american revolution. iii. dark hours for the revolution

American Revolution

III. Dark Hours for the Revolution

A. Strengths/Weakness

Weaknesses

Strengths

USAGB

1. Fought at home

2. Believed in cause

1. Hostile country

2. Ship supplies across the ocean

1. Money/supplies

2. No Navy

3. Inexperience

1. Money/resources

2. Large army & navy

B. Call to Arms

1. Continental ArmyOver 230,000 served

2. Local Militias

Over 145,000 in militias

3. Experience

Not muchNot much

C. Other Sources of Help1. American Indians

Thayendanegea(aka Joseph Brant)

favored the Brits2. Patriots tried to keep Indians neutral

2. Contrbutions of Women2. Contrbutions of Women

a. Ran farms, businesses, gathered supplies

b. Molly Pitcher-Mary Ludwig HaysWaterTook over cannon for dead husband

a. Ran farms, businesses, gathered supplies

b. Molly Pitcher-Mary Ludwig HaysWaterTook over cannon for dead husband

D. British Victories

1. U.S. Strategy Options

a. fight defensive war

b. Attack ___________Cana

da

2. Battle for Quebec (Nov.-Dec. 1775)

a. U.S. Gen. Richard Montgomery

Had captured Montreal

Richard Montgomery

b. U.S. Gen. Benedict Arnold

Joined Montgomery

c. Results-c. Results-

Attack in snowstorm Montgomery killedBritish won- Canada stayed GB

Attack in snowstorm Montgomery killedBritish won- Canada stayed GB

3. Battle for New York (July 1776)

a. U.S. General Washington

b. British Gen. William Howe & Clinton

British commanders in NY

c. Battle at Long Island

Largest Br. Invasion EVER!!Surrounded Cont. Army

c. Battle at Long Island

d. Results/Imp. of Long Island

British wonBut-Washington snuck away to fight again.

e. Nathan HaleAmerican Spy“I would die 10,000 deaths for my

country!”

f. Lake Champlain/Benedict Arnold-

Tried to slow British attack from Canada

Failed

Gunboat-Lake Champlain

g. Battle at White Plains-

Americans forced to retreat from NY

h. Ft. Washington-

Americans lost 3000 men and supplies!

IV. The Patriots

Gain New Hope

A. Victory in New Jersey

1. British troops spent the winter in ___________.

New York

Gen. William Howe

2. Battle of Trenton

a. Hessians

German mercenaries

b. Christmas Night-Dec. 25, 1776-

The Crossing of the Delaware RiverThe Crossing of the Delaware River

c. Battle-Surprise!!

d. Results/Imp. Who won? Who won?

AmericansAmericans

Hessians-Hessians-

Taken prisonerTaken prisoner

Washington's Speech-Washington's Speech-

Asked soldiers to stay Asked soldiers to stay in armyin army

3. Battle of Princeton3. Battle of Princeton

a. Gen. Cornwallis- Br. commander

b. battle- American winc. RESULTS/IMP.helped recruit and keep soldiers

a. Gen. Cornwallis- Br. commander

b. battle- American winc. RESULTS/IMP.helped recruit and keep soldiers

Question

Can a country win a war without allies?

B. Turning Point at

Saratoga

1. British Plan (Capture the Hudson River Valley)

a. Attack south from __________ under command of Gen. ____________

b. Second army march east from Lake ___________.

c. Third army would march north from ____________ under the command of Gen. __________.

CanadaBurgoyn

eOntarioNew YorkHow

e

2. Burgoyne's Campaign

This was his plan!

Burgoyne’s Plan - 1777Burgoyne’s Plan - 1777

a. camp followers

Wives, girlfriends, cooks, nurses, merchants and servants.

Camp Followers

Wives, girlfriends, cooks, nurses, merchants and servants.

Took care of the soliders!

b. Captured _____________ on Lake Champlain in July

1777.

Ft. Ticonderoga

c. Bennington, Vermontc. Bennington, Vermont

Americans defeated Brits who were

foraging for supplies

Americans defeated Brits who were

foraging for supplies

d. Colonists slowed down Burgoyne-

Cut down trees to block his path

3. Gen. Howe's

Campaigna. Philadelphia

US capitalLeft Burgoyne alone

b. Marquis de Lafayette-

French aristocrat who helped Americans.

c. Battle of Brandywine Creek Sept. 1777Battle/Importance

US loss gave Philadelphia to

Brits

British

d. Germantownd. Germantown

U.S. army confused in fog and lost

U.S. army confused in fog and lost

4. Battle of Saratoga

Near Albany, New York

b. Gen. Horatio Gates

Led Americans to victory at Saratoga

c. Gen. John Burgoyne

Forced to surrender to Americans

d. Battled. Battle

Br. Reinforcements from NY never came!Br. Reinforcements

from NY never came!

e. Results/Importance

US victory

Major turning point

Helped US gain allies

US victory

Major turning point

Helped US gain allies

C. Foreign Allies1. Ben Franklin-Convinced France to join with U.S.

2. 1778: U.S. signed alliance with Spain

3. Spain- helped in

S & W

D. Winter at Valley Forge-D. Winter at Valley Forge-

Video 3.2 Quiz

1. Where did the US army spend a terrible winter in 1777-78?

2. What was the punishment for desertion?

3. What general did Washington have to curse at and relieve from command at Monmouth NJ?

4. T or F – Blacks only helped the US.

5. What country sent ships to help the US?

1. Conditions-Winter at Valley Forge-Winter at Valley Forge-

Harsh and Cold. More than ¼ of the soldiers died

from disease and malnutrition.

