dxpcamatcy stftd thdar opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, thd
jost grdqudktcy matd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavd (ak
jord thfk two-thar`s og thd mfsds) hfs lddk to
akgorj mouktry pocamads fk`/or `dlftd, goccowd`
ly to akgorj Lfke opdrftaoks fk` thdk to
moktralutd to mouktry mfpfmaty (fppdk`ax tflcd
G.6). Flout okd-gagth og thd ^]AFs `a` kot dxpcam-
atcy stftd fky og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.
Jost ]AFs a`dktagad` jord thfk okd olidmtavd. Og
thd =2 rdspoksds rdmdavd` groj ^]AF
tfse jfkfbdrs, flout okd-thar` hf`
fcc thrdd olidmtavds. Fppdk`ax tflcd
G.6 shows thft thdrd frd sojd `aggdr-
dkmds ldtwddk whft tfse jfkfbdrs
moksa`dr ^]AF olidmtavds fk` whft
thd ^]AF `omujdktftaok stftds fs thd
^]AFs `o kot fcwfysstftd thdar opdrftaokfc
olidmtavds.
Flout okd-thar og thd^]AFs `a` kot dxfjakdf wdcc-spdmagad` rdgorj
lut wdrd jord bdkdrfcsdmtor or jfmro-dmokojam fkfcysds.
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bro dcdmtramaty pramd ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >2d).
Phd ^]AF tooe pcfmd whacd thd bovdrkjdkt wfs
^]AFs olidmtavds5 thdsd aggdrdkmds ak`amftd f cfme
og mcfraty og purposd.
^]AF ^rfmtamd vdrsus Akatafc Mokmdpt
^]AFs mfk akmorporftd fky or fcc og thd goccowakbmhfrfmtdrastams kotd` ak thd Lfkes ^]AF Tsdrs
Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h) fk` thd ^]AF Boo`
^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke >0g)9
Fssdssakb thd ajpfmt og f wdcc-spdmagad`
rdgorj
Tsakb f mojlakftaok og qufktatftavd fk` qufca-
tftavd jdtho`s
A`dktagyakb stfedhoc`drsldkdgamafrads or
thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj fs wdcc
fs propokdkts fk` oppokdkts
A`dktagyakb thd ajpcdjdktakb akstatutaoks
Fkfcyzakb rases to rdgorj ajpcdjdktftaok
]dttakb up systdjs gor jokatorakb fk`
dvfcuftaok
Dksurakb stfedhoc`dr pfrtamapftaok
Tk`drtfeakb `assdjakftaok.
Fcthoubh kot dvdry ^]AF as dxpdmtd` to rdgcdmt fcc
`ajdksaoks og boo` prfmtamd, jfky og thd mhfrfm-
tdrastams `asmussd` ak thas mhfptdr frd `dsarflcd ak
Gaburd
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O W D \ W A D R O G ^ ] A F s
fk` oppokdkts fk` propokdkts og f rdgorj. At
spdccd` out who stoo` to ldkdgat fs wdcc fs who
wouc` caedcy cosd groj thd proposd` rdgorj fk`
`dtfacd` whamh stfedhoc`drs wouc` caedcy opposd
thd rdgorj. At wdkt ok to subbdst wfys to cdssdkthd kdbftavd ajpfmt ok thosd who jabht ld
f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` fk` to bfak thd fmmdptfkmd og
potdktafc oppokdkts.
Flout hfcg og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs fkfcyzd` `ftf
spdmagam to wojdk or `asmussd` dggdmts ok
thdj. Fjokb thd ^]AFs movdrd` ly thd mouktry
mfsd rdvadws, gor dxfjpcd, thd Mfjlo`af somafc
mokmdssaoks og cfk` rdgorj ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke
>0f), thd Jozfjlaqud d`umftaok ^]AF (Rorc`
Lfke >4h), fk` thd Yfjlaf cfk`, gdrtacazdr, fk`
akgrfstrumturd ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >4c) `asmussd`
bdk`dr-spdmagam assuds. Fs wath othdr
stfedhoc`dr broups, thd ajportfkmd
og spdmagamfccy fkfcyzakb ajpfmts ok
wojdk ak thd ]AF wacc `dpdk` ok thd
typd og pocamy rdgorj ak qudstaok.
Flout 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs
a`dktagad` thd akstatutaoks rdspoksalcd gor
ajpcdjdktakb thd rdgorj (fppdk`ax tflcd
G.0).4Akstatutaoks frd thd prajfry fbdkts throubh
whamh rdgorjs frd ajpcdjdktd`. Ak jfky mfsds,a`dktagyakb whamh akstatutaoks wacc ld rdspoksalcd
gor ajpcdjdktftaok fk` fssdssakb thdar mfpfmaty
as mrumafc gor dksurakb thd dggdmtavdkdss og thd
rdgorj fk` uk`drstfk`akb whft thd astralutaokfc
ajpfmts jabht ld. Phd ]adrrf Cdokd jakakb sdmtor
rdgorj ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >2g) moktfakd` sumh
fkfcysas, akmcu`akb `dtfacs flout whamh bovdrk-
jdkt akstatutaok wfs rdspoksalcd gor ovdrsdd-
akb thd ajpcdjdktftaok og spdmagam pocamads. At
`dsmrald` thd mfpfmaty mokstrfakts og
edy bovdrkjdkt akstatutaoks, moor`a-
kftaok prolcdjs ldtwddk rdcdvfkt
jakastrads, fk` thd rocd og comfc cdf`drs,
akmcu`akb mhadgs, ak thd jakakb sdmtor.
