african civilizations ghana, mali, songhai and east africa
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African Civilizati
onsGhana, Mali, Songhai and East Africa
African Civilizations
Eoearth.org
African CivilizationsThe three Sahelian Kingdoms are Ghana, Mali and Songhay
Geography West Africa
Atlas Mountains—northwest Africa
Sahara Desert—Sahara in Arabic means desert
Sahel—a dry hot region with fertile areas and grasslands
African Civilizations
Desmogblog.com
African Civilizations
Desmogblog.comEn.qantara.de
African Civilizations
Metmuseum.org
African CivilizationsHow did Ghana arise?
Ghana arose in the 4th century
Much of north Africa was dominated by the Berbers
they were a nomadic, indigenous people responsible for the spread of Islam across North Africa
African CivilizationsGovernment
Kumbi Saleh
The capital of the Ghana empire was located at the edge of the Sahel. It was the southern terminus of trade
routes from northern Africa.
The kingship of Ghana was matrilineal meaning
The king’s sister provided the heir to the throne
African Civilizations
Trade
Some traded items were gold, salt, copper and slaves.
What was important about salt?
Preserving food
In hot climates people lose salt from their bodies
African CivilizationsTaghaza was the salt-mining
center of the western Sahara
“This is a village with nothing good about it. It is the most fly-ridden of places.”
—Ibn Battuta
Lasalle.edu
African CivilizationsGhana’s Decline
Almoravids, a type of Berber group initiated a Jihad (Holy War) against the empire of Ghana
in 1075
African CivilizationsThe Golden Age of
Ghana and Malihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpZMApcqVTk
African CivilizationsNiger River Valley
Blessedhopeacademy.com
African CivilizationsSundjata founder of Mali
(1230-1255)
--Began as a royal slave and
magician of the Soso,
inherited the Ghanian empire
--According to traditions he
seized territories through
which gold was traded
--Introduced the cultivation and
weaving of cotton
African CivilizationsMansa Musa (1312—1337)
--Devout Muslim
--Pilgrimage to Mecca 1324
--24, 000 lbs. of gold
--500 servants each carrying a
six pound staff made of gold
Digitalhistory.uh.edu
African CivilizationsMuslimheritage.com
African Civilizations
Eoearth.orgDesmogblog.com Time.com
African CivilizationsIbn Battuta Travels
Faculty.mnu.edu
African Civilizations
Timbuktu of the Mali Empire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jR2NeK9f9o
African Civilizations1000 Years of West
African Superpowershttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEqqmmY6bLo
African CivilizationsGhana, Mali and Songhai Empires
Museumafrica.org
African CivilizationsAskia Muhammad Toure
(r. 1493-1528)
—He establishes the Askia Dynasty
—A fervent Muslim, he replaces native Songhai administrators with Arab Muslims to Islamize society.
—He standardize weights, measures and currency.
—He creates an elaborate bureaucracy to oversee his empire.
Theafricanmessenger.org
African CivilizationsSunni Ali
(r. 1464-1492)
—Turns Gao from a kingdom into an empire
—He conquers Timbuktu and Jenne
—Pushes the Berbers further north
African CivilizationsDecline and Collapse
Revolt was the main cause of Songhai’s demise
The Moroccans defeated Songhai in 1591
African CivilizationsEast African Coast
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
A sailor’s guide written by an Egyptian Greek merchant sometime
between 40-50 CE.
GeographyMonsoon Winds
November-March, east/west winds
Arabs, Hindus and other Asians visited East Africa
May-September, west/east winds
East Africans traded ivory, shells, copper, animal skins, gold, slaves, rhinoceros horn and coconut oil.
Openlibrary.org
African CivilizationsMonsoon Winds
Monsoon, by definition, is a wind system that changes wind direction seasonally. • During the winter, the large continent of Asia gets extremely cold and the Siberian high pressure develops. Air flow is offshore and dry.
During the summer, the continent develops low pressure in response to heating and the airflow reverses. Moisture-laden air from the ocean is brought inland where it rises over the terrain and produces extremely large amounts of rainfall.