2. Washington as Leader2. Washington as Leader

Experienced as a soldier. Lacked experience as a Leader. Soldiers were growing frustrated.

3. Friedrich von Stueben

Washington’s aide. Taught the Americans basic military skills.

4. Results of winter at Valley Forge

4. Results of winter at Valley Forge

5. British & Philadelphia (1778)

5. British & Philadelphia (1778)

British left when they British left when they heard the French had heard the French had allied w/US.allied w/US.

6. Battle of Monmouth, NJ (June 1778)

British were moving from Philadelphia to New York

British

- Clin

ton

US - Lee

US - Lee

Gen. Lee –Gen. Lee –

led attack;tried to retreatWashington ordered him to attack!

led attack;tried to retreatWashington ordered him to attack!

General Lee-

Washington-

Molly Pitcher-

Mary Ludwig Hayes. Took over a cannon after her husband died.

Mary Ludwig Hayes. Took over a cannon after her husband died.

Results at Monmouth

Battle was a draw.British escaped to New York

http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/revolutionary_war/images/revolutionary_war_044

7. Newport, Rhode Island: results

French fleet attacked

Hancock & Revere led militia

Americans lost

8. African-Americans

a. Continental Armyabout 5000 served

b. British ArmyMany slaves marched to freedom-Joined the British army

9. 1778- French fleet

Why did they sail to W. Indies?

Some Americans blamed Newport on them.

V. Independence

A. The War in the West1. George Rogers

Clark

Mapped the frontier

Clark persuaded American Indians to be neutral.

2. Ft. Kaskaskia (July 1778)

Located along the Mississippi River

Great strategic value!!

Expanded the US westward

3. Ft. Vincennes (Feb. 1779)

Henry HamiltonResults:U.S. claimed the West

*Weakened the British Army in the West.

B. The War at Sea

Best Navy?

Continental Navy was created in 1775.

“New”

2. Continental Strategy-

Americans attacked single ships instead of fighting battles.

*British lost 100s of ships

3. John Paul Jones

Successful

American

Naval

captain

4. Bonhomme Richard vs. Serapis

Has your ship surrendered?

Most famous battle

*Bonhomme Richard won!

British-Serapis

American-Bonhomme Richard ( Gentleman Richard)

John Paul Jones

“I have not yet begun to

fight!”

5. Importance of Naval war

France helped

Took out 200 British ships

C. Effects of war in America

InflationFarmsFamilies

D. Spies

1. Benedict Arnold-One of America’s most gifted officers,who turned TRAITOR.

2. Major Andre-Executed 2. Major Andre-Executed

Execution of Major Andre

3. West Point

Fort on the Hudson RiverU.S. Military Academy (today)

E. The War in the South

1. New Brit. strategy in 1779Move war south

*Strategy of freeing slaves who joined them worked well for the British in the

South. **

2. Gen. Henry Clinton

Led British campaign in the South

3. Charleston (May 1780)

British captured Savannah then Charleston.

British took more than 5000 prisoners of war.

4. Prisoners of War

Terrible treatment

5. Bannister Tarleton

British officerExecuted prisoners

6. Battle of Camden, S.C.6. Battle of Camden, S.C.

a.a. Gen. Horatio Gates Gen. Horatio Gates

led Americans to defeatled Americans to defeat

Many Americans panicked and Many Americans panicked and ran. ran.

The Patriots lost their The Patriots lost their Southern Army. Southern Army.

b. American problems

Militia and Gates ran away

c. results of the battle

Big loss for US

7. New American Strategy-

Guerilla warfareHit and run attacks

a. Frances Mariona. Frances Marion

"Swamp Fox"b. ResultsForced British to spend energy chasing Marion.

"Swamp Fox"b. ResultsForced British to spend energy chasing Marion.

8. 1780: Patriots vs. Loyalists-

Battle of King's Mountain“civil war”Patriots wipeout Loyalist army!

*Decisive Southern Patriot Victory*

G. The South Regained

1. Mutinylack of paylong warleaders of mutiny shot

2. Nathaniel Greene

Replaced Gates in the South

Divided army

Avoid battles

3. Battle of the Cowpens

CowpensCowpens

Morgan and the Americans defeat Tartleton!

Morgan and the Americans defeat Tartleton!

4. Cornwallis

Chased GreeneFailed to catch him

Wanted to tighten hold on the southern colonies.

Battle of Guilford HouseBattle of Guilford House

British win but their army is destroyed chasing Greene.

Move to Yorktown

British win but their army is destroyed chasing Greene.

Move to Yorktown

F. Victory at Yorktown

1. Washington's Plan~Trap Cornwallis~French fleet block Chesapeake Bay

1. Washington's Plan~Trap Cornwallis~French fleet block Chesapeake Bay

2. Comte de Grasse & French Navy

Blocked British

Kept them from saving Cornwallis

3. Comte de Rochambeau (roh-shhn-boh

Led French army at Yorktown

4. Battle of Yorktown4. Battle of Yorktown

a. The Patriots wore down the British.

b. Surrender terms

Cornwallis feared a defeat

Cornwallis surrendered

c. British react to c. British react to surrendersurrender

British were shocked!!!

5. Ben FranklinInfluential in Peace Talks!

6. Treaty of Paris, 1783

a. Great Britain recognized the ____________ USA.independent

b. ___________ recognized as USA western border.c. _______ N. latitude was the southern border

d. ______ was the northern border.

Add: US promised to pay debts to GB

Mississippi R.

31.

Canada