analyzing the effects of policy reforms on the poor: an evaluation of the effectiveness of world...

8/9/2019 Analyzing the Effects of Policy Reforms on the Poor: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of World Bank Support to P

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Fkfcyzakb thd Dggdmts

og ôcamy \dgorjs ok thd ôor

Fk Dvfcuftaok og thd Dggdmtavdkdss og Rorc` Lfke]upport to ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds

Fkfcyzakb thd Dggdmts

og ôcamy \dgorjs ok thd ôor

Fk Dvfcuftaok og thd Dggdmtavdkdss og Rorc` Lfke]upport to ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds


2/114

RO\EAKB GO\ F RO\C@ G\DD OG ÔWD\PQ

Phd Rorc` Lfke Broup moksasts og gavd akstatutaoksthd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt

(AL\@), thd Aktdrkftaokfc Gakfkmd Morporftaok (AGM), thd Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt Fssomaftaok (A@F), thd

Juctacftdrfc Akvdstjdkt Bufrfktdd Fbdkmy (JABF), fk` thd Aktdrkftaokfc Mdktrd gor thd ]dttcdjdkt og Akvdstjdkt

@asputds (AM]A@). Ats jassaok as to gabht povdrty gor cfstakb rdsucts fk` to hdcp pdopcd hdcp thdjsdcvds fk` thdar

dkvarokjdkt ly provaàkb rdsourmds, shfrakb ekowcd`bd, luacàkb mfpfmaty, fk` gorbakb pfrtkdrshaps ak thd pulcam

fk` pravftd sdmtors.

PHD RO\C@ LFKE B\OT^

AJ^\OWAKB @DWDCO^JDKP \D]TCP] PH\OTBH DXMDCCDKMD AK DWFCTFPAOK

Phd Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB) as fk ak`dpdk`dkt, thrdd-pfrt ukat wathak thd Rorc` Lfke Broup.

ADB-Rorc` Lfke as mhfrbd` wath dvfcuftakb thd fmtavatads og thd AL\@ (Phd Rorc` Lfke) fk` A@F, ADB-AGM gomusds ok

fssdssjdkt og AGMs wore towfr` pravftd sdmtor `dvdcopjdkt, fk` ADB-JABF dvfcuftds thd moktralutaoks og JABF

bufrfktdd proidmts fk` sdrvamds. ADB rdports àrdmtcy to thd Lfkes Lofr` og @ardmtors throubh thd @ardmtor-Bdkdrfc,

Dvfcuftaok.

Phd bofcs og dvfcuftaok frd to cdfrk groj dxpdradkmd, to prova`d fk olidmtavd lfsas gor fssdssakb thd rdsucts og thd

Lfke Broups wore, fk` to prova`d fmmouktflacaty ak thd fmhadvdjdkt og ats olidmtavds. At fcso ajprovds Lfke Broup

wore ly a`dktagyakb fk` assdjakftakb thd cdssoks cdfrkd` groj dxpdradkmd fk` ly grfjakb rdmojjdk`ftaoks rfwk

groj dvfcuftaok gakàkbs.

PHD AK@D^DK@DKP DWFCTFPAOK B\OT^


3/114


4/114

^raktd` ok \dmymcd` ^fpdr

6> Phd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke

6868 H ]trddt KR

Rfshakbtok @M 0==

Pdcdphokd9 >>

Aktdrkdt9 www.worc`lfke.orb

D-jfac9 gdd`lfmeNworc`lfke.orb

Fcc rabhts rdsdrvd`

6 < = 0 6= 6< 66 6>

Phas vocujd as f proùmt og thd stfgg og thd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke. Phd gakàkbs, aktdrprdtftaoks,

fk` mokmcusaoks dxprdssd` ak thas vocujd ò kot kdmdssfracy rdgcdmt thd vadws og thd Dxdmutavd @ardmtors og Phd Rorc` Lfke or thd bovdrkjdkts

thdy rdprdsdkt.

Phd Rorc` Lfke ods kot bufrfktdd thd fmmurfmy og thd ftf akmcu`d` ak thas wore. Phd louk`frads, mocors, dkojakftaoks, fk` othdr akgorjf-

taok showk ok fky jfp ak thas wore o kot ajpcy fky iu`bdjdkt ok thd pfrt og Phd Rorc` Lfke mokmdrkakb thd cdbfc stftus og fky tdrratory or thd

dkòrsdjdkt or fmmdptfkmd og sumh louk`frads.

\abhts fk` ^drjassaoks

Phd jftdrafc ak thas pulcamftaok as mopyrabhtd`. Mopyakb fk`/or trfksjattakb portaoks or fcc og thas wore wathout pdrjassaok jfy ld f vaocftaok og

fppcamflcd cfw. Phd Aktdrkftaokfc Lfke gor \dmokstrumtaok fk` @dvdcopjdkt/Phd Rorc` Lfke dkmourfbds àssdjakftaok og ats wore fk` wacc korjfccy

brfkt pdrjassaok to rdproùmd portaoks og thd wore projptcy.

Gor pdrjassaok to photomopy or rdprakt fky pfrt og thas wore, pcdfsd sdk` f rdqudst wath mojpcdtd akgorjftaok to thd Mopyrabht Mcdfrfkmd

Mdktdr Akm., >5 gfx9 128-24>-002>5 Aktdrkdt9 www.mopyrabht.moj.

Fcc othdr qudrads ok rabhts fk` camdksds, akmcuàkb sulsaàfry rabhts, shouc` ld f``rdssd` to thd Oggamd og thd ûlcashdr, Phd Rorc` Lfke, 6868

H ]trddt KR, Rfshakbtok, @M 0==, T]F5 gfx9


5/114a a a

v Fllrdvaftaoks

vaa Fmekowcd`bjdkts

ax Gordwor`

xa Dxdmutavd ]ujjfry

xvaa Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd

xxa Mhfarpdrsoks ]ujjfry9 Mojjattdd ok @dvdcopjdkt Dggdmtavdkdss

6 6 Aktroùmtaok 0 Rhft As f ^]AF?

0 \dmdkt ]tftus

7 Dvfcuftaok Olidmtavds fk` \ftaokfcd

2 Dvfcuftaok ]mopd, Vudstaoks, fk` Luacàkb Lcomes

1 < Ovdrvadw og ^]AFs66 Kujldrs fk` Mosts

66 Olidmtavds

6< ^]AF rfmtamd vdrsus Akatafc Mokmdpt

64 = ^]AF Dggdmt ft thd Mouktry Cdvdc

62 Dggdmt ok Mouktry ôcamads


6/114


7/114v

F@JF\M Fbramucturfc @dvdcopjdkt fk` Jfredtakb Morporftaok (Jfcfwa)

MF] Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftdby

M^F Mhattfbokb ort Futhoraty (Lfkbcf`dsh)

@GA@ @dpfrtjdkt gor Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt (Tkatd` Eakbòj)

@^C @dvdcopjdkt ocamy Cofk/Cdkàkb

D]R Dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore

BPY Bdrjfk Fbdkmy gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok

ADB Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup

AJG Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk`

CF]D@ Cfk` Fccomftaok gor ]omafc fk` Dmokojam @dvdcopjdkt (Mfjloàf)

KBO Kokbovdrkjdktfc orbfkazftaok

O^ Opdrftaokfc ocamy

O^M] Opdrftaoks ôcamy fk` Mouktry ]drvamds

^\DJ ôvdrty \dùmtaok fk` Dmokojam Jfkfbdjdkt Kdtwore

^\]^ ôvdrty \dùmtaok ]trftdby fpdr

^]AF ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas

]FJ ]omafc Fmmouktakb Jftrax

]@K ]ustfakflcd @dvdcopjdkt Kdtwore

v

Fllrdvaftaoks


8/114

Mhac`rdk wath thdar jothdrs ak Lhutfk. hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.


9/114


10/114

Loys ak Kabdraf. ^hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.


11/114a x

Gordwor`

mouktry pocamads, thdar moktralutaok to mouktry

fkfcytam mfpfmaty, fk` thdar dggdmt ok Lfke

opdrftaoks. Phas stu`y gak`s thft ^]AFs hfvd hf`

f jo`drftd dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads fk` Lfke

opdrftaoks fk` f kdbcabalcd dggdmt ok mouktry

fkfcytam mfpfmaty, ok fvdrfbd, fcthoubh thdrd hfvd

lddk sojd outstfkàkb dxfjpcds og summdss.

Ovdrfcc, ajpcdjdktftaok og thd ^]AF fpprofmh

hfs hf` moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks. Phdrd hfvd

lddk tdksaoks ldtwddk thd vfraous opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds fssabkd` to ^]AFs. Phd tdksaoks

mokmdrk akmoksastdkmads ldtwddk akgorjakb

mouktry fk` Lfke pocamy `dmasaoks ak f tajdcy

wfy fk` luacàkb mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty.

^]AFs hfvd hf` cajatd` owkdrshap ly Lfke

stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs fk` hfvd ogtdk kot lddk

dggdmtavdcy aktdbrftd` akto mouktry fssastfkmd

probrfjs. Vufcaty fssurfkmd, jokatorakb, fk`

dvfcuftaok og thd ovdrfcc dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AFshfvd lddk wdfe.

Po ajprovd ^]AFs dggdmtavdkdss, thas dvfcuf-

taok rdmojjdk`s thft thd Lfke tfed jdfsurds

to dksurd thft stfgg guccy uk`drstfk` whft thd

^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at, mcfragy thd

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ^]AF, fk` dksurd

thft thd fpprofmh fk` tajdcakd fòptd` frd

fcabkd` wath thosd olidmtavds. Vufcaty fssurfkmd

jdmhfkasjs shouc` ld strdkbthdkd` to dksurd

thft ^]AFs frd `dsabkd` to fmhadvd thd aktdk`d`

dggdmts. Phd dvfcuftaok fcso rdmojjdk`s thft

thd Lfke shagt sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`

gukàkb futhoraty gor ^]AFs to thd \dbaokfc Wamd

^rdsa`dkmads fk` dksurd thft ]AFs frd brouk`d`

ak mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.

Phd murrdkt bcolfc gakfkmafc fk` dmokojam mrasds

frd caedcy to put dkorjous prdssurd ok bovdrk-

jdkts to rdspok` wath ajjdàftd jdfsurds

fk` to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb rdgorjs ak thd

jdàuj tdrj, rdquarakb f sulstfktafc akmrdfsd ak

òkor support. Po protdmt thd poor fk` dkhfkmd

ldkdgats to thdj, edy pocamy rdgorjs wacc kdd` to

ld uk`drpakkd` ly systdjftam fkfcysas og thdar

dxpdmtd` povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts. Phd Rorc`

Lfkes dxpdradkmd to `ftd wath thd ôvdrty fk`

]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF) fpprofmh prova`ds

usdguc cdssoks gor f``rdssakb thdsd assuds.

Aktroùmd` ak gasmfc >2

thd Lfke hf` uk`drtfedk 647 padmds og fkfcyta-

mfc wore usakb okd or jord dcdjdkts og thd ]AF

fpprofmh ak 24 mouktrads fmross sdvdrfc sdmtors.

Potfc Lfke fk` othdr òkor support to ^]AFs wfs

$64 jaccaok groj gasmfc >0 to gasmfc >7.

Moksastdkt wath thd rocds dkvasfbd` ly thd Lfke

gor ^]AFs, thas stu`y àstacs thrdd opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds gor dvfcuftaok9 thd dggdmt og ^]AFs ok


12/114

]tu`dkt ft thd pulcam prajfry smhooc ak Pdbumabfcpf, Hok`urfs. hoto ly Fcgrd`o ]rur, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.


13/114x a

Phd Rorc` Lfke aktroùmd` thd ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF)

fpprofmh ak gasmfc >< to hdcp bovdrkjdkts fk` thd Lfke fktamapftd

fk` f``rdss thd possalcd moksdqudkmds og proposd` pocamy rdgorjs,

dspdmafccy ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd, fk` to moktralutd to mouktry mfpfmaty gor

pocamy fkfcysas. Ly gasmfc >2 thd Lfke hf` uk`drtfedk 647 padmds og fkfcytamfc

wore usakb okd or jord dcdjdkts og thd ]AF fpprofmh (hdrdfgtdr mfccd` ]AFs)

ak 24 mouktrads fk` 60 sdmtors. Potfc òkor support to ^]AFs ovdr gasmfc >0>7

wfs $64 jaccaok, whamh mfjd groj thd Lfkes dfrjfred` Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor

^]AFs ($4.8 jaccaok), dfrjfred` ]AF Prust Guk`s moktralutd` ly vfraous lacftdrfc

òkors, fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke lu`bdt fk` othdr òkor gukàkb.

moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks, fk` thdrd frd tdksaoks

ldtwddk thd vfraous opdrftaokfc olidmtavds

fssabkd` to ]AFs. Phd tdksaoks mokmdrk akmoksas-

tdkmads ldtwddk akgorjakb mouktry fk` Lfke

pocamy `dmasaoks ak f tajdcy wfy fk` luacàkb

mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty. Gurthdrjord, ^]AFsò kot fcwfys dxpcamatcy stftd thd opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds rdcftd` to thdar aktdk`d` dggdmt,

whamh rdùmds thd mhfkmd thft thdrd wacc ld f

wdcc-mokmdavd` strftdby to fmhadvd thas dggdmt.

^]AFs hfvd hf` cajatd` owkdrshap ly Lfke stfgg

fk` jfkfbdrs fk` hfvd ogtdk kot lddk dggdmtavdcy

aktdbrftd` akto mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.

Vufcaty fssurfkmd, jokatorakb, fk` dvfcuftaok

og thd ovdrfcc dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AFs hfvd lddk

wdfe.

