age of exploration - loudoun county public schools of exploration . overseas empires
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Renaissance
“Rebirth” of classical culture of Greece and Rome
Began in the Italian city-states due to trade
Emphasized humanism, secularism, and individualism.
Increase in the complexity of artistic and architectural expression.
Returned to the Classical style of the Greeks and Romans
Renaissance Architecture
Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketch of the Church of the Santo Spirito (Florence)
The Actual Church
Renaissance Architecture Filippo Brunelleschi Best known for his the dome on the Cathedral of Florence
Returned to Classical style More lifelike and
intricate Example…
Renaissance Sculpture
Michelangelo’s David
Renaissance Literature Focused on love
and other human emotions Petrarch – the
“sonnet’ Shakespeare –
plays for the masses
Cervantes – the novel (Don Quixote)
Reformation Reaction to the sale of indulgences and other
corrupt practices of the Catholic Church Began in Northern Europe where resentment of
the Italian-controlled Church was greatest Began the “Protestant” branch of the Christian
religion Decreased the power and influence of the Church Increased economic, scientific, and political
independence Geographic split of Europe along religious lines.
Partner Discussion
What are the differences between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy?
Absolutism and Constitutional Monarchies Absolutism
Monarch’s power believed to be based on “divine right”
Louis XIV = best example of absolute monarchy ○ Symbol of absolute power = Palace of Versailles
Constitutional Monarchies England and Netherlands only places to be ruled this
way Had monarchs, but were limited by a constitution
written by parliament (a legislative/representative body)
Scientific Revolution
Printing press leads to more learning/literacy Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo worked to show
a heliocentric universe Contradicted church teachings
Newton studies/writes about the laws of gravity Scientific revolution leads people to believe that
they can understand the world through examination (“scientific method”).
Enlightenment
Application of “natural laws” and reason to politics and society
Social contract between governments and the people People have a right to choose or replace their
government Leads to newly educated middle class
challenging absolutist monarchs
Motivations of European Explorers Europe depends on
trade with Asia Silk Spices Textiles Porcelain
Silk Road/other trade routes Dangerous Expensive
Motivations of European Explorers “GOLD, GLORY,
GOD!” Acquiring treasure
and riches Promise of fame and
prestige Spread Christianity to
newly conquered peoples
Group Discussion
Name three types of technology that would be required for making a trans-oceanic voyage in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Technology Needed to Explore
Compass Gave direction
Astrolabe Gave position
(latitude)
Cartography Better maps helped
navigation
Clocks Gave speed/distance
Technology Needed to Explore
Weapons Rifles Cannons mounted on ships
Ship construction Lateen sails on multiple
masts ○ Developed by Arabs ○ Allows ships to sail against
the wind! Ship rudder on stern Caravel
Ship Rudder
Lateen Sail
Early European Explorers - Portugal Prince Henry the
Navigator Created schools to
improve ship navigation
Sponsored many explorations along Africa’s West Coast
Goal: To find a water route to Asia
Early European Explorers - Portugal Bartholomeu
Dias 1488 CE – sailed
to the southern tip of Africa
Result: Proved Europeans could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa
Early European Explorers - Portugal Vasco da Gama
Sailed from Portugal to India (1497 CE to 1499 CE)
Landed in Calicut on India’s west coast
Da Gama had nothing but a little silver to trade
Returns to Portugal with some Indian spices
Result: Portugal gains a monopoly on European trade with India.
Early European Explorers - Spain Columbus Italian sailor and
navigator Believed he could
reach Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic Ocean
1492 CE – Rulers of Spain agreed to finance Columbus’ voyage
Early European Explorers - Spain Columbus
Reached the islands of the West Indies
Believing he was in India, he called the people he met on the islands: “INDIANS”
Returned to Spain thinking he had found a westerly route to Asia
RESULT: Spain competes with Portugal to discover new trade opportunities
Early European Explorers - Spain
Ferdinand Magellan 1519 CE – Five
ships set sail under the Spanish flag for Asia
Looking for a western route to Asia around the “NEW WORLD”
Early European Explorers - Spain Ferdinand Magellan
Discovers the “Strait of Magellan” – a waterway around S. America
Heads out into the “South Sea” which was “discovered” by Balboa and called the PACIFIC OCEAN
After a nearly disastrous crossing, the ships reach the Philippines.
