an assessment of environmental impact of sugar mills
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An Assessment of Environmental Impact of Sugar Mills in District
Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
RYK. AT A GLANCE Bhong Mosque ( Sadiqabad, distt. R.Y.Khan)
RYK. AT A GLANCE
Introduction The exponential increase in population compelled man
to increase industrialization. On one hand industrialization has solved the needs and
problems of human, but on the other hand it has created a gigantic problem of pollution.
In Pakistan, 77 Sugar mills constitute the second most important industry sharing 16% in agricultural economy.
Of these 38 are in punjab,32 in Sindh,6 in NWFP 1 in AK. Sugar mills use various chemicals during processing
which include Calcium Hydroxide, polyelectrolyte, limestone, phosphoric acid, sulphur dioxide, caustic soda, HCl and Lead sub acetate etc.
It is high time to keep an eye on our habitat and assess whether some sort of pollution is being caused by sugar industry or not.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The study was structured to ascertain the impact of growing Sugar Industry on natural resources including soil and water.
Materials and Methods Area of Study :
JDW Sugar Mills, N 28.41.40.4″ E 70.44.41.9″ Humza Sugar Mills, N 28.41.40.5″ E 70.44.42.1″ United Sugar Mills, N 28.34.39.9″ E 7019.18.7″ Ettehad Sugar Mills, N 28.15.01.1″ E 70.02.25.5″
JDW Sugar Mills
Sampling Sites Water Sampling
(site I, II, III, IV, V) Soil Sampling
(site I, II, III, IV, V)
Saim- Nullah near Humza Sugar Mills
Disposal pond of Ettehad Sugar Mills
Sampling Duration and Analysis
May 2007 to April 2008
S & W Testing Lab. Multan
S & W Testing Lab. R Y KHAN
RESULTS
1. WATER ANALYSIS PARAMETERS:
EC, Calcium, Magnesium, Available Na+ , Bicarbonates, Available Na+ , SAR, Chloride
2. SOIL ANALYSIS PARAMETERS:
EC, pH, SAR
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Range of EC at site III 311-1443 uS/cm Over all minimum value 311 uS/cm Over all maximum value 1443 uS/cm Permissible limit 1000 uS/cm
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Calcium-Magnesium:
Range of Ca++, Mg++ at site III 0.99-.08 mg/l
Over all minimum value 0.9 mg/l
Over all maximum value 8.0 mg/l
Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200 mg/l
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Available Sodium (Na+):
Range of Na+ at site III 0.71 - 7.3 meq/l
Over all minimum value 0.71 meq /l
Over all maximum value 7.3 meq /l
Permissible limit Na+ 200meq /l
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Bicarbonates (HCO3 -):
Range of HCO 3- at site III 2.08 10.99 meq/l
Over all minimum value (site I) 1.05 meq/l
Over all maximum value (site III) 10.99 meq/l
Permissible limit of HCO 3- 1.25-2.5meq/l
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR):
Range of SAR at site III 0 .58 -3.2 meq/l
Over all minimum value (site I) 0.52 meq/l
Over all maximum value (site III) 3.2 meq/l
Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
JDW Sugar Mills: Water Analysis Chlorides (Cl -):
Range of Chlorides at site III 1.1- 6.3 meq/l
Over all minimum value 1.1 meq /l
Over all maximum value 6.3 meq /l
Permissible limit of Chlorides 250 meq /l
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Range of EC at site III 4683 – 7768 uS/cm
Over all minimum value 4156 uS/cm
Over all maximum value 7768 uS/cm
Permissible limit of EC 1000 uS/cm
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Calcium-Magnesium:
Range of Ca++, Mg++ at site III 15.2 - 33.46 mg/l
Over all minimum value (site III) 15.2 mg/l
Over all maximum value (site II) 42.4 mg/l
Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200mg /l
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Available Sodium (Na+): Range of available sodium at site III 10-
31.7meq/l Over all minimum value (site III) 10
meq/l Over all maximum value (site I)
40.3meq/l Permissible limit of available sodium
200meq/l
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Bicarbonates (HCO3 -):
Range of HCO3 – at site III 4.26- 7.97 meq/l
Over all minimum value (site I) 3.8meq/l
Over all maximum value (site II) 9.1meq/l
Permissible limit HCO3 - 1.25-2.5meq/1
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR):
Range of SAR at site III 6.2 – 13.07 meq/l
Over all minimum value (site I) 2.72meq/l
Over all maximum value (site III) 13.07meq/l
Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
HUMZA SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Chlorides (Cl -):
Range of Chlorides at site III 26.61- 54.65meq/l
Over all minimum value (site I) 13.63meq/l
Over all maximum (site III) 54.65meq/l
Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/l
UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis
Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Over all minimum value 1470 uS/cm
Over all maximum value 6024 uS/cm
Permissible limit of EC 1000 uS/cm
UNITED SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Calcium-Magnesium:
Over all minimum value 13.19 mg/l
Over all maximum value 36.23 mg/l
Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200mg/l
UNITED SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Available Sodium (Na+):
Over all minimum value 11.51meq/l
Over all maximum value 27.7meq/l
Permissible limit of available sodium 200meq/1
UNITED SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Bicarbonates (HCO3 -):
Over all minimum value 4.8meq/l
Over all maximum value 8.18meq/l
Permissible limit HCO3 - 1.25-2.5meq/l
UNITED SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR):
Over all minimum value 7.98meq/l
Over all maximum value 15.24meq/l
Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
UNITED SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Chlorides:
Over all minimum value 17.09meq/l
Over all maximum value 33.23meq/l
Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/l
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Electrical Conductivity (EC): Over all minimum value 2023
uS/cm Over all maximum value 6634
uS/cm Permissible limit of EC 1000
uS/cm
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Calcium-Magnesium:
Over all minimum value 15.24 mg/l
Over all maximum value 30.34 mg/l
Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200 mg/l
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Available Sodium (Na+): Over all minimum value
13.3meq/l Over all maximum value
27.34meq/l Permissible limit of available sodium
200meq/l