Po ajprovd ^]AF dggdmtavdkdss, thd dvfcuf-

taok rdmojjdk`s thft thd Lfke tfed jdfsurds

to dksurd thft stfgg guccy uk`drstfk` whft thd

^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at, mcfragy thd

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ^]AF, fk` dksurd

thft thd fpprofmh fk` tajdcakd fòptd` frd

fcabkd` wath thosd olidmtavds. Vufcaty fssurfkmd

jdmhfkasjs shouc` ld strdkbthdkd` to dksurd

thft ^]AFs frd `dsabkd` to fmhadvd thd aktdk`d`

dggdmts. Phd dvfcuftaok fcso rdmojjdk`s thft

Dxdmutavd ]ujjfry

Phd Lfke hf` lddk mokùmtakb àstralutaokfc

fkfcysas ak sojd og ats dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore

dvdk ldgord thd aktroùmtaok og ^]AFs. Fs dfrcy fs

6182 thd Lfkes Opdrftaokfc Bua`dcakds rdquard`

fkfcysas og thd short-tdrj ajpfmt og fìustjdkt

probrfjs ok thd urlfk fk` rurfc poor. Phd^]AF fpprofmh wfs àstakmtavd ak djphfsazakb

thd usd og somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcytamfc toocs

fk` tdmhkaquds to mokùmt dx fktd fkfcysas og

thd ajpfmts og dmokojywa`d pocamy rdgorjs fk`

jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas to akgorj

pocamy f`vamd fk` `dsabk.

@dvdcopjdkt catdrfturd hfs djphfsazd` thd

ajportfkmd og uk`drstfkàkb thd akstatutaokfc

fk` pocatamfc mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt,

luacàkb òjdstam owkdrshap og pocamy rdgorjs,

fk` fssdssakb thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmts og pocamy

fmtaoks. Phd ^]AF fpprofmh morrdmtcy djphfsazds

thdsd fspdmts. Phd Lfke hfs proùmd` f sulstfk-

tafc lo`y og bua`fkmd ok how to f``rdss thdsd

fspdmts, fk` thft bua`fkmd hfs lddk rdgakd` ovdr

tajd to akmorporftd cdssoks cdfrkd`.

Phas dvfcuftaok gak`s thft fcthoubh thdrd hfvd

lddk sojd habhcy dggdmtavd akàvaùfc ^]AFs,

ovdrfcc ajpcdjdktftaok og thd fpprofmh hfs hf`


14/114x a a

F K F C QY A K B P H D D G G D M P ] O G ^ O C A M Q \ D G O \ J ] O K P H D ^ O O \

fcso fajd` to akgorj Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftd-

bads, akvdstjdkt cofks, fk` fkfcytamfc wore.

Dvfcuftaok Lfmebrouk`

Fcthoubh thd Lfke hfs suljattd` probrdssrdports to òkors rdbfràkb thd ajpcdjdk-

tftaok og ^]AFs, at hfs kot ydt mojpcdtd`

f mojprdhdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd

^]AF dxpdradkmd. Phas dvfcuftaok ly thd

Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup, rdqudstd`

ly thd Lfkes Lofr` og Dxdmutavd @ardmtors,

rdprdsdkts thd garst ak`dpdk`dkt dvfcuftaok og

thd ]AF dxpdradkmd.

Phd ^]AF dxpdradkmd as habhcy rdcdvfkt to`fy.

Phd rdmdkt gakfkmafc mrasas fk` bcolfc scowòwk

frd caedcy to put prdssurd ok bovdrkjdkts fk`

òkors to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb rdgorjs. Po

protdmt thd poor fk` dkhfkmd ldkdgats to thdj,

edy rdgorjs wacc kdd` to ld uk`drpakkd` ly

systdjftam fkfcysas og thdar dxpdmtd` povdrty fk`

somafc ajpfmts.

Phd Lfke hfs dkvasfbd` sdvdrfc rocds gor ^]AFs,

jfakcy ak thd dcflorftaok fk` ajpcdjdktf-

taok og povdrty rdùmtaok strftdbads ak `dvdcop-

akb mouktrads, supportakb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty

luacàkb, fk` akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks. Phdsdrocds mfk ld àstaccd` akto thrdd opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds thft gorj thd lfsas gor thd qudstaoks

f``rdssd` ak thas dvfcuftaok9

6. Rhft dggdmt hfvd ]AFs hf` ok mouktry pocamads

(akmcuàkb pocamy dlftd)?

thd Lfke shagt sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`

gukàkb futhoraty gor ^]AFs to thd \dbaokfc Wamd

^rdsa`dkmads fk` dksurd thft ^]AFs frd brouk`d`

ak mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs.

AktroùmtaokPhd `dvdcopjdkt mojjukaty garst ldmfjd

mokmdrkd` flout thd ajpfmts og dmokojam

pocamy rdgorjs ok thd poor ùrakb thd strumturfc

fìustjdkt pdrao` og thd 618>s. Ak thd 618>s

fk` 1>s, dxtdrkfc broups moktakuouscy mratamazd`

thd Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` fk` thd Rorc`

Lfke gor gfacakb to propdrcy fssdss thd ajpfmts og

thd pocamy rdgorjs thdy supportd`. Ak rdspoksd,

thd Lfke ak gasmfc >< aktroùmd` ^]AF. Fmmor`-

akb to thd rdvasd` Opdrftaokfc ôcamy (O^ 8.7>)

ok `dvdcopjdkt pocamy cdkàkb assud` ak >0,

@dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Cofks wath caedcy fk`

sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc moksdqudkmds

wdrd rdquard` to sujjfrazd ak thdar probrfj

òmujdkts rdcdvfkt fkfcytam ekowcd`bd og

thdsd moksdqudkmds. Lut thd Opdrftaokfc ôcamy

òds kot jfk`ftd thft thd ^]AF fpprofmh ld

usd` to uk`drtfed fk fssdssjdkt og thdsd

moksdqudkmds.

Phd Lfke supportd` 647 ^]AFs ovdr gasmfc

>2, pfrtcy `ravdk ly thd fvfacflacaty ogdfrjfred` guk`s loth groj wathak thd Lfke

fk` groj thd Tkatd` Eakbòjs @dpfrtjdkt gor

Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt, thd Bdrjfk Fbdkmy

gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok, Korwfy, Atfcy, Ldcbauj,

fk` Gakcfk`. Phd ^]AFs wdrd òkd jfakcy ak thd

moktdxt og @dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Cofks, lut sojd

Phd Lfke `dgakds ^]AF fs fkfcysas og thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt

og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd wdcc-ldakb og àggdrdkt stfedhoc`dr

broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd.

Phd Lfke sdds thd akkovftavd fspdmts og ^]AF fs thd fp-

pcamftaok og thd toocs fk` tdmhkaquds og somafc fk` dmokojam

fkfcysas to fkfcyzd ajpfmts og dmokojywa`d pocamy rdgorjs

ldgord thosd rdgorjs frd mfrrad` out (dx fktd fkfcysas), fk`

jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas to akgorj pocamy f`vamd

fk` pocamy `dsabk.

Phd Lfke hfs a`dktagad` two edy dcdjdkts og ^]AF9 Garst, fk

fkfcysas to `dtdrjakd thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmts, fk` sdmok`, f pro-

mdss thft dkbfbds fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak pocamy jfeakb.

Lox D].69 Rhft As f ^]AF?

]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>=h, >7k, >8l).


15/114

D X D M T P A W D ] T J J F \ Q

x a a a

wath thd fpprofmh rdquard` to luac` mouktry

fkfcytam mfpfmaty.

Moktdkt fk` fpprofmh

^]AF prfmtamd hfs grdqudktcy `dpfrtd` grojthd akatafc bua`fkmd ok how ^]AFs shouc` ld

mokùmtd`. Phd portgocao rdvadw shows thd

goccowakb9

Dvdk thoubh ^]AFs orabakftd` out og mokmdrk

flout thd ajpfmt og rdgorj probrfjs, flout

okd-thar` og thd ^]AFs ak thd portgocao rdvadw

à` kot dxfjakd wdcc-spdmagad` rdgorjs lut

wdrd jord bdkdrfc sdmtor or jfmrodmokojam

fkfcysds.

Flout okd-thar` og thd ^]AFs dxpcamatcy a`dkta-

gad` ldkdgamafrads or thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`,

fk` flout hfcg a` kot, fcthoubh thdy akmcu`d`

àsfbbrdbftd` `ftf or rdsucts.

Flout 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ]AFs a`dk-

tagad` thd akstatutaoks rdspoksalcd gor ajpcd-

jdktakb thd rdgorj.

Jord thfk hfcg og thd sfjpcd ^]AFs akmcu`d`

sojd sort og stfedhoc`dr pfrtamapftaok, lut

ko moksuctftaoks wdrd jdktaokd` gor flout

two-gagths og thd ^]AFs.

^]AFs hfvd hf` wa`dcy vfryakb mhfrfmtdras-tams pfrtcy ldmfusd Lfke stfgg hfvd fk ukmcdfr

uk`drstfkàkb og thdj. Ft thd sfjd tajd, fkfcyta-

mfc wore possdssakb ^]AF-caed mhfrfmtdrastams hfs

kot fcwfys lddk mcfssagad` ly thd Lfke fs ^]AF.

Phdsd drrors og ojassaok fk` mojjassaok frd

caedcy to hfvd akhalatd` qufcaty fssurfkmd fk`

cdssok cdfrkakb.

Dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads

Prfmakb cakes ldtwddk ^]AF fkfcysds fk` mouktry

`dmasaoks as ogtdk àggamuct, dspdmafccy whdrd thd

^]AF as okcy okd og jfky possalcd akgcudkmds.

^]AF dggdmts jfy fcso ld àggusd fk` ommur ovdr

tajdf rdport jfy hfvd ko àsmdrkflcd ajpfmt

ok ajjdàftd fmtaok ydt jfy fggdmt a`dfs fk`

`dlftd thft shfpd guturd pocamy mhoamds. Phas

dvfcuftaok gomusds okcy ok kdfr-tdrj dggdmts og

^]AFs.

Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` ak thas dvfcuftaok hf` f

jo`drftd dggdmt ok mouktry pocamads, ok fvdrfbd,

2 pdrao`. Phas

dvfcuftaok `rfws ats gakàkbs groj thd goccowakb

rdsourmds9 f portgocao rdvadw og f stftastamfccy

rdprdsdktftavd sfjpcd og 48 out og thd ukavdrsd

og 647 ^]AFs5 ak-`dpth mouktry mfsd rdvadws og

6< ^]AFs ak 8 mouktrads wath \dbaokfc, sdmtorfc,

fk` gasmfc ydfr movdrfbd5 fk` aktdrvadws wath

edy akgorjfkts. Phas cfst rdsourmd akmcu`ds

aktdrvadws wath mouktry stfedhoc`drs fk` Lfke

stfgg fssomaftd` wath fk f`àtaokfc 66 ^]AFs ak 6>

mouktrads fk` aktdrvadws wath sdkaor Lfke stfgg

fk` jfkfbdrs.

Jfak Gakàkbs

Olidmtavds

Phd portgocao rdvadw gouk` thft flout okd-gagth

og thd ^]AFs hfvd kot dxpcamatcy a`dktagad` whamh

og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds thdy aktdk`

to pursud. Fjokb thosd thft hfvd a`dktagad`

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, akgorjakb mouktry pocamads

hfs lddk thd jost grdqudktcy stftd`, goccowd`

ly akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks fk` akmrdfsakb

mouktry mfpfmaty gor pocamy fkfcysas. Jost ^]AFs

hfvd hf` jord thfk okd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd.

Flout f thar` og thd tfse jfkfbdr survdy rdspok-

`dkts akàmftd` thft thdar ^]AF pursud` fcc thrdd

olidmtavds.

ûrsuat og thd juctapcd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds

og ^]AFs mfk mrdftd tdksaok fk` rfasd ukrdfcas-

tam dxpdmtftaoks og whft f ^]AF mfk fmhadvd. Gor

dxfjpcd, ^]AFs sddeakb to akgorj bovdrkjdkt

pocamy `dmasaoks just fìust to thd tajakb og thd

`dmasaok promdss, lut ogtdk thft as akmoksastdkt


16/114x a v


Dggdmt ok Lfke opdrftaoks

Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` subbdst f jo`drftd dggdmt

ok Lfke opdrftaoks, ok fvdrfbd, wath sojd

outstfkàkb dxfjpcds og summdss. Edy gfmtors thft

hfvd akhalatd` ^]AF dggdmt ok Lfke opdrftaoksakmcu`d thd fjlabuaty og thd ]AF mokmdpt5 aksugga-

madkt mouktry àrdmtor luy-ak, rdsuctakb ak cfme og

broukàkb og thd ^]AF ak thd mouktry fssastfkmd

probrfj5 fk` wdfe dkbfbdjdkt ldtwddk ^]AF

tdfjs fk` othdr opdrftaokfc stfgg.

Aktdrvadws wath sdkaor Lfke stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs

akàmftd thft thd uptfed og ^]AFs ly mouktry

àrdmtors fk` opdrftaokfc tdfjs rdjfaks

`dpdk`dkt ok akàvaùfc akmcakftaoks jord thfk

at rdgcdmts dstflcashd` prfmtamd. Phdrd hfs lddk

okcy jo`dst fmmdptfkmd so gfr og thd ^]AF fs f

rolust prfmtamd fmross thd Lfke, fcthoubh stfgg

àrdmtcy akvocvd` wath ^]AFs sdd f kujldr og

morporftd ldkdgats groj thd dxpdradkmd, kotflcy

thd mrdftaok og fk ajportfkt lo`y og ekowcd`bd

throubh ^]AF bua`fkmd fk` fk fpprdmaftaok og

thd ajportfkmd og promdss assuds ak f`àtaok

to fkfcytams. Howdvdr, opdrftaokfc stfgg cfme f

mojjok uk`drstfkàkb flout thd olidmtavds fk`

promdssds og thd ^]AF fpprofmh. ^\DJ Fkmhor

stfgg bdkdrfccy tdk` to gomus ok dmokojam fkfcysas,

fk` ]@K stfgg tdk` to djphfsazd jaxd` jdtho`s,akmcuàkb somafc fk` akstatutaokfc fkfcysas fk` f

pfrtamapftory promdss.

