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Airworthy, Clean, Secure, “Drop-in” Alternative Aviation Fuels … The Time is Now!
Presented to: Airline Pilot’s Association (ALPA) Air Safety Forum Washington, D.C.
By: Richard L. AltmanExecutive Director,Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative(CAAFI)
Date: 6 August 2009
www.caafi.org
Airworthy, “Drop-In” Alternative Fuels Now?
Why … are alternatives needed?What … are the options? How … are they proven airworthy? Sustainable?When … will they be deployed?How … is CAAFI organized to meet goals in the U.S?
Aviation Alternative Fuel Financial ImperativeMitigate Financial Disadvantages (U.S.) - Crack Spread - Fuel fraction - Price Volatility - Security of supply
Reduce Crack Spread*
*Graphics adapted from Jheimlich (ATA) presentation to ICAO 2/09
Jet Fuel
Gasoline
Heating / Diesel
70%
63%
TotalImports
U.S. Production
U.S. Consumption
2005
Milli
on b
bl p
er d
ay
1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Improve Aviation Fuel Fraction*Build Domestic Supply
Global Climate
Air Quality
Aviation Alternative Fuel Environmental Imperative
Data for 50 Largest U.S. Airports
020406080
100120
Ozone PM 2.5
Non-attaunmentAttainment
Reduce PM 2.5*
Limit CO2 LCA***US EPA NAAQS for PM2.5**PARTNER COE, Hileman et al.
SynFuels Consortium Tested GTL Candidate
Investigates synthetic fuel effects on:– The global environment– Local air quality– Fuel burn Graphics Adapted from Paul Bogers, Shell
Coal/Biomass Gasification
H2 + CO C1 to C40 HC LiquidFISCHER-TROPSCH
Coal tar
Naphtha
H’treat
Petrol Diesel
Creosote
H’crack
LightDistillate
Fraction-ation
Hydroge-nation
Polymer-ization
C3 & C4Olefins
Iso-ParaffinicKerosene
CBTL SyntheticJet Fuel
Blender
NaphthaCut
Hydroge-nation
Fraction-ation
HeavyNaphtha
Petrol
DistillateCut
Hydroge-nation
Fraction-ation
LightDistillate
Diesel
Coal/Bio to Liquid via Fischer Tropsch Process
Focus of U.S. Based Efforts
Biomass
Bio - Oils Syngas
Ethanol /C2+ Alcohols
2nd Gen.BiofuelsHRJ SynJetFAME HRJ SynJet Methanol FT SynJetHydrogen
Shift Reaction
Bio - Oil Extraction Hydrolysis /Fermentation Gasification
Ligno-cellulosicBio-Conversion
Pyrolysis /Liquifaction
Esterification Hydrotreatment Fischer TropschProcess
MethanolSynthesis
Compliments AirBP – 4/08 Future Fuels Conference, London, England (framework only)
What Are Aviation “Drop-in” Bio-Fuel Candidates
HRJ Hydrotreated Renewable JetFT Fischer Tropsch Process
Present “Drop-in” Options Examined by CAAFI Sponsors/Stakeholders for carbon positive Aviation Fuels
Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) Processes
Bridging the BioJet Generations……
Inedible Oils: Camelina, JatrophaFirstGeneration
Natural oils(vegetables,
greases)
Lignocellulosic biomass,algal oils
Second Generation
Using Conventional Refining Technology
Oil Deoxygenation Selective HydroCracking/Isomerization
Synthetic paraffinic Kerosene
(SPK)
Renewable Jet A-1Aromatics
(<25%)Graphics Adapted from J. Holmgren, UOP
What’s is a “Drop in” Alternative Jet Fuel?