Early European Explorers - Spain
Magellan Magellan is killed intervening in a
local Philippine war Rest of the crew escape and set
sail for East Indies and then to Spain
1522 CE – only one ship returns to Spain with only 18 survivors
Magellan (really his crew) completes the first CIRCUMNAVIGATION or circling of the globe
RESULT: Projected Spanish power around the world.
Overseas Empires Portugal
Mainly establishes trading posts
Concentrated in Africa, East Asia, and South Asia
Severe tactics* to ensure it maintains trading monopoly with Asia
Spain Wants to conquer
territory Concentrated in the
New World (N. and S. America, West Indies)
Sends out conquistadores to conquer and enslave Native American people
* Executions of Spanish rivals, hanging of pirates, war with Omani (Arab) navy
Conflict between Spain and Portugal Dividing the World
Both Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their territorial claims
Asked the Pope to help prevent future conflict between the two countries
1493 CE – the Pope created a “line of demarcation”
Line of Demarcation An imaginary line
running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole
Spain would control all lands WEST of the line.
Portugal would control all lands EAST of the line.
1494 CE – Portugal feared it was being cheated by the Line of Demarcation. RESULT: Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas which moved the line further to the WEST
Portugal and Asia Portugal’s main interest was trade, not
colonization. Fought bloody battles with Ottoman
Turks and Arab (Omani) merchants to control Indian Ocean trade.
Portugal eventually wins control and builds naval bases in the Indian Ocean to protect its merchants.
Established trading posts in the Spice Islands, India, East Africa, China, and Japan
Portugal and the New World Establishes colony in New
World called Brazil This was possible because
part of it was located EAST of the Line of Demarcation
Portuguese settlers establish plantations which grew cash crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton.
BRAZIL
Spain and The New World Spain sent CONQUISTADORES
to conquer new lands Motivated by “Gold, Glory, God!”
Hernan Cortes 1519 CE – Landed in Mexico with
600 men and a few cannon Makes alliances with tribes who
oppose the Aztec Empire Marches towards the Aztec capital,
Tenochtilan
Cortes
Spain and the New World Aztecs believed Cortes was a
“god,” come back to earth to save them
Montezuma, the Aztec ruler allowed Cortes and his men into the city
By 1522 CE, Cortes had turned on the Aztecs and defeated them (gunpowder weapons, steel, horses, armor, etc.)
Aztec rule ended, Spain’s rule had begun
Spain and the New World Francisco Pizarro
Invaded the Inca Empire with 180 men, horses and a few cannon
Defeated the mighty Inca Empire
How? ○ Spanish had gunpowder
weapons ○ Smallpox epidemic
killing people of the Inca Empire
○ Civil war among rival Incan rulers
Building European Empires Spain Empire included colonies in Central America,
parts of South America, islands of the West Indies, and Philippines
Ruled by royal representatives of the Spanish monarch. Called VICEROYS
2 Goals of Spanish empire builders: ○ Acquire wealth for Spain in the form of gold and
silver ○ Convert natives to Christianity
Building European Empires
Spain Encomienda System ○ Spanish settlers set up large plantations
called encomiendas ○ Allowed to use Native American slaves ○ Population of Native Americans declined
greatly due to diseases carried by Europeans/ Africans (mainly smallpox)
○ Spanish began to import slaves from Africa to replace Native American labor
Building European Empires
The Netherlands Wanted to trade and colonize Had few natural resources – saw commerce as key
to survival Dutch ships carried more cargo faster than
Portuguese ships Soon took over the Asian spice trade from the
Portuguese (Dutch East India Company) Competed with Portuguese and England for
dominance in the Indian Ocean
Building European Empires
Netherlands Dutch created (or “chartered”) the Dutch West India Company to establish colonies in North America.
Building European Empires England Colonization began with
the founding of the British East India Company (1600 CE)
West Indies: Used African slave labor to grow sugar and tobacco
N. America: Founded Jamestown (1607 CE) and other permanent settlements
Europe’s Economy Nations competed for markets and
trade goods New business methods needed to: Invest money Speed flow of wealth Reduce business risk
New Business Methods Raising capital – Overseas traders
needed $ to finance trips Family Bankers – Medicis of
Florence, Fuggers of Augsburg Gov’t Chartered Banks – issued bank
notes and checks, exchanged foreign currency
New Business Methods Joint-stock companies – individual
merchants combined resources, sold stock/shares in an overseas trading venture Share profit/risks among many Some joint-stock co.’s had gov’t
support/monopoly on trade (EX: Dutch East India Company)
Group Discussion Question
What were some of the impacts/results of the new commercial activity and trade that was flowing into Europe?