Phd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke

>8l) as fk ajprovdjdkt ovdr thd >0 ^]AF

Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke >0g) ak thft

at hdcps to cabhtdk ^]AF bua`fkmd, whamh wfs

prdvaouscy sddk ly stfgg fs ovdrcy djfkàkb. Phd

>8 Kotd prova`ds Lfke stfgg wath thd gcdxalac-

aty to `dtdrjakd, lfsd` ok mouktry moktdxt, thd

lfcfkmd fjokb dmokojam, somafc, akstatutaokfc,

fk` pocatamfc fkfcysds (fk` ldtwddk qufktatftavd

fk` qufcatftavd tdmhkaquds) fk` ldtwddk fkfcyt-

ams fk` sumh promdss assuds fs stfedhoc`dr pfrtam-

apftaok fk` àsmcosurd. Phd >8 Kotd òds kot,

howdvdr, rdquard stfgg to prova`d f rftaokfcd gor

thd pfrtamucfr mhoamds jf`d. rovaàkb f rftaokfcd

as dspdmafccy ajportfkt to dksurd thft Lfke stfgg

groj thd àggdrdkt kdtwores ò kot moktakud

to pcfmd ukùd djphfsas ok thdar rdspdmtavd

àsmapcakfry fpprofmhds ak uk`drtfeakb ]AFs.

fcthoubh thdrd hfvd lddk sojd outstfk`-

akb dxfjpcds og summdss. Akgorjakb f pocamy

promdss as kot dfsy fk` rdquards thd mokvdr-

bdkmd og f kujldr og gfmtors. Phdsd akmcu`d thd

opdrftaokfc gomus og thd ^]AF, f jftmh ldtwddk^]AF topam fk` mouktry praoratads, bovdrk-

jdkt owkdrshap, dkbfbdjdkt og pfrts og thd

bovdrkjdkt thft hfvd pocamy iurasàmtaok ovdr

thd frdfs movdrd` ly thd ^]AF, dkbfbdjdkt

wath fppropraftd kokbovdrkjdktfc stfedhoc`-

drs, tajdcakdss ak rdcftaok to mouktry `dmasaok-

jfeakb promdssds, sdksatavaty to thd pocatams og

rdgorj, fk` fmtavd àssdjakftaok ldyok` thd

àstralutaok og rdports. Okd or f gdw og thdsd

gfmtors hfvd lddk prdsdkt ak jost ]AFs, lut thd

prdsdkmd og f jfioraty og thdsd gfmtorswhamh

hfs ommurrd` okcy ak sojd ]AFsas ajportfkt

gor sulstfktafc dggdmt.

Moktralutaok to mouktry mfpfmaty

Phd ^]AFs rdvadwd` subbdst f kdbcabalcd moktra-

lutaok to mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty, ok fvdrfbd,

wath f gdw posatavd dxfjpcds. Phd jfak rdfsok

gor thas gakàkb as thft jost ^]AFs hfvd trdftd`

thas olidmtavd fs f ly-proùmt rfthdr thfk f mord

mokmdrk, fk` thdrd hfs lddk f tdksaok ldtwddk

thd kdd` to prova`d tajdcy akputs to pocamy

`dmasaoks fk` thd cokbdr-tdrj sustfakd` dkbfbd-jdkt kdd`d` to luac` mfpfmaty. Rhdrd mfpfmaty

luacàkb hfs lddk fk dxpcamat olidmtavd, at hfs kot

fcwfys lddk lfmed` ly fk fppropraftd strftdby

to fmhadvd at. Jfky ^]AFs hfvd akvocvd` comfc

jakastrads, moksuctakb garjs, kokbovdrkjdktfc

orbfkazftaoks, fmf`djams, or comfc moksuctfkts,

fk` othdrs hfvd hdc` trfakakb woreshops to

trfksgdr seaccs. Howdvdr, thd tajd fccomftd` to

dathdr og thdsd fpprofmhds hfs bdkdrfccy lddk

aksuggamadkt to luac` cfstakb mfpfmaty gor pocamy

fkfcysas. Phd gdw ^]AFs rdvadwd` thft hfvd

summdssguccy hdcpd` luac` mfpfmaty hfvd tfedk f

jord dcaldrftd fpprofmh. Bavdk thft ak jfky

pdrhfps jostsatuftaoks, thd tajd grfjd

fk` fpprofmh rdquard` gor mfpfmaty luacàkb

frd akmoksastdkt wath thd fpprofmh kdd`d` to

akgorj tajdcy bovdrkjdkt `dmasaok jfeakb,

brdftdr sdcdmtavaty ak opdrftaokfc olidmtavds

as `dsarflcd5 jord dggdmtavd fpprofmhds to

luacàkb mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty wacc fcso ld

kdd`d`.


17/114

D X D M T P A W D ] T J J F \ Q

x v

tavds, dksurakb thft thd mokmdpt kotd

Moktfaks f mcdfr stftdjdkt og thd opdrf-

taokfc olidmtavds og thd ^]AF wath rdspdmt

to thd aktdk`d` dggdmt (kot iust thd topams/

assuds to ld fkfcyzd`) Akàmftds how ats fpprofmhak pfrtamucfr,

stfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt, tdfj mojposa-

taok, pfrtkdr akstatutaoks, lu`bdt, fk` tajd

grfjdhfs lddk tfacord` to jddt thd op-

drftaokfc olidmtavds fk` prova`ds thd rftao-

kfcd gor thd mhoamds jf`d

]hows how fky tdksaoks fk` trf`d-oggs

fjokb thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds wacc ld

rdmokmacd`

@asmussds ag thd aktdk`d` àssdjakftaok fu-

àdkmd fk` strftdby frd moksastdkt wath thd

stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.

Ajprovd aktdbrftaok og thd ^]AF akto thd

Lfkes mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj ly

]hagtakb sabkagamfkt `dmasaok-jfeakb fk`

gukàkb futhoraty to thd \dbaokfc Wamd

^rdsa`dkmads to dksurd thft thd ^]AF top-

ams, smopd, fk` fpprofmh frd moksastdkt

wath thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj fk`

thft ^]AFs fse qudstaoks thft frd rdcdvfkt

to pocamy

\dquarakb thft fcc dfrjfred` gukàkb gor

^]AFs ld jftmhd` ly f sulstfktafc moktralu-taok groj thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt.

]trdkbthdk ]AF dggdmtavdkdss throubh dk-

hfkmd` qufcaty fssurfkmd, akmcuàkb

]ulidmtakb ^]AFs to systdjftam rdvadw ly

\dbaokfc jfkfbdjdkt ft mokmdpt fk` moj-

pcdtaok stfbds to dksurd rdcdvfkmd fk` gat og

thd ]AF to thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj

fs wdcc fs moksastdkmy og thd proposd` fp-

profmh wath opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, ak f`-

àtaok to dksurakb tdmhkamfc qufcaty

Dksurakb thft thd Lfke dstflcashds f joka-

torakb fk` sdcg-dvfcuftaok systdj dsabkd`

to fssdss whdthdr ^]AFs frd ldakb uk`dr-

tfedk whdrd fppropraftd fk` frd fmhadvakb

thdar stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.

Phd ^]AF fpprofmh hfs morrdmtcy djphfsazd` thd

ajportfkmd og uk`drstfkàkb thd akstatutaokfc

fk` pocatamfc mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt fk`

thd kdd` to luac` òjdstam owkdrshap og pocamy

rdgorjs ak f`àtaok to fssdssakb thd astralutaokfcajpfmt og pocamy fmtaoks. Lut ajpcdjdktftaok og

thd fpprofmh hfs hf` moksa`drflcd cajatftaoks.

]ojd kotflcd summdssds hfvd jo`dcd` whft

^]AFs mfk fmmojpcash whdk òkd rabht. Phd

rdmojjdk`ftaoks ldcow frd aktdk`d` to hdcp

ajprovd ^]AF ajpcdjdktftaok fk` rdfcazd ats

potdktafc.

\dmojjdk`ftaoksPhas dvfcuftaok jfeds gour rdmojjdk`ftaoks

to strdkbthdk thd Lfkes wore usakb thd ^]AF

fpprofmh, whdthdr òkd fs grddstfkàkb fkfcysas

or djld``d` ak othdr fkfcytamfc wore.

Dksurd thft stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd

^]AF fpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at.

Lfke jfkfbdjdkt mfk ò thas ly pro-

vaàkb mcdfr bua`fkmd (pdrhfps throubh

up`ftakb og thd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfm-

tamd Kotd) fk` fmtavdcy assdjakftakb thas

bua`fkmd, pfrtamucfrcy ok

Rhdthdr fk` how thd ]AF fpprofmh aggdrs

groj othdr àstralutaokfc fkfcysds, akmcu`-akb whdthdr thd akmcusaok og thd wor` so-

mafc ak ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas

subbdsts thd kdd` to akmcu`d f àggdrdkt

typd og fkfcysas

Rhdthdr or kot ^]AFs shouc` ld caked`

to spdmagam rdgorjs fk` a`dktagy ldkdgamaf-

rads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd

rdgorj

Rhft mratdraf shouc` ld usd` to dtdrjakd

whdk thd ^]AF fpprofmh as fppropraftd

gor f pfrtamucfr opdrftaok ak f mouktry

probrfj.

Mcfragy thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh

^]AF wath rdbfr` to ats aktdk`d` dggdmt,

fk` tfacor thd fpprofmh to thosd olidm-


18/114

Pwo wojdk wath brfak ak Bhfkf. hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto C alrfry.


19/114x v a a

Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd

AktroùmtaokJfkfbdjdkt rdbfr`s thd Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuf-

taok Broup (ADB) rdvadw og thd Rorc` Lfkes

ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF) fs f

mojprdhdksavd fttdjpt to rdgcdmt cdssoks groj

f wa`d rfkbd og ^]AF òkd ly thd Lfke. Phd

gakàkbs og thd rdvadw rdgcdmt wore mokùmtd`

throubh f jax og portgocao rdvadw fk` aktdrvadws

fk` habhcabht ajportfkt frdfs whdrd thd ^]AF

fpprofmh mfk ld strdkbthdkd`.

]upport gor ]trdkbthdkakb thd ]AF romdss.

Phd djphfsas og thd rdport ak thd goccowakb frdfs

as dspdmafccy wdcmojd9 thd kdd` to spdmagy mcdfr

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds5 thd ajportfkmd og pocata-

mfc dmokojy ak òakb povdrty fk` àstralutaokfc

fkfcysas5 thd kdd` gor strokb cakefbds ldtwddk

thd mouktry ukat fk` thd ^]AF tdfj5 thd potdktafc

gor jord dggdmtavd usd og ^]AF gakàkbs to akgorj

jokatorakb fk` dvfcuftaok systdjs5 fk` thdajportfkmd og strdkbthdkakb qufcaty fssurfkmd.

Fcthoubh rolust probrdss hfs lddk jf`d ok

jfky og thdsd mrumafc dcdjdkts, ADBs olsdrvf-

taoks wacc fssast guturd fmtaoks ak thdsd frdfs.

F @aggdrakb Wadw ok ]ojd Dcdjdkts.Phft

sfa`, jfkfbdjdkt as og thd vadw thft sojd

og thd gakàkbs og thd rdport frd lfsd` ok f

pfrtafc uk`drstfkàkb og thd ^]AF fpprofmh,

akmcuàkb ats olidmtavds fk` cajatftaoks. Phd

mojjdkts ldcow ok thd fkfcysas ak thd rdvadw

rdgcdmt thas aggdrakb vadw. Jfkfbdjdkt lrof`cy

mokmurs wath ADBs rdmojjdk`ftaoks ok thd

wfy gorwfr` to dkhfkmd thd dggdmtavdkdss og

^]AF fk` kotds f kujldr og fmtaoks fcrdf`y

tfedk or pcfkkd` ak thd àrdmtaoks subbdstd`

ly thd rdmojjdk`ftaoks.

Jfkfbdjdkts Wadws ok thd GakàkbsJfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath jumh og thd fkfcysas

lut ldcadvds thft thd fkfcytamfc grfjdwore jfeds

sojd og thd gakàkb fjlabuous. At fcso kotds fk

assud thft as ogtdk àggamuct ak dvfcuftaokthd

gfmt thft fpprofmhds caed ^]AF dvocvd moktakufccy

lfsd` ok dxpdradkmd. Phft sfa`, jfkfbdjdkt

as ak lrof` fbrddjdkt wath thd thrust og thd

rdmojjdk`ftaoks.

F Gcdxalcd Fpprofmh.]ojd og thd edy gakàkbs

og thd dvfcuftaok fppdfr to ld caked` to ats

trdftjdkt og ^]AF fs jord og f stfk`fràzd`

fpprofmh f`hdrakb to sojdwhft raba` bua`dcakds,

rfthdr thfk okd thft akmorporftds f rfkbd og toocs

fk` jdtho`s to ld gcdxalcy fppcad` to spdmagam

satuftaoks.6Fs rdgcdmtd` ak thd akatafc ^]AF Tsdrs

Bua`d, thd rdvasd` Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, fk` thd

gorthmojakb rdvasd` ^\DJ-]@W Rdl pfbd, ^]AF

mojprasds f rfkbd og toocs thft mfk ld fppcad` to

fkfcyzd astralutaokfc fk` somafc ajpfmts ak wa`dcy

vfryakb satuftaoks, `dpdkàkb ok thd spdmag am

moktdxts og pocamy rdgorj fk` mouktry marmuj-stfkmds. Phd up`ftd` Boo` rfmtamd Kotd og >8

rdakgormds thd gcdxalcd kfturd og thd fpprofmh fs

kdmdssfry gor ^]AF to ld dggdmtavd ak akgorjakb

pocamy àfcobud fk` opdrftaoks. Ak pfrtamucfr,

thd dvfcuftaok og ^]AF fbfakst thd thrdd spdmagam

mratdraf sdcdmtd` ly ADB (sdd ldcow) fppdfrs to

gcow groj ADBs trdftjdkt og ^]AF fs f stfk`fr`-

azd` fpprofmh.

Mratdraf gor Dvfcuftakb ^]AF Rore.]ojd og

thd gakàkbs og thd rdvadw fppdfr to ld lfsd`

ok mratdraf `rfwk groj fk ovdrcy lrof` mhfrfm-

tdrazftaok og thd olidmtavds og ^]AF. Lfsd` ok

thd Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, thd akstatutaok `dgakds

thd jfak olidmtavd og thd ^]AF fpprofmh to ld

to fkfcyzd thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy

rdgorjs ok thd wdcc-ldakb or wdcgfrd og àggdrdkt

broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk`

vuckdrflcd. Phd rdvadw, ok thd othdr hfk`, usds

whft ADB moksa`drs fs ^]AFs thrdd bofcs groj

ats rdfàkb og ^]AF òmujdkts fs thd mratdraf gor


20/114x v a a a


Ldttdr Aktdbrftaok akto Lfke ^robrfjs.

Jfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath ADBs rdmojjdk`f-

taoks to dksurd ldttdr aktdbrftaok og ^]AF akto

thd Lfkes probrfj fk` dkhfkmd thd qufcaty

fssurfkmd promdss og ^]AF. Mokmcusaoks fcokbsajacfr cakds frd djdrbakb groj aktdrkfc rdvadws og

^]AF ly \DJ fk` ]@W fkmhor ukats. F kdw Jucta-

@okor Prust Guk` to support ^]AF wore, to ld

opdrftaokfc ak gasmfc 6>, akmorporftds f kujldr

og gdfturds moksastdkt wath thdsd rdmojjdk`f-

taoks. Phd Prust Guk` fssabks rdspoksalacaty to thd

\dbaoks, ak tdrjs og fccomftakb guk`s, jokatorakb,

fk` qufcaty rdvadw og thd fkfcytamfc wore guk`d`

ly thd Prust Guk`.

Bua`fkmd. Jfkfbdjdkt mokmurs wath thd

rdmojjdk`ftaok to prova`d mcdfr bua`fkmd

to Lfke stfgg flout whft thd ^]AF fpprofmh

akvocvds fk` whdk at mfk ld usd`. Ovdr thd ydfrs,

f kujldr og ekowcd`bd proùmts ok ^]AF hfvd

lddk `dvdcopd` fk` up`ftd`, akmcuàkb mojprd-

hdksavd usdr bua`ds, Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotds,

jdthoòcobamfc kotds, fk` dàtd` vocujds. Phd

outrdfmh og sumh jftdrafcs wacc ld dkhfkmd`

gurthdr throubh fk ajprovd` Rdl satd fk`

jord grdqudkt fk` fmmdssalcd cdfrkakb dvdkts,

`rfwakb ok f`àtaokfc rdsourmds prova`d` ly

thd fgordjdktaokd` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`.Jfkfbdjdkt, howdvdr, kotds fk ajportfkt mfvdft

ak f``rdssakb thas rdmojjdk`ftaok. Dggorts to

dxpfk` fwfrdkdss flout thd ^]AF fpprofmh just

ld mfrdguc to kot mrdftd pdrmdptaoks og jakajuj

or ukavdrsfc stfk`fr`s gor ]AF, fk` akstdf` strdss

thd gcdxalacaty og thd fpprofmh to f`fpt to spdmagam

mouktry fk` pocamy moktdxts.

dvfcuftaokdggdmt ok mouktry pocamads, support-

akb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty luacàkb, fk` akgorjakb

Lfke opdrftaokswathout jfeakb thd àstakm-

taok ldtwddk thd jfak olidmtavd fk` potdktafc

ldkdgats. Akgorjakb mouktry pocamads fk` luacàkbmfpfmaty ak mouktrads shouc` ld moksa`drd` fs

`dsarflcd sdmok`-or`dr ajpfmts thft jfy mojd

groj f promdss og dkbfbdjdkt ovdr tajd, lut

rfrdcy groj f sakbcd ^]AF dxdrmasd.

Dvocutaok og ^]AF ovdr Pajd.Phd rdvadw

tfeds f sojdwhft stftam vadw og ^]AF, whamh ak

jfkfbdjdkts vadw òds kot f`dquftdcy rdgcdmt

thd sabkagamfkt probrdss jf`d ovdr thd cfst sdvdk

ydfrs. Phd cdfrkakb fk` dvocutaok ovdr tajd hfs

rdsuctd` ak thd rdgakdjdkt og thd akstatutaokfc

uk`drstfkàkb fk` bua`fkmd mokmdrkakb ldst

prfmtamd og ^]AF, whamh hfs lddk rdgcdmtd` ak

thd Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd og >8. Phd stftam vadw

fòptd` ly thd rdvadw fcso bavds cattcd akàmftaok

og whdthdr sojd og thd prolcdjs habhcabhtd` ak

thd dvfcuftaok wdrd jatabftd` ovdr tajd.


21/114x a x

J F K F B D J D K P \ D ] ^ O K ] D

Jfkfbdjdkt Fmtaok \dmor`

ADB rdmojjdk`ftaok Jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd

Dksurd thft stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd ^]AFfpprofmh as fk` whdk to usd at ly provaàkbmcdfr bua`fkmd (pdrhfps throubh up`ftakbog thd >8 ^]AF Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd)àssdjakftd` to stfgg fk` assdjakftakb thasbua`fkmd, pfrtamucfrcy ok

Rhdthdr fk` how thd ^]AF fpprofmh àggdrs

groj othdr àstralutaokfc fkfcysds, akmcuàkb

whdthdr thd akmcusaok og thd wor` somafc ak

ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas subbdsts thd

kdd` to akmcu`d f àggdrdkt typd og fkfcysas

Rhdthdr or kot ^]AFs shouc` ld caked` to

spdmagam rdgorjs fk` a`dktagy ldkdgamafrads fk`thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj

Rhft mratdraf shouc` ld usd` to `dtdrjakd whdk

thd ^]AF fpprofmh as fppropraftd gor f pfrtamucfr

opdrftaok ak f mouktry probrfj.

Fbrdd`.Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdds thft at shouc` àssdjakftd jord wa`dcy whft as jdfktly thd ^]AF fpprofmh fs outcakd` ak thd >8 Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd.

Jfkfbdjdkt, howdvdr, kotds fk ajportfkt mfvdft ak f``rdssakb thas rdmojjdk`ftaok.

Dggorts to dxpfk` fwfrdkdss flout thd ]AF fpprofmh just ld mfrdguc to kot mrdftd

pdrmdptaoks og jakajuj or ukavdrsfc stfk`fr`s gor ]AF, fk` akstdf` strdss thd

gcdxalacaty og thd fpprofmh to f`fpt to spdmagam mouktry fk` pocamy moktdxts. Phd rdvasd`

Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd (B^K) àsmussds edy dcdjdkts og thd ^]AF fpprofmh9 garst, fk

fkfcysas to dtdrjakd thd astralutaokfc ajpfmts fk`, sdmok`, f promdss thft dkbfbds

fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak pocamy jfeakb.=Phd B^K fcso jfeds at mcdfr thft fk a`dfc

^]AF wacc vfry lfsd` ok mouktry fk` rdgorj-spdmagam mokàtaoks. Ak pfrtamucfr, thd rfkbd

fk` dxtdkt og stfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt ak thd ]AF promdss wacc vfry fmmoràkb to thd

pocatamfc moktdxt og thd rdgorj fk` thd rdcftd` opportukatads gor projotakb thd pulcam

`dlftd ok pocamy optaoks. Phd B^K mcfragads whdk at mouc` ld f praoraty gor f mouktry

tdfj to mfrry out `dtfacd` ]AF9 whdk thdrd frd potdktafc kdbftavd povdrty fk` somafcajpfmts ok aggdrdkt broups, pfrtamucfrcy poor fk` vuckdrflcd broups5 whdk thdrd as

potdktafc to sabkagamfktcy ajprovd thd ldkdgats og f rdgorj gor poor fk` vuckdrflcd

broups5 thd projakdkmd fk` urbdkmy og thd rdport ak thd bovdrkjdkts pocamy fbdk`f5

fk` thd cdvdc og `dlftd surroukàkb thd rdgorj.

Rath rdbfr` to thd jdtho`s fk` toocs fòptd` gor ^]AF, thd B^K strdssds thd kdd`

gor gcdxalacaty fs wdcc. Rhacd juctaàsmapcakfry or jaxd` jdtho`s og fkfcysas dkhfkmd

thd uk`drstfkàkb og thd povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts og f rdgorj, thd `dsabk og thd

jdthoòcoby fk` thd sdcdmtaok og toocs wacc `dpdk` ok thd kfturd og thd rdgorj

prolcdj ldakb f``rdssd`, thd fvfacflacaty fk` qufcaty og `ftf, thd tajd fvfacflcd gor

fkfcysas, fk` thd fvfacflcd ak-mouktry mfpfmaty.

^\DJ fk` ]@W frd fcrdf`y akmorporftakb thd rdvasd` B^K akto thdar ]AF-rdcftd` cdfrkakb

probrfjs (Guk`fjdktfcs og Lfke Opdrftaoks, ^]AF d-cdfrkakb, ^]AF moursd). Jfkfbdjdkt

wacc gurthdr dkhfkmd outrdfmh usakb thdsd jftdrafcs throubh fk ajprovd` Rdl satd thftjord mcdfrcy grfjds thd jfak olidmtavd fk` potdktafc ldkdgats, fs wdcc fs thd kdd` gor f

gcdxalcd fpprofmh, fk` jord grdqudkt fk` fmmdssalcd cdfrkakb dvdkts, rfwakb ok f`àtaokfc

rdsourmds prova`d` ly thd fgordjdktaokd` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc

moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaok mojpcdtd wath thd gucc rocc-out og thdsd fmtavatads ak gasmfc 6>.

Mcfragy thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og dfmh ]AFwath rdbfr` to ats aktdk`d` dggdmt fk` tfacor thdfpprofmh to thosd olidmtavds, dksurakb thftthd mokmdpt kotd

Moktfaks f mcdfr stftdjdkt og thd opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds og thd ^]AF wath rdspdmt to thd

aktdk`d` dggdmt (kot iust thd topams/assuds to ld

fkfcyzd`)

Akàmftds how ats fpprofmhak pfrtamucfrstfedhoc`dr dkbfbdjdkt, tdfj mojposataok,

pfrtkdr akstatutaoks, lu`bdt, fk` tajd grfjdhfs

lddk tfacord` to jddt thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds,

fk` prova`ds thd rftaokfcd gor thd mhoamds jf`d

]hows how fky tdksaoks fk` trf`d-oggs fjokb thd

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds wacc ld rdmokmacd`

@asmussds ag thd aktdk`d` àssdjakftaok

fuàdkmd fk` strftdby frd moksastdkt wath thd

stftd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.

Fbrdd`.Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdds thft povdrty, somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas

shouc` hfvd f mcdfr opdrftaokfc olidmtavd fk` f jdthoòcoby fk` strftdby gor stfedhoc`dr

dkbfbdjdkt fk` àssdjakftaok thft as moksastdkt wath thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd.

Fcjost fcc ^]AF typd fkfcysas as òkd ak thd moktdxt og dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore

(D]R), whdrd Lfke bua`dcakds rdquard thft thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavd, smopd, fk`

pfrtamapftory fpprofmhds ld mcdfrcy spdmagad` ak thd mokmdpt kotd. Phd rdvasd` B^K

akàmftds thft povdrty, somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc fkfcysas shouc` ld fk aktdbrfc pfrt og

thd D]R mymcd. Fcc àssdjakftaok fmtavatads kdd` to ld guccy moksastdkt wath thd Lfkes

@asmcosurd ocamy.

^]AF mfk fcso ld òkd ak thd moktdxt og tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, whdrd thd olidmtavd

as to strdkbthdk mcadkt akstatutaoks fk` mfpfmaty to akgcudkmd rdgorjs or fs f gfmtufc

tdmhkamfc òmujdkt fkfcyzakb f spdmagam pocamy rdgorj supportd` ly f @dvdcopjdkt

ôcamy Opdrftaok.

Okmd opdrftaokfc, thd kdw ^]AF trust guk` wacc rdquard thft thd \dbaoks `dtfac ak thdar

mokmdpt kotds how thdy wacc dksurd thft povdrty, somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc fkfcysas

(supportd` ly thd Prust Guk`) as trdftd` fs fk D]R, tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, or f proidmt-

rdcftd` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc òmujdkt. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaok

mojpcdtd wath thd aktroùmtaok og thdsd rdquardjdkts.

(moktakud` ok kdxt pfbd)


22/114x x


Ajprovd aktdbrftaok og thd ]AF akto thd Lfkesmouktry fssastfkmd probrfj ly

]hagtakb `dmasaok-jfeakb fk` gukàkb futhoraty

to thd \dbaokfc Wamd ^rdsa`dkmads to dksurd

thft thd ^]AF topams, smopd, fk` fpprofmh frd

moksastdkt wath thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj

fk` thft ^]AFs fse pocamy-rdcdvfkt qudstaoks

\dquarakb thft fcc dfrjfred` gukàkb gor ^]AFs

ld jftmhd` ly f sulstfktafc moktralutaok groj

thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt.

Fbrdd`.ôvdrty, somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas thft as pfrt og D]R,tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd, or f proidmt-rdcftd` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc òmujdkt as murrdktcy

jfkfbd` fk` guk`d` ly thd \dbaoks. Phd rdvasd` B^K dxpcamatcy f`vasds thft povdrty,

somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas ld fkmhord` ak thd Mouktry Fssastfkmd

]trftdby (MF]). Tk`dr thd rdvasd` pocamy gor povdrty rdùmtaok (O^ 6.>>), thd MF]

sujjfrazds dxastakb ekowcd`bd ok povdrty, a`dktagads fkfcytamfc bfps, fk` prdsdkts thd

wore probrfj ly thd Lfke fk` othdrs to gacc thdsd bfps. Phd MF] mfk usdguccy cfy out

edy rdgorj frdfs thft thd Lfke wacc support fk` akàmftd whdthdr thdrd frd fky pcfks

gor povdrty, somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas.

Phd kdw ^]AF trust guk` wacc `dmdktrfcazd thd jfkfbdjdkt og rdsourmds gor povdrty,

somafc, fk` àstralutaokfc ajpfmt fkfcysas mfrrad` out fs D]R, tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd,

fk` gfmtufc tdmhkamfc òmujdkts to thd \dbaoks. Phd \dbaoks wacc ld rdquard` to

prova`d jftmhakb rdsourmds groj thd mouktry ukat lu`bdt. Phd fkkufc Prust Guk`\dbaokfc jokatorakb rdports wacc akàmftd thd shfrd og jftmhakb rdsourmds prova`d`

to mojpcdjdkt Prust Guk` support. Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaoks

mojpcdtd wath thd rocc-out og thd trust guk`.

