aect 2015 - defining social presence
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In search of a better understanding of social presenceAn investigation into how researchers define social presence
Patrick LowenthalBoise State University
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
A Bit about MeAssistant Professor @ Boise State
educatorresearcher designer developer
slides @ patricklowenthal.com
BACKGROUND
Social Presence Theory
• Communications Studies Group at the University College in London in the 1970s
• Short, J.A., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4
Early Definition
Social presence is the degree of
salience (i.e., quality or state of
being there) between two
communicators using a
communication medium.
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It’s a quality of a communication medium.
Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio)
Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
What does this mean?
It’s a quality of a communication medium.
Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio)
Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
What does this mean?
It’s a quality of a communication medium.
Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio)
Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
What does this mean?
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Less Social Presence More Social Presence
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Focused on 1-on-1
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1980’s & CMCCuelessness Theory developed by Rutter (1984, 1987)
Media Richness Theory developed by Daft & Lengel (1984, 1986; Daft, Lengel, & Trevino, 1987)
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Phases of Research
popular Perspective
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Problem“Researchers of social presence cannot agree upon a single definition of social presence (Biocca & Harms, 7 2002; Biocca, Harms, & Burgoon, 2003; Rettie, 2003; Lane, 2011; Tu, 2002)
Instead, researchers continue to redefine social presence (Lowenthal, 2010; Picciano, 2002)”
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Examples• “the ability of learners to project themselves socially and
emotionally as well as their ability to perceive other learners as “real people””(Boston et al.)
• “the degree to which participants in computer-mediated communication feel affectively connected one to another… (Swan, Garrison, & Richardson, 2009).”
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Garrison“the ability of participants to identify with the community (e.g., course of study), communicate purposefully in a trusting environment, and develop inter-personal relationships by way of projecting their individual personalities” (Garrison, 2009, p. 352).
“the ability of participants in the Community of Inquiry to project their personal characteristics into the community, thereby presenting themselves to the other participants as ``real people.'’ (Garrison et al., 1999)
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Method• Find top 25 cited articles• Identify how authors defined social
presence• Code definitions• Themes / trends
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Continuum
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Common Elements
BelongingReal There Connection
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Real / There"the degree to which a person is perceived as "real" in mediated communication” (Gunawardena & Zittle, 1997)
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Connection"the degree of feeling, perception and reaction of being connected on CMC to another intellectual entity” (Tu,2002)
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Belonging• “a student's sense of being in and
belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002)
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Common Elements
BelongingReal There Connection
Pathway to Community
Interaction Social Presence
Collaboration Community
@CONTACT ME
Patrick Lowenthalpatricklowenthal@boisestate.eduwww.patricklowenthal.com
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