An alternative to ASTM D1655 approved petroleum based fuel jet fuel that is completely interchangeableand compatible with that fuel. A drop-in fuel does not require adaptation of the aircraft/engine fuel system or the fuel distribution network, and can be used “as is” on currently flying turbine-powered aircraft.*
* Derived from ICAO Draft paper, 7/09
Current Commercial Fuel Specification (D1655) is for “petroleum” based fuels onlyNew (D7566) passed petroleum and lubrication committee on August 5, 2009
Blend Comp’s Criteria and Blend % Limits
Annex 3Other Adv Fuels or Processes
Annex 250% Metabolic Blends
Annex 150% Hydpross’d SPK Fuel Blends
Fuel Produced to D7566 Can Be Designated as D1655 Fuel
5.1 Materials and Manufacture
D1655
Table 1
D7566Av Turbine Fuel Containing
Syn HC’s
Table 1Blended Fuel Performance
Properties
ASTM D7566 Adds “Drop-In” Alternatives to D1655
Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes approved first
– 50% FT Fuel now– Hydroprocessed
Renewable Jet (HRJ) targeted next year
“Drop in” ASTM Approval – What’s Required?
• Meet D1655 Table I
• Pass All “Fit for Purpose” Protocols Documented in ASTM Report
• Address rig, engine, static, flight test needs
SPK (FT) vs JP8* Fuels Main Characteristics
Syntroleum F-T Sasol IPK JP-8 AverageJet (POSF 4820) [ref: SwRI 8531] (FY04 PQIS) JP-8 Spec
Paraffins (iso + 100 100 ~60 9 (+~20%normal), vol % cycloparaffins)
Aromatics, vol % 0 0 17.9 <25(D1319)
Specific gravity 0.756 0.760-0.775 0.803 0.775-0.84(D4052)
Flash point, C (D93) 45 42-57 49 >38
Freeze Point, C -51 <-60 -51.5 <-4.7(D5972)
Hydrogen content 15.4 15.06 13.84 >13.4(D3343), mass %
Heat of combustion, 44.1 43.2-44.0 43.25 >42.8MJ/kg (D3338)
Sulfur, wt% 0 0 0.05 <0.3
Ref: AFRL (Bill Harrison) , 8/15/06, JP8 Mil Spec 1833 is military equivalent of D1655 Jet A
SpecificationPropertiesFail
Fit ForPurpose
Properties(FFP)
Comp/RigTesting
FurtherEvaluation?
EngineTesting
Fail
Fail
Fail Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
No
Start
Yes
Yes
No
No
Fuel Evaluation(ASTM Guidance)
FurtherEvaluation?
FurtherEvaluation?
Report
Yes
ASTM Turbine Engine Fuel Approval Process
Equipment Evaluation/Approval
FAAReview
OEMSpec/SB
Approved
OEMInternalReview
Reject
Report
Fail
Add’l DataAs Required
Pass
Fuel Specification Approval
(ASTM Process)
ASTMSpecification
Accept
ASTM
Review
& Ballot
Re-EvalAs Required
Reject
ASTM Turbine Approval Protocols
FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES
CHEMISTRY• Hydrocarbon chemistry (carbon
number, type, distribution)• Trace Materials/Metals
BULK PHYSICAL AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES
• Boiling Pt Distribution• Vapor/Liquid Ratio• Thermal Stability Breakpoint• Lubricity• Response to Lube Improver• Viscosity vs Temp• Specific Heat vs Temp• Density vs Temp• Surface Tension vs Temp• Bulk Modulus vs Temp• Thermal Conductivity vs Temp• Water Solubility vs Temp• Solubility of Air (oxygen/nitrogen)
FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES• Dielectric Constant vs Density• Electrical Conductivity and
Response to Static Dissipator
GROUND HANDLING/SAFETY• Effect on Clay Filtration• Filtration (Coalescers & monitors)• Storage Stability
• Peroxides• Potential Gum
• Toxicity• Flammability Limits• Autoignition Temperature• Hot Surface Ignition Temp
COMPATIBILITY• Other Additives/Fuels• Engine/Airframe Seals, Coatings,
Metallics
“Fit For Purpose” Requirements Verify Fuel Function
• Successful ANZ Flight Demo Date: December 30 2008
Feedstock: Jatropha oil
Three Successful HRJ Biojet Flight Programs* * Visuals Complement J. Holmgren, UOP
Feedstock: Jatropha and algal oil
• Successful CO Flight Demo Date: Jan. 7 2009
Feedstock: Camelina, Jatropha and algal oil
• Successful JAL Flight Demo Date: Jan. 30 2009
Challenge: Reducing Aviation’s Carbon FootprintSustainability Challenge: Reduce Carbon Footprint
(Relative CO2 increase)
2008 2015 2025
1.00
growth (no improvement)
carbon neutral growth
w/ aircraft technology
w/ operational improvements
1.50
w/ alternate fuels?