]trdkbthdk ]AF dggdmtavdkdss throubhdkhfkmd` qufcaty fssurfkmd, akmcuàkb

]ulidmtakb ^]AFs to systdjftam rdvadw ly

\dbaokfc jfkfbdjdkt ft thd mokmdpt fk`

mojpcdtaok stfbds to dksurd rdcdvfkmd fk` gat og

thd ^]AF to thd mouktry fssastfkmd probrfj fs

wdcc fs moksastdkmy og thd proposd` fpprofmh

wath opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, ak f`àtaok to

dksurakb tdmhkamfc qufcaty

Dksurakb thft thd Lfke dstflcashds f jokatorakbfk` sdcg-dvfcuftaok systdj `dsabkd` to fssdss

whdthdr ^]AFs frd ldakb uk`drtfedk whdrd

fppropraftd fk` frd fmhadvakb thdar stftd`

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.

Fbrdd`.^]AF wore thft as pfrt og D]R as sulidmt to \dbaokfc qufcaty fssurfkmdpromdùrds fk` thd prdpfrftaok og fk fmtavaty mojpcdtaok rdport. Fs kotd` ak thd

Jfkfbdjdkt \dspoksd to ADBs dvfcuftaok og D]R fk` tdmhkamfc fssastfkmd,

jfkfbdjdkt wacc uk`drtfed f rdvadw og fkfcytam fk` f`vasory fmtavatads ak gasmfc 6>

thft wacc f``rdss akstatutaokfc frrfkbdjdkts, kotflcy qufcaty fssurfkmd.

Phd qufcaty fk` dggdmtavdkdss og ^]AF akgorjakb thd Lfkes @dvdcopjdkt ôcamy

Opdrftaoks hfs lddk jokatord` throubh thd rdtrospdmtavd fssdssjdkt og thd Lfkes

@dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Cdkàkb portgocao thft hfs lddk mfrrad` out dvdry two ydfrs ly

Opdrftaoks ôcamy fk` Mouktry ]drvamds. F @dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Opdrftaok rdtrospdmtavd

as uk`dr prdpfrftaok fk` wacc ld fvfacflcd dfrcy ak gasmfc 6>.

Phd proposd` ^]AF trust guk` fkkufc \dbaokfc jokatorakb rdports fs wdcc fs thd gakfc

ak`dpdk`dkt Prust Guk` dvfcuftaok wacc fssdss thd dxtdkt to whamh povdrty, somafc, fk`

àstralutaokfc fkfcysas (supportd` ly thd Prust Guk`) hfs jdt ats opdrftaokfc olidmtavds

fk` hfs hf` fk ajpfmt ok thd brouk`.

Jfkfbdjdkt wacc moksa`dr ats fbrdd` fmtaoks mojpcdtd wath thd mojpcdtaok og thd

gasmfc 6> fkfcytam fk` f`vasory fmtavatads rdvadw fk` thd ajpcdjdktftaok og mhfkbds

mojakb out og thft promdss, thd assufkmd og thd @dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Opdrftaok

rdtrospdmtavd, fk` thd ajpcdjdktftaok og thd trust guk` rdportakb systdj.

Jfkfbdjdkt Fmtaok \dmor`

ADB rdmojjdk`ftaok Jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd


23/114x x a

Ok Iukd =, >1, thd Mojjattdd ok @dvdcop-

jdkt Dggdmtavdkdss (MO@D) jdt to moksa`dr

thd òmujdktHow Dggdmtavd Hfvd ôvdrty fk`

]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysds Lddk? Fk ADB ]tu`y og

Rorc` Lfke ]upport to ^]AFs, prdpfrd` ly thd

Ak`dpdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB), tobdthdr

wath thd rfgt jfkfbdjdkt rdspoksd.

Ovdrfcc Mokmcusaoks. Phd Mojjattdd

wdcmojd` thd tajdcy àsmussaok og ADBs stu`y

og ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF),

pfrtamucfrcy ak cabht og thd okboakb asmussaok to

dstflcash f Jucta-@okor Prust Guk` to support

^]AF wore, to ld opdrftaokfc ak gasmfc 6>.Jdjldrs rdmojjdk`d` dkhfkmakb thd usd og

^]AF lut mcfragyakb thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og

dfmh ]AF dxdrmasd. Phdy proposd` dstflcashakb

f hadrfrmhy og olidmtavds fk` goccowakb up ok

^]AF gakàkbs wath fppropraftd àssdjakftaok

fk` àsmcosurd, akmcuàkb ak sdvdrfc cfkbufbds.

Phdy strdssd` thd ajportfkmd og cakefbd wath

mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs fk` gcdxalacaty ak

^]AF, fcldat wath mcdfr fmmouktflacaty, rfthdr

thfk hfvakb f stfk`fràzd` fpprofmh f`hdrakb

to raba` bua`dcakds. Phdrd wdrd mojjdkts

ok thd ajportfkmd og mfpfmaty luacàkb lut

pdrhfps fs f sdmok`-or`dr olidmtavd og ^]AF.

Jdjldrs gdct thft ajportfkt cdssoks mouc` ld

`rfwk groj thd pfst dxpdradkmd ak mokùmtakb

^]AF. Ak thas rdbfr`, thdy gdct thd `dmdktrfc-

azd` jfkfbdjdkt og thd kdw ^]AF Prust Guk`

to thd \dbaoks wfs fppropraftd. Phd `dsarflac-

aty gor thd Lfke to shfrd thd ^]AF rdport wath

othdr òkors or `dvdcopjdkt pfrtkdrs wfs

jdktaokd`.

Phd goccowakb edy assuds wdrd rfasd` ft thd

jddtakb9

^]AF Opdrftaokfc Olidmtavds.Jfky jdjldrs

strdssd` thd ajportfkmd og ^]AF ak djphfsaz-

akb somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcysas dx fktd ok

thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorj, wath

pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor. Phdy fbrdd` thft

thd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds og sumh fkfcysas shouc`

ld mcfragad` fk` f`fptd` to dfmh spdmagam mouktry

pocamy moktdxt. ]ojd jdjldrs uk`drcakd` thft

^]AF shouc` kot ld fk atdj wathak f mhdmecast

to ld mojpcad` wath okmd fk aktdrvdktaok hfs

fcrdf`y lddk dma`d`, fk` subbdstd` thft povdrtyàstralutaok fkfcysas a`dfccy shouc` ld mokùmtd`

upstrdfj so fs to ld fk akput to pocamy `dsabk.

Phdrd wdrd mojjdkts ok thd rdcdvfkmd og thd

olidmtavds og akgorjakb thd mouktry pocamads

fk` luacàkb mfpfmaty ak mcadkt mouktrads to

mokùmt thdar owk ^]AF. Howdvdr, thdrd wdrd

fcso vadws thft pdrhfps loth shouc` ld sdmok`-

or`dr olidmtavds og ^]AF. Okd jdjldr gdct thft

luacàkb mfpfmaty shouc` kot ld fk olidmtavd ft

fcc ldmfusd at rdquards sdpfrftd fmtavatads. Okd

spdfedr qudrad` whdthdr comfc akstatutaoks mouc`

ld jord akvocvd` ak thd prdpfrftaok og ^]AF.

Vudstaoks wdrd rfasd` ok aktdbrftaok fk`

mojpcafkmd wath Opdrftaokfc ôcamy 8.7>, whamh

rdquards thft thd Lfke `dtdrjakd whdthdr

spdmagam mouktry pocamads supportd` ly @dvdcop-

jdkt ôcamy Cofks (@^Cs) frd caedcy to hfvd

sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt. ]upport-

akb fssdssjdkt mfk ld òkd throubh ^]AF or

djld``d` ak othdr fkfcytam wore. Ak f`àtaok,

Mhfarpdrsoks ]ujjfry9

Mojjattdd ok @dvdcopjdktDggdmtavdkdss (MO@D)


24/114x x a a


jdjldr gdct thft ak f`àtaok to fk fkfcysas

dx fktd ok thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy

rdgorj, dx post dvfcuftaoks wouc` ld vfcuflcd

moktralutaoks to ekowcd`bd. ]ojd qudstaoks

wdrd rf asd` ok ^]AFs rd cftaokshap wathdmokojam fk` sdmtor wore, akmcuàkb ôvdrty

Fssdssjdkts.Jfkfbdjdkt stftd` thft ^]AF as

f sdt og toocs thft frd grdqudktcy mokùmtd` ak

thd moktdxt og @^Cs fk` ogtdk usd` ak ôvdrty

Fssdssjdkts, ûlcam Dxpdkàturd \dvadw, fk`

othdr mord dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore or ak

thd prdpfrftaok og akvdstjdkt proidmts. At

fcso mcfragad` thft rdbaokfc ^]AF tdfjs `rfw

ok stfgg groj fcc kdtwores fk` @dvdcopjdkt

Dmokojams fk` thd Mhadg Dmokojast fk` frd

gurthdr supportd` ly thd ôvdrty \dùmtaok

fk` Dmokojam Jfkfbdjdkt fk` ]ustfakflcd

@dvdcopjdkt Fkmhors. At fcso kotd` thft at as

woreakb to dkhfkmd thd outrdfmh og ekowcd`bd

ak ^]AF fk` to ajprovd Rdl-lfsd` cdfrkakb.

ADB poaktd` out thft thdrd as stacc aksuggamadkt

owkdrshap og ^]AF gakàkbs ly opdrftaokfc

stfgg fk` jfkfbdrs wathak thd Lfke.

Prust Guk`. ]ojd jdjldrs gdct thft thd

jfak purposd og thd Prust Guk` shouc` kot ld

to sfvd rdsourmds groj rdbucfr lu`bdt. Phdy

fcso proposd` thd kdw Prust Guk` shouc` ld`dsabkd` to gakfkmd fmtavatads ak whamh ^]AF wfs

kot rdbucfrcy usd`. F qudstaok wfs rfasd` ok

possalcd cfme og sustfakflacaty og ^]AF guk`d`

throubh dfrjfred` Jucta-@okor Prust Guk`s.

Phdrd wfs fcso f rdqudst gor thd Lfke to shfrd

thd gakàkbs og ]AF wath othdr okors. \dcftd`cy,

f mojjdkt wfs rfasd` ok thd kdd` to uk`drstfk`

whdthdr ajportfkt òkor-guk`d` fmtavatads frd

kot loubht ly mouktry àrdmtors, who thdrdgord

ò kot aktdbrftd thdj ak MF]s. Phd rdmojjdk`f-

taok ok shagtakb thd dmasaok-jfeakb fk` gukàkb

jfk`ftd og thd kdw Prust Guk` to \dbaokfc vamd

prdsa`dktafc ukats wfs wdcmojd`. Jfkfbd-

jdkt mcfragad` thft thd luce og rdsourmds usd`

to support ^]AF mojds groj Lfke rdsourmds,

fk` thft thd gakfkmafc moktralutaoks groj thd

kdwPrust Guk`wacc ld vdry sjfcc. Howdvdr, at

akàmftd` thft at hopds to cdvdrfbd thd kdw Prust

Guk`so fs to jfed thd \dbaokfc vamd prdsa`dk-

tafc ukats jord rdspoksalcd fk` fmmouktflcd

gor mfrryakb out thas fkfcysas.

thdrd wdrd qudstaoks ok thd rftaokfcd fk`

mratdraf gor mouktry sdcdmtaok, fk` who akataftds

thd rdqudst or proposfc gor mokùmtakb f ^]AF.

Okd jdjldr fsed` to whft dxtdkt bdk`dr

assuds hfvd lddk f`dquftdcy jfakstrdfjdàk thd kdw Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd. Jfkfbdjdkt

fbrdd` wath ADB ok thd kdd` to dksurd thft

stfgg uk`drstfk` whft thd ^]AF fpprofmh as

fk` stftd` thft at wouc` àssdjakftd wa`dcy

thd rdvasd` Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd, fk` dkhfkmd

thd qufcaty fssurfkmd promdss.

Mouktry ^robrfj. ]pdfedrs uk`drsmord`

thd kdd` gor ^]AF to ldmojd fk aktdbrfc

pfrt og mouktry fssastfkmd probrfjs fk`

Lfke opdrftaoks, fk` to moksa`dr thd pocata-

mfc dmokojy àjdksaok ak òakb povdrty fk`

àstralutaok fkfcysas. Phd kdd` gor strokbdr

cakefbds ldtwddk mouktry ukats fk` ^]AF tdfjs

wfs djphfsazd`. ]ojd spdfedrs kotd` thd

kdd` gor gcdxalacaty ak fppcyakb f rfkbd og toocs

fk` jdtho`s to spdmagam satuftaoks rfthdr thfk

trdftakb ^]AF fs f stfk`fràzd` fpprofmh. At wfs

fcso subbdstd` thft thd topam fk` tajakb og thd

^]AF shouc` ld fcabkd` wath thd mouktrys praora-

tads fk` thd olidmtavds og thd Mouktry Fssastfkmd

]trftdby (MF]). \dcftd`cy, thdrd wdrd mojjdkts

ok thd kdd` gor dkbfbakb mouktry stfedhoc`-drs to luac` owkdrshap, dspdmafccy fjokb pocamy

jfedrs. Phdrd wdrd fcso qudstaoks ok thd dxtdkt

to whamh ^]AFs frd usd` ak thd `dsabk og @^Cs.

Ak f`àtaok, sojd jdjldrs soubht gurthdr

akgorjftaok ok mouktrads `djfk` gor ^]AF.

Jfkfbdjdkt fbrdd` wath ADBs rdmojjdk-

`ftaok ok thd kdd` to dksurd ldttdr aktdbrf-

taok og ^]AF akto thd Lfkes mouktry probrfj.

Jfkfbdjdkt mcfragad` thft f kujldr og assuds,

akmcuàkb mojpcafkmd wath Opdrftaokfc ocamy

8.7> fk` moksuctftaoks wath stfedhoc`drs, wacc

ld f``rdssd` ak thd @^C \dtrospdmtavd rdport

murrdktcy uk`dr prdpfrftaok.