Flout two-thar`s og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs
fkfcyzd` thd rases og ajpcdjdktakb thd
rdgorj probrfj.Phd rases akmcu`d` akstatu-
taokfc mfpfmaty rases, pocatamfc dmokojy rases,
jfredt rases, wdfthdr rases, fk` so gorth. Gor
akstfkmd, thd Dbypt somafc pocamy rdgorj ^]AF
prdpfrakb fk dcdmtramaty tfragg rdgorj thft wouc`
sabkagamfktcy akmrdfsd dcdmtramaty tfraggs gor rdsa`dk-
tafc moksujdrs. Phroubh fk dx fktd akvdstabftaok
og thd wdcgfrd ajpfmt og thas pramd akmrdfsd ok
housdhoc`s ak Joktdkdbro, thd ^]AF showd`thft thd fktamapftd` pramd akmrdfsd wouc` rdsuct
ak f sabkagamfkt akmrdfsd ak housdhoc`s dkdrby
dxpdk`aturds5 at akmcu`d` f sajucftaok og fctdrkf-
tavd pocamy jdfsurds.
Ak mojpfrasok, moktrfry to thd orabakfc aktdkt
og ^]AFs, f >< pfpdr ok thd ajpfmt og thd
Ak`okdsafk gakfkmafc mrasas (Rorc` Lfke >7c) as fk dxfjpcd og f ^]AF thft a`dktagad`
loth ldkdgamafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`
Flout hfcg og thd sfjpcd
^]AFs usd` f mojlakftaoog qufktatftavd fk`
qufcatftavd tdmhkaquds.
Flout 7> pdrmdkt og
thd ^]AFs a`dktagad` thdakstatutaoks rdspoksalcd
gor ajpcdjdktakb rdgorj
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ak fcc mfsds whdrd stfedhoc`dr luy-ak as mratamfc to
thd summdss og thd rdgorjs.
Phd dxtdkt fk` kfturd og `assdjakftaok og
^]AFs hfvd vfrad`.@assdjakftaok og ^]AFs hfslddk jord grdqudkt ft thd lfme dk` (`rfgt or gakfc
rdport stfbds) thfk ft thd grokt dk` (mokmdpt pfpdr
or lfmebrouk` wore stfbds) fk` hfs lddk jost
mojjok fjokb bovdrkjdkt oggamafcs (fppdk`ax
tflcds G.8 fk` G.1). Rhdrd Dkbcash as kot wa`dcy
spoedk, okcy 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs
wdrd trfkscftd` akto f comfc cfkbufbd (fppdk`ax
tflcd G.6>). Fcjost 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd`
^]AFs hfvd lddk jf`d fvfacflcd ok thd Aktdrkdt
(fppdk`ax tflcd G.66).
@assdjakftaok mfk hdcp sdcc thd fkfcysas fk`
ajprovd thd uptfed og rdmojjdk`ftaoks gor ]AFs
aktdk`akb to akgorj mouktry pocamads. Howdvdr,
wa`d pulcam `assdjakftaok jfy kot fcwfys ld
possalcd. Gor dxfjpcd, ag f bovdrkjdkt fses gor thd
Lfkes f`vamd ok f habhcy sdksatavd rdgorj dmasaok
ok f mokga`dktafc lfsas, `assdjakftaok just ld ft
thd `asmrdtaok og thft bovdrkjdkt. Kdvdrthdcdss,
at as hdcpguc to `assdjakftd whdrd possalcd.
Phas mhfptdr hfs rdvdfcd` thft ^]AFs hfvd wa`dcy
vfryakb mhfrfmtdrastams fk` thft prfmtamd hfs ogtdk`dpfrtd` groj thd akatafc mokmdpt. ]ojd vfraftaok
ak thd mhfrfmtdrastams og ^]AFs as to ld dxpdmtd`,
bavdk thd vfryakb mouktry moktdxts ak whamh thdy
frd uk`drtfedk. Howdvdr, jfky og thd mhfrfm-
tdrastams `asmussd` ak thas mhfptdr frd `dsarflcd ak
jost mouktry moktdxts.
Phd mhfrfmtdrastam thft ]AFs hfvd jost grdqudktcy
f`optd` hfs lddk fkfcysas og rases. Phd jost
kdbcdmtd` `ajdksaoks hfvd lddk dxpcamatcy stftakb
opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, mcdfrcy a`dktagyakb ldkdga-
mafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj,
fk` sdttakb up jokatorakb fk` dvfcuftaok systdjs.
Ovdrfcc, thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs hf` sojd wdfekdssds
wath rdbfr` to gfmtors thft frd ajpor
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