Partner Discussion

Why is the era between the 14th and 17th centuries called “the Renaissance?”

Renaissance

“Rebirth” of classical culture of Greece and Rome

Began in the Italian city-states due to trade

Emphasized humanism, secularism, and individualism.

Increase in the complexity of artistic and architectural expression.

.

From Asia

Ottoman Empire

Italian City States

Created Perspective to give their painting depth

More realistic

Renaissance Painting

Da Vinci’s The Last Supper

Returned to the Classical style of the Greeks and Romans

Renaissance Architecture

Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketch of the Church of the Santo Spirito (Florence)

The Actual Church

Renaissance Architecture Filippo Brunelleschi Best known for his the dome on the Cathedral of Florence

Returned to Classical style More lifelike and

intricate Example…

Renaissance Sculpture

Michelangelo’s David

Renaissance Literature Focused on love

and other human emotions Petrarch – the

“sonnet’ Shakespeare –

plays for the masses

Cervantes – the novel (Don Quixote)

Partner/Group Discussion

What were some causes of the (Protestant) Reformation?

Reformation Reaction to the sale of indulgences and other

corrupt practices of the Catholic Church Began in Northern Europe where resentment of

the Italian-controlled Church was greatest Began the “Protestant” branch of the Christian

religion Decreased the power and influence of the Church Increased economic, scientific, and political

independence Geographic split of Europe along religious lines.

Partner Discussion

What are the differences between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy?

Absolutism and Constitutional Monarchies Absolutism

Monarch’s power believed to be based on “divine right”

Louis XIV = best example of absolute monarchy ○ Symbol of absolute power = Palace of Versailles

Constitutional Monarchies England and Netherlands only places to be ruled this

way Had monarchs, but were limited by a constitution

written by parliament (a legislative/representative body)

Scientific Revolution

Printing press leads to more learning/literacy Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo worked to show

a heliocentric universe Contradicted church teachings

Newton studies/writes about the laws of gravity Scientific revolution leads people to believe that

they can understand the world through examination (“scientific method”).

Partner/Group Discussion

How are the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment different?

Enlightenment

Application of “natural laws” and reason to politics and society

Social contract between governments and the people People have a right to choose or replace their

government Leads to newly educated middle class

challenging absolutist monarchs

English Bill of Rights (1689) American Declaration of Independence (1776)

Age of Exploration

Motivations of European Explorers Europe depends on

trade with Asia Silk Spices Textiles Porcelain

Silk Road/other trade routes Dangerous Expensive

Motivations of European Explorers “GOLD, GLORY,

GOD!” Acquiring treasure

and riches Promise of fame and

prestige Spread Christianity to

newly conquered peoples

Group Discussion

Name three types of technology that would be required for making a trans-oceanic voyage in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Technology Needed to Explore

Compass Gave direction

Astrolabe Gave position

(latitude)

Cartography Better maps helped

navigation

Clocks Gave speed/distance

Technology Needed to Explore

Weapons Rifles Cannons mounted on ships

Ship construction Lateen sails on multiple

masts ○ Developed by Arabs ○ Allows ships to sail against

the wind! Ship rudder on stern Caravel

Ship Rudder

Lateen Sail

Early European Explorers - Portugal Prince Henry the

Navigator Created schools to

improve ship navigation

Sponsored many explorations along Africa’s West Coast

Goal: To find a water route to Asia

Early European Explorers - Portugal Bartholomeu

Dias 1488 CE – sailed

to the southern tip of Africa

Result: Proved Europeans could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa

Early European Explorers - Portugal Vasco da Gama

Sailed from Portugal to India (1497 CE to 1499 CE)

Landed in Calicut on India’s west coast

Da Gama had nothing but a little silver to trade

Returns to Portugal with some Indian spices

Result: Portugal gains a monopoly on European trade with India.

Early European Explorers - Spain Columbus Italian sailor and

navigator Believed he could

reach Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic Ocean

1492 CE – Rulers of Spain agreed to finance Columbus’ voyage

Early European Explorers - Spain Columbus

Reached the islands of the West Indies

Believing he was in India, he called the people he met on the islands: “INDIANS”

Returned to Spain thinking he had found a westerly route to Asia

RESULT: Spain competes with Portugal to discover new trade opportunities

Early European Explorers - Spain

Ferdinand Magellan 1519 CE – Five

ships set sail under the Spanish flag for Asia

Looking for a western route to Asia around the “NEW WORLD”

Early European Explorers - Spain Ferdinand Magellan

Discovers the “Strait of Magellan” – a waterway around S. America

Heads out into the “South Sea” which was “discovered” by Balboa and called the PACIFIC OCEAN

After a nearly disastrous crossing, the ships reach the Philippines.