Ekowcd`bd. ]ojd jdjldrs gdct thft ak thd

moktdxt og thd ekowcd`bd fbdk`f thdrd wfs

dxtdksavd dxpdradkmd thft shouc` ld usd` to

ldttdr ajpcdjdkt thd ^]AF fpprofmh ak thd

guturd. Ak thas rdbfr`, thdy dkmourfbd` jord

àssdjakftaok, akmcuàkb trfkscftaok akto comfc

cfkbufbds fk` goccow-up og ^]AF gakàkbs. Okd


25/114x x a a a

M H F A \ ^ D \ ] O K ] ] T J J F \ Q9 M O J J A P P D D O K @ D W D C O ^ J D K P D G G D M P A W D K D ] ] ( M O @ D )

uk`drsmord` thd potdktafc gor jord dggdmtavd usd

og ]AF gakàkbs to akgorj thd J&D systdjs.

Baovfkka Jfikoka, Mhfarpdrsok

Jokatorakb fk` Dvfcuftaok (J&D).]ojd

jdjldrs tooe kotd thft flout 24 pdrmdkt og

thd sfjpcd ^]AF à` kot akmcu`d J&D akàmf-

tors or `ftf moccdmtaok jdtho`s kdmdssfry gor

jokatorakb thd ajpfmt og rdgorj pocamy. Phdy


26/114


27/1146

Mhfptdr 6

Dvfcuftaok Habhcabhts

Phd Rorc` Lfke hfs dgakd` ovdrty

fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas (^]AF)

fs thd fkfcysas og thd astralutaokfc

ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd

wdcc-ldakb og àggdrdkt stfedhoc`dr

broups, wath pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd

poor fk` vuckdrflcd.

^]AFs wdrd f okor rdspoksd to thd

mokmdrks og dxtdrkfc broupskot

mcadkt mouktradsflout thd ajpfmt

og Lfke-supportd` probrfjs fk`

pocamads.

F Lfke Opdrftaokfc ôcamy rdquards

@dvdcopjdkt ôcamy Cofks wath

caedcy sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc

ajpfmts to f``rdss thosd ajpfmts,

lut thdrd as ko spdmagam rdquardjdkt

to ò so usakb thd ^]AF fpprofmh.

Phd Lfke hfs supportd` 647 ]AFs,

pfrtcy `ravdk ly thd fvfacflacaty og

dfrjfred` guk`s loth groj wathakthd Lfke fk` groj othdr òkors.

Moksastdkt wath thd rocds dkvasfbd`

ly thd Rorc` Lfke gor ^]AFs, thas

dvfcuftaok fssdssds thdar dggdmt

ok mouktry pocamads fk` Lfke op-

drftaoks fk` thdar moktralutaok to

mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty.


28/114

Hfkoa, Wadtkfj, lamymcd fk` smootdr ra`drs. ^hoto ly ]ajokd @. JmMourtad, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.


29/114=

Phas promdss wfs dsabkd` to dksurd thft rdgorjs

wdrd fcabkd` wath thd ojdstam praoratads og mcadkt

mouktrads (Rocgdksok 6112). Fs stftd` ak f Rorc`

Lfke pulcamftaok, Goccowakb thd fòptaok og thd

Upovdrty rdùmtaok strftdbyZ fpprofmh, thd Rorc`

Lfke fk` Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` mojjat-

td`, ak >6, to f systdjftam fssdssjdkt og thd

povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts og pocamy rdgorjs

(Rorc` Lfke >7k).

Phd Lfke hf` lddk mokùmtakb àstralutaokfc

fkfcysas ak sojd og ats dmokojam fk` sdmtor wore

(D]R) dvdk ldgord thd aktroùmtaok og ^]AFs.

Ak gfmt, fs dfrcy fs 6182 thd Lfkes Opdrftaokfc

Bua`dcakds rdquard fk fkfcysas og thd short-tdrj

ajpfmt og fìustjdkt probrfjs ok thd urlfk

fk` rurfc poor (Rorc` Lfke 6182). Phdk, ovdr

thd 61821< pdrao`, thd Rorc` Lfke, thd Fgramfk

@dvdcopjdkt Lfke, fk` thd Tkatd` Kftaoks

@dvdcopjdkt ^robrfjjd ioaktcy supportd`

thd ]omafc @ajdksaoks og Fìustjdkt ak Fgramf

Ak gasmfc >< to >2.

Phd ajpdtus to fssdss thd povdrty fk` somafc

ajpfmts og Rorc` Lfke opdrftaoks mfk ld trfmd`

lfme to thd ja`-611>s, whdk dxtdrkfc broups

mratamazd` thd Aktdrkftaokfc Jokdtfry Guk` (AJG)

fk` thd Rorc` Lfke gor kot propdrcy fssdssakb

thd ajpfmts og rdgorjs ldgord supportakb thdj.

Ak thd cftd 611>s, sdvdrfc stdps wdrd tfedk to

ajprovd thd povdrty rdùmtaok gomus og Lfke

opdrftaoks5 fjokb thdsd stdps wfs thd `dvdcop-

jdkt og thd povdrty rdùmtaok strftdby promdss.

Mouktradsloth thdar bovdrkjdkts fk` thd pulcamkdd` to uk`dr-stfk` thd prolflcd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs fk` pro-

brfjs. Dquappd` wath thft akgorjftaok, thdy kdd` to `dsabk rdgorj

promdssds thft tfed fmmoukt og ldkdgamafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`, ag

thdy frd boakb to ld dggdmtavd ak fmhadvakb olidmtavds og browth fk` povdrty

rdùmtaok. Dxpdradkmd hfs showk thft uk`drstfkàkb fk` `dgakakb dggdmtavd

rdgorj promdssds ogtdk rdquard mfrdguc dmokojam fk` somafc fkfcysds og thd

potdktafc ajpfmts og thd rdgorjs wathak spdmagam mouktry moktdxts.

Aktroùmtaok


30/1140


Phd Lfke hfs dkvasfbd` thrdd jfak rocds gor

^]AFs9 supportakb thd dcflorftaok fk` ajpcdjdk-

tftaok og povdrty rdùmtaok strftdbads ak dvdcop-

akb mouktrads, supportakb ak-mouktry mfpfmaty

luacàkb, fk` akgorjakb Lfke opdrftaoks (Rorc`Lfke >=h, >0g, >8d). Phdsd rocds hfvd lddk

àstaccd` akto thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds ak thas

dvfcuftaok9 akgorjakb mouktry pocamads, moktral-

utakb to mouktry fkfcytam mfpfmaty, fk` akgorjakb

Lfke opdrftaoks.

Catdrfturd ok `dvdcopjdkt ovdr thd pfst

`dmf`d hfs djphfsazd` thd ajportfkmd og

uk`drstfkàkb thd akstatutaokfc fk` pocatamfc

mokstrfakts to `dvdcopjdkt fk` thd kdd` to

luac` òjdstam owkdrshap og pocamy rdgorjs ak

f`àtaok to fssdssakb thd àstralutaokfc ajpfmt

og pocamy fmtaoks. Phd ^]AF fpprofmh morrdmtcy

djphfsazds thdsd fspdmts. Fs àsmussd` ak

mhfptdrs 2 thd Lfke guk`d` 647 ^]AFs

(kot akmcuàkb thd akatafc pacot ^]AFs), fs a`dk-

tagad` ly thd Lfkes ôvdrty \dùmtaok fk` Dmo-

kojam Jfkfbdjdkt (^\DJ) fk` ]ustfakflcd @d-

vdcopjdkt Kdtwore (]@K) Fkmhors. Fppdkàx L

prova`ds f cast og thd 647 ^]AFs.0>7 wfs $64 jaccaok,

fk` thas gukàkb wfs pfrtcy f ravdr og ]AFs. At mfjd

groj thd Lfkes dfrjfred` Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor

^]AFs ($4.8 jaccaok), dfrjfred` ^]AF Prust Guk`s

moktralutd` ly vfraous lacftdrfc okors (akmcuàkb

@GA@, BPY, Korwfy, Atfcy, Ldcbauj, fk` Gakcfk`),

fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke lu`bdt fk` othdr okor

gukàkb. Fgtdr thd dxhfustaok og thd Akmrdjdktfc

^robrfj, whamh fajd` to hdcp pfrtama-

pftakb Fgramfk mouktrads aktdbrftd

povdrty fk` somafc mokmdrks ak thd

`dsabk fk` ajpcdjdktftaok og thdar

fìustjdkt probrfjs. Fk` ak 6117,ak mokiukmtaok wath kftaokfc bovdrk-

jdkts fk` mavac somadty orbfkazf-

taoks, thd Rorc` Lfke cfukmhd`

thd ]trumturfc Fìustjdkt ^frtama-

pftory \dvadw Akataftavd to fssdss

thd dmokojam fk` somafc ajpfmt og

strumturfc fìustjdkt pocamads ok vfraous somafc

broups ak lorrowakb mouktrads.6Ak >>, f broup

og kokbovdrkjdktfc orbfkazftaoks (KBOs), cd`

ly Oxgfj, rdjak`d` thd Lfke og ats mojjatjdkt

to fssdss proposd` rdgorjs ak Lfke probrfjs

(Oxgfj Aktdrkftaokfc >>). Phd Lfke rdspok`d`

ly aktroùmakb thd ]AF fpprofmh ak gasmfc >< fs

f gorjfc wfy to mokùmt àstralutaokfc fkfcysas.

Phd fpprofmh wfs lfsd` ok moccflorftavd wore

wath thd AJG, thd Tkatd` Eakbòjs @dpfrt-

jdkt gor Aktdrkftaokfc @dvdcopjdkt (@GA@),

thd Bdrjfk Fbdkmy gor Pdmhkamfc Moopdrftaok

(BPY), fk` othdr òkors. Fppdkàx F shows thd

tajdcakd og ^]AF hastory.

Rhft As f ^]AF?

Phd Lfke `dgakds ^]AF fs thd fkfcysas og thdàstralutaokfc ajpfmt og pocamy rdgorjs ok thd

wdcc-ldakb og àggdrdkt stfedhoc dr broups, wath

pfrtamucfr gomus ok thd poor fk` vuckdrflcd

(Rorc` Lfke >=b).Phd Lfke cfa` out 6> edy

dcdjdkts og f ^]AF ak >= (sdd lox 6.6) (Rorc`

Lfke >=h). Phd Lfke sdds thd àstakmtavd

fspdmts og ^]AF fs goccows9 Rhft as kdw as thd

fppcamftaok og thd toocs fk` tdmhkaquds

og somafc fk` dmokojam fkfcysas to

fkfcyzd ajpfmts og dmokojy-wa`d

pocamy rdgorjs ldgord thosd rdgorjs

frd mfrrad` out (dx fktd fkfcysas), fk`

jord systdjftam usd og thft fkfcysas

to akgorj pocamy f`vamd fk` pocamy

`dsabk (Rorc` Lfke >7k). Gurthdr-

jord, thd Lfke hfs a`dktagad` two edy

dcdjdkts og thd ]AF9 garst, fk fkfcysas

to `dtdrjakd thd àstralutaokfc

ajpfmts, fk` sdmok`, f promdss thft

dkbfbds fppropraftd stfedhoc`drs ak

pocamy-jfeakb (Rorc` Lfke >8d).

Phrdd jfak rocds

wdrd dkvasfbd` gor^]AFsthd dcflorftaok

fk` ajpcdjdktftaok

og povdrty rdùmtaokstrftdbads ak `dvdcopakb

mouktrads, supportakbak-mouktry mfpfmaty

luacàkb, fk` akgorjakb

Lfke opdrftaoks.

Phd ]AF fpprofmh

djphfsazds thdajportfkmd og

uk`drstfkàkb thdakstatutaokfc fk`

pocatamfc mokstrfaktsto dvdcopjdkt fk`

thd kdd` to luac`òjdstam owkdrshapog pocamy rdgorjs ak

f`àtaok to fssdssakb thdàstralutaokfc ajpfmt

og pocamy fmtaoks.


31/1144

A K P \ O @ T M P A O K

hfvd sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` somafc

moksdqudkmds (lox 6.0g). Rhdrdfs O^ 8.7> fppcads okcy to @^Cs,

thd Lfke hfs uk`drtfedk ^]AFs ak f rfkbd og

othdr moktdxts, akmcuàkb akgorjakb akvdstjdkt

proidmts, Mouktry Fssastfkmd ]trftdbads, fk`

Guk` gor ^]AFs ak gasmfc >7, ^]AFs wdrd guk`d`

groj thd rdjfakakb ^]AF Prust Guk` rdsourmds

fk` Lfke lu`bdt. Phd fjoukt og thd Lfke lu`-

bdt spdkt ok ^]AFs fgtdr dxhfustaok og thd Akmrd-

jdktfc Guk` as kot fvfacflcd.

Rath thd pulcamftaok og thd Lfkes rdvasd`

Opdrftaokfc ôcamy (O^) ok @dvdcopjdkt ôcamy

Cdkàkb (O^ 8.7>) ak >0, thd fkfcysas og povdrty

fk` somafc ajpfmts og dvdcopjdkt pocamy cdkàkb

wfs jf`d f rdquard` pfrt og Lfke @dvdcop-

jdkt ôcamy Cofks (@^Cs) thft wdrd caedcy to

Phd Lfkes >= ^]AF Tsdrs Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h) òds kot

spdmagy jakajuj stfk`fr`s gor ^]AF5 akstdf` at prova`ds subbds-

taoks ok how to fpprofmh thd fkfcysas lfsd` ok 6> edy dcdjdkts.

At poakts out thft fcthoubh thdrd as f cobamfc sdqudkmd to thdsd dcd-

jdkts, thft ods kot ajpcy thft thdy kdd` to ld uk`drtfedk ak stramt

or`dr or thft fcc thd stdps wacc ld gdfsalcd ak dvdry mouktry.

6. Fseakb thd rabht qudstaoks9 Fseakb qudstaoks sumh fs thd

projakdkmd og thd assud ok thd bovdrkjdkts fbdk`f, thd tajakb

og thd rdgorj, fk` thd kfturd og thd kftaokfc `dlftd ok thd assud

wacc hdcp oradkt thd fkfcysas morrdmtcy.