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Bicarbonates (HCO3 -):
Over all minimum value 2.3meq/l
Over all maximum value 8.45meq/l
Permissible limit HCO3 - 1.25-2.5meq/l
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR):
Over all minimum value 3.7meq/l
Over all maximum value 9meq/l
Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS: Water Analysis
Chlorides (Cl -):
Over all minimum value 17.34meq/l
Over all maximum value 30.19meq/l
Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/1
Soil Analysis
Parameters studied: Soil EC Soil Reaction (pH) Soil Saturation %
Soil Analysis: JDW Sugar Mills
Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Range of EC at site III 0.15 – 16.41 dSm-1 Over all min value (site V) 0.12
dSm-1 Over all max value (site I) 17.42
dSm-1 Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-
1
Soil Analysis: JDW Sugar Mills Soil pH:
Range of pH at site III 7.6 – 9.0
Over all minimum value (site I) 7.6
Over all maximum value (site III) 9.0
Permissible limit of pH 6.4 - 8.5
Soil Analysis: JDW Sugar Mills
Soil Saturation %:
Range of S.S. % at site III 16 – 45
Over all min value (site I) 14 Over all max value (Site III) 45
Soil Analysis: Humza Sugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Range of EC at site III 2.12 – 24.96 dSm-1
Over all minimum value (site I) 2.0 dSm-1
Over all maximum value (site III) 25.67 dSm-1
Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-1
Soil Analysis: Humza Sugar Mills Soil pH:
Range of pH at site III 8.2 – 9.1
Over all minimum value (site I) 8.0
Over all maximum value (site II) 10.0
Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
Soil Analysis: Humza Sugar Mills Soil Saturation %:
Range of soil saturation % (site III) 13.0 – 34.0
Over all minimum value (site II) 13.0 Over all maximum value (site V) 35.0
Soil Analysis: United Sugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Over all min value 9.9 dSm-1
Over all max value 82.36 dSm-1
Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-1
Soil Analysis: United Sugar Mills Soil pH:
Over all min value 8.1
Over all max value 8.7
Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
Soil Analysis: United Sugar Mills Soil Saturation %:
Over all minimum value 18
Over all maximum value 44 Permissible limit 19
– 60
Soil Analysis: Ettehad Sugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Over all minimum value 9.78 dSm-1
Over all maximum value 22.45 dSm-1
Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-1
Soil Analysis: Ettehad Sugar Mills Soil pH:
Over all minimum value 8.6
Over all maximum value 10.9
Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
Soil Analysis: Ettehad Sugar Mills Soil Saturation %:
Over all minimum value 31.0
Over all maximum value 35.0
Permissible limit 19 – 60
Figure 3: Showing monthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
.
0
12
3
45
6
78
9
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April
Months
Ca+
+,M
g+
+
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 3: Showing monthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April
Months
So
diu
m
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 4: Showing Monthly variation of Bi-carbonate in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
months
Bi-
carb
on
ate
I
II
III
IV
V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
monthsE
C
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
II
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
EC
at
12
”
EC
at
18
”
EC
at
24
”
EC
at
30
”
EC
at
36
”
EC
at
48
”
Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
Figure 5: Showing monthly variation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
months
SA
R
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 6: Showing monthly variation of Chloride in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
months
SA
R
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 7: Showing monthly variation of EC in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 8: Showing monthly variation of Ca++, Mg++ in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
months
Ca+
+,M
g+
+
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 9: Showing monthly variation of Chlorides in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
month
chlo
ride
s
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 10: Showing Monthly variation of sodium in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
month
sodi
um
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 11: Showing monthly variation of SAR in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
months
SA
R
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 12: Showing monthly variation of Bi-carbonates in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
0
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
month
Bi-
car
bo
nate
I
II
III
IV
V
Figure 13: Showing monthly variation of overall Parameters in water at United Sugar Mills.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
Ca++Mg++
Sodium
HCO3-
Chlorides
SAR
EC
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
EC
Figure 14: Showing monthly variation of overall water Parameters at Ettehad Sugar Mills.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
Par
amet
ers
Ca++Mg++
Sodium
HCO3-
Chlorides
SAR
EC Ettehad
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
EC
Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
II
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
EC
I
II
III
IV
V
DISCUSSION Water EC =Salinity
Water Salinity @ Calcium, Magnesium, Bi-carbonates, Chlorides, Sodium &SAR
pH @ CO2 ,Bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxyl ions,
Calcium & Magnesium etc
Sugar Mills produce effluents CO2 Bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxyl ions, Calcium & Magnesium etc.
Water pollution>>>>seepage + irrigation>>>Soil Pollution.
CONCLUSION
Crop Replacement (Cotton to Sugar cane),
Habitat degradation, Ecological Imbalance, Desertification.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is evident from the results that effluents these sugar mills are polluting the nearby natural resources.
NEQS must be enforced on the basis of “Acta non Verba”
QUESTIONS ?
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
months
pH
I
II
III
IV
V
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
Month
pH
I
II
III
IV
V
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April
month
pH
I
II
III
IV
V
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