advanced tcp/ip concepts and practices. lesson 1: routing

Advanced TCP/IPConcepts and Practices

Lesson 1:Routing

Objectives

Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing

Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables

Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table

Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category

Objectives (cont’d)

Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each

Identify the EGP and the BGPv4

Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols

Describe CIDR

Introduction to Routing

Direct routing

Indirect routing

- The traceroute command

Routing Process

Routing involves two key elements

- The sending host must know which router to use for a given destination; the router is determined by the default gateway

- The router must know where to send the packet; the destination is determined by the router’s routing information table

Routing Information Table

Router1 Router2 Router3

Network Z

Network Y

Network X

Router2Routing Information Table

Network Router HopsX Router1 2Y Router2 1Z Router3 2

Static vs. Dynamic Routing

The route command

The ping command

Routing and Packets

The network, transport, session, presentation and application layers remain unchanged during the routing process

Routing Protocols

Interior versus exterior protocols

- Interior routing protocols include RIP and OSPF

- Exterior routing protocols include EGP and BGP

Routing Information Protocol

RIPv1 header

RIPv1 versus RIPv2

How RIP works

Disadvantages of RIP

RIP Count-to-Infinity Disadvantage

Router1 Router2 Router3

Network X

Open Shortest Path First

Interior gateway routing protocol that uses IP directly

Overcomes many RIP shortcomings

Contains:

- Various types of service routing

- Load balancing

- Network areas

- Authenticated exchanges

- Routing table updates

Exterior Gateway Protocol

Used to communicate reachability information between autonomous systems

Has been largely replaced by BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

Used between the NSFnet backbone and some regional networks

Exchanges network reachability information with other BGP subsystems

Classless Interdomain Routing

Minimizes the number of routing table entries

Summarizes multiple IP addresses into single entry

Summary

Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing

Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables

Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table

Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category

Summary (cont’d)

Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each

Identify the EGP and the BGPv4

Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols

Describe CIDR

Lesson 2:TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files, Protocols

and Commands

Objectives

Describe useful network files

Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX and Windows NT platforms

Describe ICMP concepts and message types

Identify general network troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT

Identify name and address troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT

Useful Network Files

protocols (UNIX) and protocol (NT)

services

inetd.conf (UNIX only)

Internet Control Message Protocol

Source-quench error messages

Echo-request and echo-reply query messages

ICMP message types

Troubleshooting General Network Problems

Commands

-ping-traceroute or tracert-netstat

Troubleshooting Name and Address Problems

Commands

-ifconfig (Linux)

-ipconfig (Windows NT)

-arp-nslookup-hostname

Summary

Describe useful network files

Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX and Windows NT platforms

Describe ICMP concepts and message types

Identify general network troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT

Identify name and address troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT

Lesson 3:Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks

Objectives

Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications

Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion

Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity

Monitor network traffic and congestion

Objectives (cont’d)

Test performance and transfer time

Identify and isolate duplicate address problems

Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures

Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures

Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems

Performance Factors

Baseline

- A recording of network activity obtained through documentation and monitoring

- Serves as an example for comparing future network activity

Identifying Performance Degradation

System

Network

Client/server application

Establishing guidelines

System Environment

System hardware

- Processor

- Memory

- Network interface

- Disk

Operating system

Network Environment

Performance factors

- Protocol stack

- Routing architecture Routing protocol Routing configuration Routing hops

- Duplicate IP addresses

Client/Server Applications

Application architecture in terms of systems and networks

Application architecture in terms of modules (screens, routines)

Version control

Testing

Summary

Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications

Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion

Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity

Monitor network traffic and congestion

Summary (cont’d)

Test performance and transfer time

Identify and isolate duplicate address problems

Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures

Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures

Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems

Lesson 4:Network Management

Fundamentals

Objectives

Explain the importance of network management

Identify effective management strategy components

Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model

Describe OSI network management model elements

Define the network management architecture types

Network Management

The ideal network management protocol

- Proprietary solutions

- Open solutions

Management Functional Areas (MFAs)