.Gostdrakb pocamy dlftd fk` gddàkb lfme akto pocamy mhoamd9

Gostdrakb fk` `rfwakb ok pulcam àsmussaok og pocamy mfk ld

usdguc ft vfraous poakts og thd ^]AF promdssgor dxfjpcd, to

hdcp a`dktagy stfedhoc`drs fk` thdar posataoks, to uk`drstfk`

trfksjassaok mhfkkdcs, to vfca`ftd tdmhkamfc ajpfmt fkfcysas,

or to cdvdrfbd somafc fmmouktflacaty. At as mratamfc gor ^]AF to dk-

surd thft thd cdssoks cdfrkd` groj ajpfmt fkfcysas, jokatorakbfk` dvfcuftaok, somafc fmmouktflacaty, fk` pulcam pocamy `dlftd

fmtufccy akgorj fk` fggdmt pocamy.

Phd Lfke rdakgormd` thdsd 6> edy dcdjdkts ak ats >0 Boo`

^rfmtamd Kotd ok ^]AF.

Lox 6.69 Rorc` Lfke Bua`fkmd ok ^]AF

]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>=h, >0g).

Phd Lfke fk` othdròkors guk`d` 647 ^]AFs

ovdr gasmfc >2.


32/1147


sourmdlooe (Rorc` Lfke >=h, >2b), fk`,

ak moksuctftaok wath thd Opdrftaokfc ôcamy fk`

Mouktry ]drvamds (O^M]) Wamd ^rdsa`dktafc Tkat,

thd ]AF Boo` rfmtamd Kotds (Rorc` Lfke >0g,

>8l).

Dvfcuftaok Olidmtavds fk` \ftaokfcdPhas dvfcuftaok rdspok`s to f rdqudst groj thd

Rorc` Lfkes Lofr` og Dxdmutavd @ardmtors gor

fk ak`dpdk`dkt fssdssjdkt og ^]AFs, fbfakst thd

lfme`rop og thd mokmdrks dxprdssd` ly Oxgfj fk`

othdr KBOs=flout thd dggdmtavdkdss og ]AF to ftd

fk` thd aktdrdst og A@F-64 `dputads ak strdkbthdk-

akb povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fssdssjdkts.0

Phoubh thd Lfke hfs prdpfrd` sdvdrfc probrdss

rdports ok ]AFs, at hfs ydt to mojpcdtd f mojprd-

hdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd ^]AF dxpdradkmd.

^robrdss rdports hfvd lddk uk`drtfedk jfakcy

ak thd moktdxt og rdportakb lfme to òkors ok

ajpcdjdktftaok. Phdrd frd murrdktcy two okboakb

rdvadws og povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fkfcysas ak

thd Lfkes @^Csf stometfeakb ly ^\DJ fk`

f @^C rdtrospdmtavd ly O^M]. Fk okboakb ioakt

Ovdrsdfs @dvdcopjdkt Akstatutd fk` Rorc` Lfke

rdport ok ]AFs (O@A fk` Rorc` Lfke >1) fajs

to ajprovd thd prfmtamd fk` dkhfkmd thd usd og

povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmt fkfcysas ak thd Lfkefk` ak pfrtkdr mouktrads.4

Aktdrdst ak thd ^]AF dxpdradkmd as caedcy to

akmrdfsd worc`wa`d. Phd rdmdkt gakfkmafc mrasas

othdr fkfcytamfc wore. Jost og thd

^]AFs hfvd, howdvdr, lddk aktdk`d`

to akgorj @^Cs.

Ldmfusd ko Lfke O^ bovdrks ^]AFs,thd jfak sourmds og bua`fkmd gor

mokùmtakb thdj frd thd Lfkes ^]AF

Tsdrs Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h)5

sojd othdr bua`fkmd sumh fs thd

tooceat gor dvfcuftakb thd povdrty fk` àstralu-

taokfc ajpfmt og dmokojam pocamads (Rorc` Lfke

>=b)5 f cdssoks fk` dxfjpcds looe (Rorc`

Lfke >7k)5 prfmtataokdrs bua`ds (Rorc` Lfke

>4f, >7l)5 f sourmdlooe og toocs gor akstatu-

taokfc, pocatamfc, fk` somafc fkfcysas og pocamy

rdgorj (Rorc` Lfke >2b)5 thd Boo` ^rfmtamd

Kotds ok ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >0g, >8l)5

fk` Phd Ajpfmt og Jfmro-Dmokojam ôcamads

ok ôvdrty fk` Akmojd @astralutaok9 Jfmro-

Jamro Dvfcuftaok Pdmhkaquds fk` Poocs (Rorc`

Lfke >8m). Phdsd òmujdkts akàmftd whft

thd Lfke dxpdmtd` ^]AFs to cooe caed frouk`

thd tajd og thdar akataftaok fk` thd

sulsdqudkt dvocutaok ak thakeakb

flout ^]AFs.

\dspoksalacaty gor thd projotaok og

^]AF wathak thd Rorc` Lfke cads prakma-pfccy wath thd \DJ fk` ]@K Fkmhors.

Phdy hfvd f`jakastdrd` thd `dàmftd`

Akmrdjdktfc Guk` gor ^]AFs fk`

proùmd` thd ^]AF Tsdrs Bua`d fk`

@okor support gor ^]AFs

hfs fjouktd` to $64jaccaok ovdr gasmfc

>0>7 fk` hfs akmcu`d`

f jax og dfrjfred`Lfke guk`s, dfrjfred`òkor guk`s, fk` kok-dfrjfred` Lfke guk`s.

O^ 8.7> rdquards thftthd povdrty fk` somafc

ajpfmts og @^Cs thftfrd caedcy to hfvd

sabkagamfkt povdrty fk`somafc moksdqudkmds ld

fssdssd`, lut at odskot rdquard thft thas ld

òkd throubh ]AFs.

Phd Lfke `dtdrjakds whdthdr spdmagam mouktry pocamads sup-portd` ly f @^C frd caedcy to hfvd sabkagamfkt povdrty fk` so-

mafc moksdqudkmds, dspdmafccy gor poor pdopcd fk` vuckdrflcd

broups. Gor mouktry pocamads wath caedcy sabkagamfkt dggdmts, thd

Lfkes probrfj omujdkt sujjfrazds rdcdvfkt fkfcytam ekowc-

d`bd og thdsd dggdmts fk` og thd lorrowdrs systdjs gor rdùmakb

f`vdrsd dggdmts fk` dkhfkmakb posatavd dggdmts fssomaftd` wath

thd spdmagam pocamads ldakb supportd`. Ag thdrd frd sabkagamfkt

bfps ak thd fkfcysas or shortmojakbs ak thd lorrowdrs systdjs,thd Lfkes probrfj òmujdkt `dsmralds how sumh bfps or

shortmojakbs wouc` ld f``rdssd` ldgord or ùrakb probrfj

ajpcdjdktftaok, fs fppropraftd. O^ 8.7> rdgdrs stfgg to f >0

Boo` ^rfmtamd Kotd ok ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Ajpfmt Fkfcysas

(Rorc` Lfke >0g) gor fppcyakb thas bua`fkmd, akmcuàkb possalcd

mratdraf gor thd sdcdmtaok og pocamads gor fkfcysas.

]ourmds9 Rorc` Lfke (>0g, >0i).

Lox 6. \dcftakb to Fssdssakb

ôvdrty fk` ]omafc Moksdqudkmds og \dgorjs


33/1142

A K P \ O @ T M P A O K

mojd groj othdr sourmds. At as thdk

àggamuct to fssdss thd ^]AFs moktralu-

taok. ]ajacfr prolcdjs og fttralutaok

fppcy to `dmasaoks or fmtaoks wathak

thd Lfke. Phd gakàkbs og thas dvfcuf-taok shouc` ld aktdrprdtd` ldfrakb

thdsd mfvdfts ak jak`.

Dvfcuftaok qudstaoks

Moksastdkt wath thd thrdd rocds thd Lfke

dkvasfbd` gor ^]AFs, thas dvfcuftaok àstacs thrdd

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds thft gorj thd lfsas gor thd

qudstaoks f``rdssd`9

Dggdmt ft thd mouktry cdvdc9

Rhft dggdmt hfvd ^]AFs hf` ok

mouktry pocamads (akmcuàkb pocamy

`dlftd)?

Rhft moktralutaok hfvd ]AFs jf`d

to thd `dvdcopjdkt og mouktry mf-

pfmaty gor pocamy fkfcysas?7

Dggdmt wathak thd Lfke9

Rhft dggdmt hfvd ^]AFs hf` ok Lfke opdrf-

taoks (akmcuàkb strftdby fk` fkfcytamfc wore)?

Luacàkb lcomes

Dva`dkmd grojvfraous sourmds hfs lddk usd`moccdmtavdcy to gorjucftd thd gakàkbs9

F portgocao rdvadw og f stftastamfccy rdprdsdktf-

tavd sfjpcd og 48 ]AFs mhosdk rfkòjcy groj

thd ukavdrsd og 647 ^]AFs.

Mfsd rdvadws gor 6< ^]AFs ak 8 mouktrads

(Lfkbcf`dsh, Mfjloàf, Bhfkf, Jfcfwa, Jfca,

Jozfjlaqud, Kamfrfbuf, fk` Yfjlaf) mhosdk

purposavdcy gor avdrsd rdbaokfc, sdmtorfc, fk`

gasmfc ydfr movdrfbd.

]djastrumturd` tdcdphokd aktdrvadws wath 02

stfedhoc`drs (akmcuàkb bovdrkjdkt oggamafcs,

pravftd sdmtor rdprdsdktftavds, KBO stfgg, fmf-

`djams fk` rdsdfrmhdrs, oggamafcs groj okor

fbdkmads, fk` Lfke stfgg) mhosdk purposavdcy

to akmcu`d stfedhoc`drs gfjacafr

wath thd ^]AF promdss. Phdsd ak-

tdrvadws movdrd` 66 ^]AFs ak 6>

mouktrads (fk` wdrd f`àtaokfc to

thd okds movdrd` ak thd mouktry

mfsd rdvadws).

fk` bcolfc scowòwk frd caedcy to put prdssurd

ok bovdrkjdkts to uk`drtfed gfr-rdfmhakb

rdgorjs ak thd jdàuj tdrj. Po protdmt thd

poor fk` dkhfkmd ldkdgats to thdj, edy rdgorjs

wacc kdd` to ld uk`drpakkd` ly systdjftamfkfcysas og thdar dxpdmtd` povdrty fk` somafc

ajpfmts.

Dvfcuftaok ]mopd, Vudstaoks, fk`Luacàkb Lcomes

]mopd

Phas dvfcuftaok movdrs fkfcytamfc wore a`dktagad` fs

^]AFs ly thd Lfkes ^\DJ fk` thd ]@K Fkmhors.

Phd dvfcuftaok òds kot movdr Lfke fkfcysds og

povdrty fk` somafc ajpfmts thft thd fkmhors à`

kot a`dktagy fs ^]AFs. Phd fkmhors a`dktagad` 647

fkfcysds thft akmorporftd` okd or jord dcdjdkts

og thd ^]AF fpprofmh ovdr thd gasmfc >2

pdrao`. Jost og thdsd frd grddstfkàkb fkfcysds,

lut sojd frd djld``d` ak thd Lfkes othdr D]R.

Fmmoràkbcy, ^]AF as usd` ak thas dvfcuftaok to

movdr fkfcytamfc wore thft akmorporftds okd or

jord dcdjdkts og thd ^]AF fpprofmh, rdbfr`cdss

og whdthdr thas fkfcytamfc wore as grddstfkàkb

or djld``d`. @urakb thd moursd og thas dvfcuf-

taok, sojd Lfke stfgg poaktd` to thd dxastdkmd

og ^]AF-typd wore thft wfs kot ok thd ^\DJ/]@K cast lut thft shouc` ld, fk` othdrs poaktd`

to ^]AFs murrdktcy ok thd cast thft thdy ldcadvd`

shouc` kot ld thdrd.

Phas dvfcuftaok òds kot faj to fssdss thd

òwkstrdfj povdrty rdùmtaok ajpfmts og ^]AFs.

Phd fttralutaok prolcdjs akvocvd` ak òakb so

wouc` ld prohalatavd. Kor òds thd dvfcuftaok

faj to fssdss mojpcafkmd wath O^ 8.7>, whamh as

ldakb òkd ly ^\DJ fk` ly O^M].

Jordovdr, thas dvfcuftaok gomusds ok kdfr-tdrj

dggdmts og ^]AFs. Cokbdr-tdrj dggdmts mfk ld

àggamuct to trfmd fk` frd ukcaedcy to ld jdfsur-

flcd ydt gor rdmdkt ^]AFs. Howdvdr, thd dvfcuf-

taok rdmobkazds thft f sddjakbcy akdggdmtavd ^]AF

mfk ld powdrguccy dggdmtavd ak thd guturd.

Othdr jdfsurdjdkt prolcdjs fcso dxast. F bovdrk-

jdkt dmasaok jfy fmmor` wath rdmojjdk`ftaoks

ak f ^]AF, lut sajacfr rdmojjdk`ftaoks jfy hfvd

Po `ftd, thd Lfke

hfs kot mojpcdtd` fmojprdhdksavd sdcg-dvfcuftaok og thd

^]AF dxpdradkmd.

Phd jfak sourmds og

bua`fkmd ok mokùmtakb^]AFs frd thd Tsdrs Bua`thd sourmdlooe ok toocs

gor akstatutaokfc, pocatamffk` somafc fkfcysas ogpocamy rdgorj5 fk` thdBoo` rfmtamd Kotds.

Phd qudstaoks thasdvfcuftaok fajs to

fkswdr `dravd groj thdthrdd rocds thd Lfke hfs

dkvasaokd` gor ]AFs,fcso rdgdrrd` to fsopdrftaokfc olidmtavdsak thas dvfcuftaok.


34/1148


F catdrfturd rdvadw, akmcuàkb rdcdvfkt jftdrafc

groj sdvdrfc rdmdkt dvfcuftaoks ly thd Ak`d-

pdk`dkt Dvfcuftaok Broup (ADB).

Fppdkàx M prova`ds f `dtfacd` `dsmraptaok ogdfmh og thdsd sourmds. Mhfptdr < prova`ds fk

ovdrvadw og ]AFs.

Aktdrvadws wath => sdkaor Lfke stfgg fk` jfk-

fbdrs (akmcuàkb mouktry àrdmtors, f`vasors,

fk` so gorth) mhosdk purposavdcy to akmcu`d

stfgg who wdrd ekowcd`bdflcd flout ]AF strft-

dby or who wdrd rdspoksalcd gor ovdrsddakb^]AFs.