Early European Explorers - Spain

Magellan Magellan is killed intervening in a

local Philippine war Rest of the crew escape and set

sail for East Indies and then to Spain

1522 CE – only one ship returns to Spain with only 18 survivors

Magellan (really his crew) completes the first CIRCUMNAVIGATION or circling of the globe

RESULT: Projected Spanish power around the world.

Magellan’s Voyage

Age of Exploration

Overseas Empires Portugal

Mainly establishes trading posts

Concentrated in Africa, East Asia, and South Asia

Severe tactics* to ensure it maintains trading monopoly with Asia

Spain Wants to conquer

territory Concentrated in the

New World (N. and S. America, West Indies)

Sends out conquistadores to conquer and enslave Native American people

* Executions of Spanish rivals, hanging of pirates, war with Omani (Arab) navy

Conflict between Spain and Portugal Dividing the World

Both Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their territorial claims

Asked the Pope to help prevent future conflict between the two countries

1493 CE – the Pope created a “line of demarcation”

Line of Demarcation An imaginary line

running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole

Spain would control all lands WEST of the line.

Portugal would control all lands EAST of the line.

1494 CE – Portugal feared it was being cheated by the Line of Demarcation. RESULT: Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas which moved the line further to the WEST

Portugal and Asia Portugal’s main interest was trade, not

colonization. Fought bloody battles with Ottoman

Turks and Arab (Omani) merchants to control Indian Ocean trade.

Portugal eventually wins control and builds naval bases in the Indian Ocean to protect its merchants.

Established trading posts in the Spice Islands, India, East Africa, China, and Japan

Portugal and the New World Establishes colony in New

World called Brazil This was possible because

part of it was located EAST of the Line of Demarcation

Portuguese settlers establish plantations which grew cash crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton.

BRAZIL

Spain and The New World Spain sent CONQUISTADORES

to conquer new lands Motivated by “Gold, Glory, God!”

Hernan Cortes 1519 CE – Landed in Mexico with

600 men and a few cannon Makes alliances with tribes who

oppose the Aztec Empire Marches towards the Aztec capital,

Tenochtilan

Cortes

Spain and the New World Aztecs believed Cortes was a

“god,” come back to earth to save them

Montezuma, the Aztec ruler allowed Cortes and his men into the city

By 1522 CE, Cortes had turned on the Aztecs and defeated them (gunpowder weapons, steel, horses, armor, etc.)

Aztec rule ended, Spain’s rule had begun

Spain and the New World Francisco Pizarro

Invaded the Inca Empire with 180 men, horses and a few cannon

Defeated the mighty Inca Empire

How? ○ Spanish had gunpowder

weapons ○ Smallpox epidemic

killing people of the Inca Empire

○ Civil war among rival Incan rulers

Age of Exploration

Building European Empires Spain Empire included colonies in Central America,

parts of South America, islands of the West Indies, and Philippines

Ruled by royal representatives of the Spanish monarch. Called VICEROYS

2 Goals of Spanish empire builders: ○ Acquire wealth for Spain in the form of gold and

silver ○ Convert natives to Christianity

Building European Empires

Spain Encomienda System ○ Spanish settlers set up large plantations

called encomiendas ○ Allowed to use Native American slaves ○ Population of Native Americans declined

greatly due to diseases carried by Europeans/ Africans (mainly smallpox)

○ Spanish began to import slaves from Africa to replace Native American labor

Effects of Smallpox

Building European Empires

The Netherlands Wanted to trade and colonize Had few natural resources – saw commerce as key

to survival Dutch ships carried more cargo faster than

Portuguese ships Soon took over the Asian spice trade from the

Portuguese (Dutch East India Company) Competed with Portuguese and England for

dominance in the Indian Ocean

Building European Empires

Netherlands Dutch created (or “chartered”) the Dutch West India Company to establish colonies in North America.

Building European Empires England Colonization began with

the founding of the British East India Company (1600 CE)

West Indies: Used African slave labor to grow sugar and tobacco

N. America: Founded Jamestown (1607 CE) and other permanent settlements

EUROPEAN EMPIRES Spanish colony

= Portuguese

Europe’s Economy Nations competed for markets and

trade goods New business methods needed to: Invest money Speed flow of wealth Reduce business risk

Partner Review Question

What commercial enterprises were created to meet these needs?

New Business Methods Raising capital – Overseas traders

needed $ to finance trips Family Bankers – Medicis of

Florence, Fuggers of Augsburg Gov’t Chartered Banks – issued bank

notes and checks, exchanged foreign currency

New Business Methods Joint-stock companies – individual

merchants combined resources, sold stock/shares in an overseas trading venture Share profit/risks among many Some joint-stock co.’s had gov’t

support/monopoly on trade (EX: Dutch East India Company)

Group Discussion Question

What were some of the impacts/results of the new commercial activity and trade that was flowing into Europe?