Aviation “Ground to Tank” CO2 Life Cycle AnalysisFAA/ICAO regulatory framework charts route to global market
Inter-Agency Working Group on Greenhouse Gas LCA*
FAA / ICAO Global Tool Suite
Aviation CO2 “Ground To Wake” with Land Use Uncertainties
Three pathways meriting additional analysis:
1) Coal-Biomass to F-T Fuel2) Algae to Biojet (HRJ)3) Jatropha to Biojet – added feedstocks (e.g. Camelina) (HRJ)Additional pathways being considered (e.g. halophytes to HRJ)
Source: GIACC/4, subject to change 04/09.
For additional information, contact:Jim Hileman, hileman@mit.edu
Deployment – How Many (#) not how much (%) ?
Airline (Consortium) - via ATA
Near Airport Biofuel plant - via IEA
Feedstock – via stakeholders
Process approval – via cert. team
Energy OEMs (40+ stakeholders)Fixed Base Operator (via NATA)Universities (via COE’s)
Airport / Finance Consultants
Local Environmental Drivers (FAA)Funding sources (gov’t /private)
ArizonaColoradoFloridaHawaiiIllinoisKansas
MichiganMississippi
OhioOklahoma
TexasWashington
West VirginiaWisconsin
*10 Projects by 2013 in Place?
*Draft Proposal to CAAFI Steering Group 4/09
CAAFI’s Sponsors / StakeholdersStakeholders
Sponsors
FAA
ATA
AIA ACI
AerospaceIndustriesAssociation
Aircraft Engine OEMs
Aircraft OEMs
Aircraft Equip Cos
DOCDOEUSDA
USAF
USNDARPA
US Army
DESC
NISTNASA Oil
Companies
Energy Companies
ASTMCRC
Bio-Fuels Companies
Airports Council International
Federal Aviation Administration
Air Transport Association
UK MoD
Bauhaus
NRC Canada
ANP Brazil
UniversitiesThink Tanks
Consultants
Airlines
ALPA
Air Cargo
Airport Operators
NetJets
IATA
….Over 300 Sponsors/ Stakeholders from All Continents
CAAFI Teams Leverage Sponsor Strengths
Assess Impact
FAA
ATA
AIA ACI
R&D Panel
Environmental Panel Certification-Qualification Panel
Generate Ideas/Solutions
Enable Supply
Business & Economics Panel
Generate Demand &
Target Funding
… Process Owners Lead Teams Drive Outcomes
Airworthy, Clean, Secure, “Drop-In” Fuel Time is Now
“(The) U.S. aviation industry is eager for an entirely new fuel dynamic and will be an enthusiastic purchaser of environmentally friendly alternative fuels.”
… Letter dated 1/16/09 to President Elect Obama from aviation fuel users / suppliers*
*Full letter text available at CAAFI website cosigned by:
- Air Transport Association (major North Amer. Airlines_
- Regional Airline Association
- Cargo Airline Association
- Aerospace Industries Association (manufacturers)
- National Algae Association
- Advanced Biofuels Association
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