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/Pressure_winds/pressure/pressure2.html
African CivilizationsMonsoon Winds
Chinese-unicorn.com
African CivilizationsEast African Coast
Human Geography
Many on the east African coast were
Bantu + Swahili
Between 500-600 A.D. People of Arab descent
the Bantu moved from
the interior to the coast
of Africa
African CivilizationsEast African Coast
Human Geography
Europeans arrived on the East African coast in the late 15th century. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) and the Europeans had a defined set of
goals:
1) Tap Asian trade and avoid paying the high prices
demanded by Venetians.
2) Secure a direct trade route to the gold south of the
Muslim controlled areas
3) Establish political and economic links with African
Christendom, Prester John
African CivilizationsGreat Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe National Monument
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/364/video
African CivilizationsGreat Zimbabwe
Geography
Great Zimbabwe covered a huge area between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi River, spilling out into Mozambique and Botswana, as well as the Transvaal area of northern South Africa.
The wealth of Great Zimbabwe lay in cattle production and gold. There are a number of mines to the west of Great Zimbabwe, about 40 kilometers away.
Economics
One theory about their wealth was that the rulers of Great Zimbabwe did not have direct control over the gold mines, but rather managed the trade in it, buying up huge quantities in exchange for cattle.
Decline
One is environmental: that a combination of overgrazing and drought caused the soil on the Zimbabwe Plateau to become exhausted. It is estimated that between 5,000 to 30,000 people lived on and around the site.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10chapter1.shtml
African CivilizationsGreat Zimbabwe
Decline
the people of Great Zimbabwe had to move in order to maximize their exploitation of the gold trade network.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10chapter1.shtml
African CivilizationsKilwa
Kilwa Kisiwani, was occupied from the 9th to the 19th century and reached its peak of prosperity in the13th and 14th centuries.
Gold and ivory from the hinterland was traded for silver, carnelians, perfumes, Persian faience and Chinese porcelain.
Kilwa Kisiwani minted its own currency in the 11th to 14th centuries.
The Great Mosque was constructed in the 11th century and considerably enlarged in the 13th century by Sultan Soulaiman ibn Mohammed el Malik el Adil (1412-22). It was roofed entirely with domes and vaults, some decorated with embedded Chinese porcelain. It is the oldest standing mosque on the East African coast and, with its sixteen domed and vaulted bays, has a unique plan. Its true great dome dating from the 13th was the largest dome in East Africa until the 19th century.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/144
African CivilizationsKilwa
World Monuments Fund
Conservation at Kilwahttp://www.wmf.org/video/conservation-kilwa
African CivilizationsMombassa
In Kiswahili, it is called Kisiwa Cha Mvita, which means "Island of War" due to the many changes in its ownership.
It was originally inhabited by the African Bantu people. The city was then visited by Jordanians in 6th century, Persians in the 9th and 10th century and thereafter Arabs.
The Arabs and Persians developed trading routes and explorer Vasco de Gama landed in the city. The Portuguese built the impressive Fort Jesus and dominated the entrance to the old harbor, between 1593 and 1598.
The Arabs made several attempts to regain the town but, the Portuguese, supported mainly by supplies from their Indian colony, Goa, hung onto it for around 100 years. The occupiers were finally defeated in the siege of Fort Jesus which began in March 1696. Portuguese and Indian soldiers eventually relieved the Fort in September 1697.
http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=859
African Civilizations
Mom
basa
info
.com
BigtreeKenya.com
African CivilizationsPemba Island
Pemba known as Al Jazeera Al Khadra, the green island, in Arabic is an island forming part of the Zanzibar archipelago, lying off the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean.
Pemba’s inhabitants partly descended from traders from the Persian Gulf region who settled on the island beginning in the 10th century.
The Portuguese occupied the island in the 16th century but were displaced by Omani Arabs in 1698. Pemba was seized by the Sultan of Muscat (now Oman).
The Sultan of Muscat (now Oman) was so enchanted by the Spice Islands that he installed himself in Zanzibar and ruled Muscat from there.
African CivilizationsPemba Island
known as the Spice Islands, they were once the world's largest producer of cloves. While that's given way to tourism as the main industry on Unguja, on Pemba spices — mainly cloves but also pepper and nutmeg — are still grown in large quantities and are by far the most important source of income.
Pembafoundation.org
African CivilizationsThe Swahili Cities of
East Africahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm0gN5TRNyE
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