Results of Commercial Revolution Inflation – gold and silver flowed into

Europe, prices rose very quickly (= inflation). Hardest hit was Spain (never recovered) and China/Japan (exchange of New World silver for goods)

More capital available – new business created

Results of Commercial Revolution Goal of business = solely to make

profit, expand business, develop new ventures (capitalism) Entrepreneur = individual who

combined $, ideas, raw materials, & labor to make goods and profits

Results of Commercial Revolution New centers of trade – Atlantic

Ocean countries (Portugal, Spain, England, the Netherlands) replace Med. Sea cities (Genoa, Venice) as leaders in world trade

Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism –

new economic theory Nation’s power depended on its

wealth (amount of bullion, or gold & silver it possessed)

Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism

(cont.) Colonies existed solely for the

benefit of the mother country (provide raw materials, markets for finished goods)

Results of Commercial Revolution Development of mercantilism

(cont.) Nation to possess a favorable

balance of trade – export more goods than it imports, bullion received for exports more than paid out for imports = surplus of bullion

Results of Commercial Revolution Change in European society Merchants pass nobility in both

wealth and power Middle class expanded – more

leisure time, coffeehouses popular as gathering places for businessmen

Results of Commercial Revolution Change in European society

(cont.) Peasants did not see any real

benefits from the Commercial Revolution – life was still rough

A Global Exchange of Plants, Animals (including people), and Diseases

The Columbian Exchange Europe’s growing population =

demand for more goods and services Worldwide biological exchange of

plants, animals (including people), and diseases

Became known as the Columbian Exchange

Partner Review Question

What was exchanged on the Columbian Exchange? Be specific in saying where items came from and where they went.

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange Effects Cultural Diffusion- Local cultures

integrated European beliefs (and vice versa) Large movement of population

(slavery, Eur. migration to New World) Decline of Native American pop. due

to disease (EX: smallpox) Gender imbalances in Africa ○More females than males – WHY???

The Columbian Exchange

Case Study: Sugar

A “Triangular Trade Network”

GREAT CIRCUIT EUROPE

AFRICA AMERICAS Middle Passage

Knives, Swords, Guns, Cloth, Rum

Sugar, Molasses, Cotton, Tobacco, Silver/Gold

Enslaved Peoples, Gold (some going back to Europe)

GREAT CIRCUIT

Triangular Trade Networks (plural!)

Triangular Trade Networks

GREAT CIRCUIT EUROPE

AFRICA AMERICAS Middle Passage

Knives, Swords, Guns, Cloth, Rum

Sugar, Molasses, Cotton, Tobacco, Silver/Gold

Enslaved Peoples, Gold (some going back to Europe)

Important facts to remember: Africa is a CONTINENT and not a

COUNTRY. Not 1 unified people but made up of a

diverse population European technology was not

advanced enough to gain more than a few isolated ports on the coast. Europeans did not travel far into the interior

Partner/Group Discussion

Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade?

Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade?

The slave trade was partially under control by Africans themselves. Most slaves were the victims of war.

Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade: Since many Native Americans

died due to European diseases, settlers in the New World colonies needed labor to work the large plantations (West Indies/southern N. America) and encomiendas (S. America).

Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade:

Africans practiced slavery When Europeans showed up and offered to trade in humans, the African elites had no problem selling fellow Africans.

Why was there an Atlantic Slave Trade: It was THE VIEW OF THE TIME

that Africans were better able to work in tropical climates were resistant to European diseases would be less likely than Native

Americans to run away were not as intelligent as Europeans.

Slavery in Africa vs. Slavery in America

In Africa: -Slaves were victims of war or debt. -Slaves had basic rights. (buy your

freedom, to marry, keep your family together)

-Slavery lasted 1 generation.

Slavery in Africa vs. Slavery in America In America: -Slaves were victims of race. -Slaves were denied basic human rights

(such as buying freedom, marrying, keeping your family together)

-Slavery was hereditary

Key Event: 1636 Barbados Slave Codes Laws specifically crafted to state that

slavery was a permanent thing for all Africans on that Island.

Later adopted in total or part by many other English colonies.

Shows the transfer of slavery as an economic practice to a racial practice.

The Slave Trade – 3 parts 1. The Interior.

Individuals kidnapped or prisoners of war in West Africa

and marched to to the coast.

2. The Middle Passage. Crammed into slave ships and sent across the Atlantic.

The middle leg of the Triangular Trade routes

3. The Caribbean. Sold at auction and sent to final destination. (Most in South America.)

Uncertainties About the Slave Trade

Traders, especially after the British banned the slave trade in 1804, didn’t keep good records. Best estimates are 8-11 million people.

Death Rates - Most suggest 20% died in voyage.

Severity of Lives - greatly depended on location, owner, work.

Reactions of Africans to European Exploration