F thdjftam rdvadw og òkor akvocvdjdkt ak

^]AFs.


35/1141

Mhfptdr 2 pdrao` hfvd hf` wa`dcy

vfryakb mhfrfmtdrastams.

Ak jfky mfsds, prfmtamd hfs `d-

pfrtd` groj thd akatafc mokmdpt og

how ^]AF shouc` ld mokùmtd`.

F dsard` mhfrfmtdrastam thft ]AFs

hfvd jost grdqudktcy fòptd` hfs

lddk fkfcysas og rases.

Flout okd-gagth og thd sfjpcd`

^]AFs à` kot dxpcamatcy stftd fky

og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds

rdcftakb to thd ^]AFs aktdk`d` dg-

gdmt, whamh rdùmd` thd mhfkmd thft

thdrd wouc` ld f wdcc-mokmdavd`

strftdby to fmhadvd or jokator ak-

tdk`d` dggdmts.

^rfmtamd hfs kot lddk akstatutaokfc-

azd` ak f wfy thft dksurds jokator-

akb fk` dvfcuftaok og ^]AFs, whamh

`dtrfmts groj cdssok cdfrkakb.


36/114

Rojfk ak Mhakf mfrryakb f mrop ak hdr lfsedt. ^hoto ly Murt Mfrkdjfre, mourtdsy og thd Rorc` Lfke hoto Calrfry.


37/1146 6

Kujldrs fk` MostsPhd 647 ^]AFs movdrd` 24 mouktrads fk` 60

sdmtors. Fs showk ak gaburd 2, thd fvdrfbd most og ]AFswfs

$608,sojdwhft cowdr thfk thd fvdrfbd og

$628,>>> gor fcc Lfke D]R ovdr gasmfc >7

(ADB >85 Rorc` Lfke >1l). Phd wa`d rfkbd ak

^]AFs mostsgroj $0,>>> to $1>>fttdsts

to thd vfradty og topams fk` typds og proùmts thft

frd mcfssd` fs ]AF (fs àsmussd` ldcow).

Flout hfcg og thd ^]AFs ovdr thd pdrao` gasmfc

>2 tooe cdss thfk f ydfr to mojpcdtd, fk`

flout f gagth tooe jord thfk two ydfrs. Ly mojpfr-

asok, 40 pdrmdkt og Lfke D]R ovdr gasmfc >7

tooe cdss thfk f ydfr, fk` 6< pdrmdkt tooe jord

thfk two ydfrs (ADB >85 Rorc` Lfke >1l).

OlidmtavdsFcthoubh ^]AFs typamfccy matd thdar olidmtavds

rdcftakb to thd moktdkt og thd rdgorj or sdmtor

Phas mhfptdr gomusds ok f stftastamfccy sabkagamfkt sfjpcd og 48 ^]AFsgroj f ukavdrsd og 647 Lfke-a`dktagad` ^]AFs mojpcdtd` ldtwddk gas-

mfc >< fk` >2. At prdsdkts fk ovdrvadw og thas sfjpcd ak tdrjs og

thdar kujldr, mosts, fk` opdrftaokfc olidmtavds. At fcso dxfjakds how ^]AF

prfmtamd mojpfrds wath thd Lfkes akatafc mokmdpt og how sumh fkfcysas shouc`

ld mokùmtd`.

Ovdrvadw og ^]AFs

thdy frd fkfcyzakb, thdy ò kot fcwfys

stftd thdaropdrftaokfcolidmtavds, thft

as, olidmtavds pdrtfakakb to thd dggdmt

thft thd ^]AF aktdk`s to hfvd. Dxpcam-atcy stftakb opdrftaokfc olidmtavds as ajportfkt

ldmfusd at dkflcds thd ^]AF to ld spdmagamfccy

`dsabkd` to fmhadvd thosd olidmtavds.

Fjokb thd 48 sfjpcd` ^]AFs, og thosd thft ò

dxpcamatcy stftd thdar opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, thd

jost grdqudktcy matd` opdrftaokfc olidmtavd (ak

jord thfk two-thar`s og thd mfsds) hfs lddk to

akgorj mouktry pocamads fk`/or `dlftd, goccowd`

ly to akgorj Lfke opdrftaoks fk` thdk to

moktralutd to mouktry mfpfmaty (fppdkàx tflcd

G.6). Flout okd-gagth og thd ^]AFs à` kot dxpcam-

atcy stftd fky og thd thrdd opdrftaokfc olidmtavds.

Jost ]AFs a`dktagad` jord thfk okd olidmtavd. Og

thd =2 rdspoksds rdmdavd` groj ^]AF

tfse jfkfbdrs, flout okd-thar` hf`

fcc thrdd olidmtavds. Fppdkàx tflcd

G.6 shows thft thdrd frd sojd àggdr-

dkmds ldtwddk whft tfse jfkfbdrs

moksa`dr ^]AF olidmtavds fk` whft

thd ^]AF òmujdktftaok stftds fs thd

^]AFs ò kot fcwfysstftd thdar opdrftaokfc

olidmtavds.

Flout okd-thar og thd^]AFs à` kot dxfjakdf wdcc-spdmagad` rdgorj

lut wdrd jord bdkdrfcsdmtor or jfmro-dmokojam fkfcysds.


38/1146 2 Joktdkd-

bro dcdmtramaty pramd ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >2d).

Phd ^]AF tooe pcfmd whacd thd bovdrkjdkt wfs

^]AFs olidmtavds5 thdsd aggdrdkmds akàmftd f cfme

og mcfraty og purposd.

^]AF ^rfmtamd vdrsus Akatafc Mokmdpt

^]AFs mfk akmorporftd fky or fcc og thd goccowakbmhfrfmtdrastams kotd` ak thd Lfkes ^]AF Tsdrs

Bua`d (Rorc` Lfke >=h) fk` thd ^]AF Boo`

^rfmtamd Kotd (Rorc` Lfke >0g)9

Fssdssakb thd ajpfmt og f wdcc-spdmagad`

rdgorj

Tsakb f mojlakftaok og qufktatftavd fk` qufca-

tftavd jdtho`s

A`dktagyakb stfedhoc`drsldkdgamafrads or

thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj fs wdcc

fs propokdkts fk` oppokdkts

A`dktagyakb thd ajpcdjdktakb akstatutaoks

Fkfcyzakb rases to rdgorj ajpcdjdktftaok

]dttakb up systdjs gor jokatorakb fk`

dvfcuftaok

Dksurakb stfedhoc`dr pfrtamapftaok

Tk`drtfeakb àssdjakftaok.

Fcthoubh kot dvdry ^]AF as dxpdmtd` to rdgcdmt fcc

àjdksaoks og boo` prfmtamd, jfky og thd mhfrfm-

tdrastams àsmussd` ak thas mhfptdr frd `dsarflcd ak

Gaburd


39/1146 =

O W D \ W A D R O G ^ ] A F s

fk` oppokdkts fk` propokdkts og f rdgorj. At

spdccd` out who stoo` to ldkdgat fs wdcc fs who

wouc` caedcy cosd groj thd proposd` rdgorj fk`

`dtfacd` whamh stfedhoc`drs wouc` caedcy opposd

thd rdgorj. At wdkt ok to subbdst wfys to cdssdkthd kdbftavd ajpfmt ok thosd who jabht ld

f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` fk` to bfak thd fmmdptfkmd og

potdktafc oppokdkts.

Flout hfcg og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs fkfcyzd` `ftf

spdmagam to wojdk or àsmussd` dggdmts ok

thdj. Fjokb thd ^]AFs movdrd` ly thd mouktry

mfsd rdvadws, gor dxfjpcd, thd Mfjloàf somafc

mokmdssaoks og cfk` rdgorj ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke

>0f), thd Jozfjlaqud dùmftaok ^]AF (Rorc`

Lfke >4h), fk` thd Yfjlaf cfk`, gdrtacazdr, fk`

akgrfstrumturd ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >4c) àsmussd`

bdk`dr-spdmagam assuds. Fs wath othdr

stfedhoc`dr broups, thd ajportfkmd

og spdmagamfccy fkfcyzakb ajpfmts ok

wojdk ak thd ]AF wacc `dpdk` ok thd

typd og pocamy rdgorj ak qudstaok.

Flout 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs

a`dktagad` thd akstatutaoks rdspoksalcd gor

ajpcdjdktakb thd rdgorj (fppdkàx tflcd

G.0).4Akstatutaoks frd thd prajfry fbdkts throubh

whamh rdgorjs frd ajpcdjdktd`. Ak jfky mfsds,a`dktagyakb whamh akstatutaoks wacc ld rdspoksalcd

gor ajpcdjdktftaok fk` fssdssakb thdar mfpfmaty

as mrumafc gor dksurakb thd dggdmtavdkdss og thd

rdgorj fk` uk`drstfkàkb whft thd astralutaokfc

ajpfmts jabht ld. Phd ]adrrf Cdokd jakakb sdmtor

rdgorj ^]AF (Rorc` Lfke >2g) moktfakd` sumh

fkfcysas, akmcuàkb `dtfacs flout whamh bovdrk-

jdkt akstatutaok wfs rdspoksalcd gor ovdrsdd-

akb thd ajpcdjdktftaok og spdmagam pocamads. At

`dsmrald` thd mfpfmaty mokstrfakts og

edy bovdrkjdkt akstatutaoks, moorà-

kftaok prolcdjs ldtwddk rdcdvfkt

jakastrads, fk` thd rocd og comfc cdf`drs,

akmcuàkb mhadgs, ak thd jakakb sdmtor.

Flout two-thar`s og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs

fkfcyzd` thd rases og ajpcdjdktakb thd

rdgorj probrfj.Phd rases akmcu`d` akstatu-

taokfc mfpfmaty rases, pocatamfc dmokojy rases,

jfredt rases, wdfthdr rases, fk` so gorth. Gor

akstfkmd, thd Dbypt somafc pocamy rdgorj ^]AF

prdpfrakb fk dcdmtramaty tfragg rdgorj thft wouc`

sabkagamfktcy akmrdfsd dcdmtramaty tfraggs gor rdsa`dk-

tafc moksujdrs. Phroubh fk dx fktd akvdstabftaok

og thd wdcgfrd ajpfmt og thas pramd akmrdfsd ok

housdhoc`s ak Joktdkdbro, thd ^]AF showd`thft thd fktamapftd` pramd akmrdfsd wouc` rdsuct

ak f sabkagamfkt akmrdfsd ak housdhoc`s dkdrby

dxpdkàturds5 at akmcu`d` f sajucftaok og fctdrkf-

tavd pocamy jdfsurds.

Ak mojpfrasok, moktrfry to thd orabakfc aktdkt

og ^]AFs, f >< pfpdr ok thd ajpfmt og thd

Akòkdsafk gakfkmafc mrasas (Rorc` Lfke >7c) as fk dxfjpcd og f ^]AF thft a`dktagad`

loth ldkdgamafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd`

Flout hfcg og thd sfjpcd

^]AFs usd` f mojlakftaoog qufktatftavd fk`

qufcatftavd tdmhkaquds.

Flout 7> pdrmdkt og

thd ^]AFs a`dktagad` thdakstatutaoks rdspoksalcd

gor ajpcdjdktakb rdgorj


40/1146 0


ak fcc mfsds whdrd stfedhoc`dr luy-ak as mratamfc to

thd summdss og thd rdgorjs.

Phd dxtdkt fk` kfturd og àssdjakftaok og

^]AFs hfvd vfrad`.@assdjakftaok og ^]AFs hfslddk jord grdqudkt ft thd lfme dk` (`rfgt or gakfc

rdport stfbds) thfk ft thd grokt dk` (mokmdpt pfpdr

or lfmebrouk` wore stfbds) fk` hfs lddk jost

mojjok fjokb bovdrkjdkt oggamafcs (fppdkàx

tflcds G.8 fk` G.1). Rhdrd Dkbcash as kot wa`dcy

spoedk, okcy 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs

wdrd trfkscftd` akto f comfc cfkbufbd (fppdkàx

tflcd G.6>). Fcjost 7> pdrmdkt og thd sfjpcd`

^]AFs hfvd lddk jf`d fvfacflcd ok thd Aktdrkdt

(fppdkàx tflcd G.66).

@assdjakftaok mfk hdcp sdcc thd fkfcysas fk`

ajprovd thd uptfed og rdmojjdk`ftaoks gor ]AFs

aktdkàkb to akgorj mouktry pocamads. Howdvdr,

wa`d pulcam àssdjakftaok jfy kot fcwfys ld

possalcd. Gor dxfjpcd, ag f bovdrkjdkt fses gor thd

Lfkes f`vamd ok f habhcy sdksatavd rdgorj dmasaok

ok f mokga`dktafc lfsas, àssdjakftaok just ld ft

thd àsmrdtaok og thft bovdrkjdkt. Kdvdrthdcdss,

at as hdcpguc to àssdjakftd whdrd possalcd.

Phas mhfptdr hfs rdvdfcd` thft ^]AFs hfvd wa`dcy

vfryakb mhfrfmtdrastams fk` thft prfmtamd hfs ogtdk`dpfrtd` groj thd akatafc mokmdpt. ]ojd vfraftaok

ak thd mhfrfmtdrastams og ^]AFs as to ld dxpdmtd`,

bavdk thd vfryakb mouktry moktdxts ak whamh thdy

frd uk`drtfedk. Howdvdr, jfky og thd mhfrfm-

tdrastams àsmussd` ak thas mhfptdr frd `dsarflcd ak

jost mouktry moktdxts.

Phd mhfrfmtdrastam thft ]AFs hfvd jost grdqudktcy

fòptd` hfs lddk fkfcysas og rases. Phd jost

kdbcdmtd` àjdksaoks hfvd lddk dxpcamatcy stftakb

opdrftaokfc olidmtavds, mcdfrcy a`dktagyakb ldkdga-

mafrads fk` thosd f`vdrsdcy fggdmtd` ly thd rdgorj,

fk` sdttakb up jokatorakb fk` dvfcuftaok systdjs.

Ovdrfcc, thd sfjpcd` ^]AFs hf` sojd wdfekdssds

wath rdbfr` to gfmtors thft frd ajpor

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