Results of Commercial Revolution Inflation – gold and silver flowed into
Europe, prices rose very quickly (= inflation). Hardest hit was Spain (never recovered) and China/Japan (exchange of New World silver for goods)
More capital available – new business created
Results of Commercial Revolution Goal of business = solely to make
profit, expand business, develop new ventures (capitalism) Entrepreneur = individual who
combined $, ideas, raw materials, & labor to make goods and profits
Results of Commercial Revolution New centers of trade – Atlantic
Ocean countries (Portugal, Spain, England, the Netherlands) replace Med. Sea cities (Genoa, Venice) as leaders in world trade
Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism –
new economic theory Nation’s power depended on its
wealth (amount of bullion, or gold & silver it possessed)
Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism
(cont.) Colonies existed solely for the
benefit of the mother country (provide raw materials, markets for finished goods)
Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism
(cont.) Nation to possess a favorable
balance of trade – export more goods than it imports, bullion received for exports more than paid out for imports = surplus of bullion
Results of Commercial Revolution Change in European society Merchants pass nobility in both
wealth and power Middle class expanded – more
leisure time, coffeehouses popular as gathering places for businessmen
Results of Commercial Revolution Change in European society
(cont.) Peasants did not see any real
benefits from the Commercial Revolution – life was still rough
The Columbian Exchange Europe’s growing population =
demand for more goods and services Worldwide biological exchange of
plants, animals (including people), and diseases
Became known as the Columbian Exchange
Partner Review Question
What was exchanged on the Columbian Exchange? Be specific in saying where items came from and where they went.
The Columbian Exchange Effects Cultural Diffusion- Local cultures
integrated European beliefs (and vice versa) Large movement of population
(slavery, Eur. migration to New World) Decline of Native American pop. due
to disease (EX: smallpox) Gender imbalances in Africa ○More females than males – WHY???
GREAT CIRCUIT EUROPE
AFRICA AMERICAS Middle Passage
Knives, Swords, Guns, Cloth, Rum
Sugar, Molasses, Cotton, Tobacco, Silver/Gold
Enslaved Peoples, Gold (some going back to Europe)
GREAT CIRCUIT EUROPE
AFRICA AMERICAS Middle Passage
Knives, Swords, Guns, Cloth, Rum
Sugar, Molasses, Cotton, Tobacco, Silver/Gold
Enslaved Peoples, Gold (some going back to Europe)
Important facts to remember: Africa is a CONTINENT and not a
COUNTRY. Not 1 unified people but made up of a
diverse population European technology was not
advanced enough to gain more than a few isolated ports on the coast. Europeans did not travel far into the interior
Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade?
The slave trade was partially under control by Africans themselves. Most slaves were the victims of war.
Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade: Since many Native Americans
died due to European diseases, settlers in the New World colonies needed labor to work the large plantations (West Indies/southern N. America) and encomiendas (S. America).
Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade:
Africans practiced slavery When Europeans showed up and offered to trade in humans, the African elites had no problem selling fellow Africans.
Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade: It was THE VIEW OF THE TIME
that Africans were better able to work in tropical climates were resistant to European diseases would be less likely than Native
Americans to run away were not as intelligent as Europeans.
Slavery in Africa vs. Slavery in America
In Africa: -Slaves were victims of war or debt. -Slaves had basic rights. (buy your
freedom, to marry, keep your family together)
-Slavery lasted 1 generation.
Slavery in Africa vs. Slavery in America In America: -Slaves were victims of race. -Slaves were denied basic human rights
(such as buying freedom, marrying, keeping your family together)
-Slavery was hereditary
Key Event: 1636 Barbados Slave Codes Laws specifically crafted to state that
slavery was a permanent thing for all Africans on that Island.
Later adopted in total or part by many other English colonies.
Shows the transfer of slavery as an economic practice to a racial practice.
The Slave Trade – 3 parts 1. The Interior.
Individuals kidnapped or prisoners of war in West Africa
and marched to to the coast.
2. The Middle Passage. Crammed into slave ships and sent across the Atlantic.
The middle leg of the Triangular Trade routes
Uncertainties About the Slave Trade
Traders, especially after the British banned the slave trade in 1804, didn’t keep good records. Best estimates are 8-11 million people.
Death Rates - Most suggest 20% died in voyage.
Severity of Lives - greatly depended on location, owner, work.
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