Network Management Model

Managed nodes

Agents

- Traversals and traps

- Polling

- Proxy agents

- Gateway agents

Information base

NMS

Information Baseon a Managed Node

Network Management Architecture

Centralized architecture

Distributed architecture

Hierarchical architecture

Centralized Management Architecture Model

NMS

Agent Agent Agent Agent

Summary

Explain the importance of network management

Identify effective management strategy components

Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model

Describe OSI network management model elements

Define the network management architecture types

Lesson 5:SNMP History,

Process and Architecture

Objectives

Discuss the history of SNMP

Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER

Summarize the SNMP process

Describe the SNMP architecture

Identify key SNMP communication methods

Install an industry-standard NMS

Install an SNMP agent

Popularity of SNMP

Simplicity

Wide industry support

Wise use of resources

Standardization and stability

Centralized administration

Portability

History of SNMP

Chronology

SNMPv1

SNMPv2

SNMPv3

SNMP extensions

The Structure of Management Information

The object identifier

Naming an object: OIDs and the MIB tree

Creating an MIB: Syntax and encoding

The SNMP Process

Querying MIB variables

NMS-to-agent PDUs

Agent-to-NMS PDUs

Instance identification

Network discovery

The network map

The NMS management database

Security and the NMS application

SNMP Architecture

The SNMP message

SNMP and TCP/IP

UDP ports and communication

Common NMS Applications

SNMPUTIL

Ipswitch Ping Pro

Ipswitch WhatsUp Gold

Scotty

HP OpenView

NetScout

IBM AIX NetView/6000

SunNetManager product architecture

Agents and Windows NT Server 4.0

Configuring an SNMP agent in Windows NT Server

- Agent tab

- Traps tab

- Security tab

SNMP agents and Windows 95/98

SNMP Agents and UNIX

snmpd.agentinfo

snmpd.conf

rc.local

inetd.conf

Agents andInternetworking

Routers and SNMP support

Smart hubs

Managed hubs

RMON and RMON2 specifications

Summary

Discuss the history of SNMP

Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER

Summarize the SNMP process

Describe the SNMP architecture

Identify key SNMP communication methods

Install an industry-standard NMS

Install an SNMP agent

Lesson 6:The Management Information Base

Objectives

Describe the MIB tree in detail

Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe OIDs

Describe specific MIB groups

Define MIB terminology

Explain the MIB query process

Access SNMP information

The MIB Tree

The ISO branch

The Internet node and its children

MIB Terminology

MIB-I

MIB-II

MIB Groups

Groups residing off the enterprises group

- Vendor sub-groups

Groups residing off the management group

- System group; interfaces group; address translation group; IP group; ICMP group; TCP group; UDP group; EGP group; CMOT group; transmission group; SNMP group

Accessing MIB Variables

Accessing simple variables

Accessing array variables

Summary

Describe the MIB tree in detail

Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe OIDs

Describe specific MIB groups

Define MIB terminology

Explain the MIB query process

Access SNMP information

Lesson 7:SNMP in

the Enterprise

Objectives

Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats

Describe the construction of a PDU

Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs

List the common SNMPv1 error messages

Discuss SNMPv1 and security

Implement SNMP on a network

Describe RMON and identify its goals

SNMPv1 Message Format

GetRequest

GetNextRequest

GetResponse

SetRequest

Trap

SNMPv1 error messages

SNMPv1 Drawbacks

Security- Trivial authentication: the community

name- Lack of encryption- Practical concerns

Limited communication paths

No multiprotocol support

SNMPv2 and SNMPv3

Defining RMON

Remote NetworkMonitoring MIB (RMON)

What is RMON?

RMON goals

Summary

Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats

Describe the construction of a PDU

Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs

List the common SNMPv1 error messages

Discuss SNMPv1 and security

Implement SNMP on a network

Describe RMON and identify its goals

Lesson 8:IPv6—Introduction

and IPv4 Comparison

Objectives

Describe the need for IPv6

Explain the IPv6 history

Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6 headers

Identify removed, revised and new header fields in IPv6

Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with IPv6

The Need for IPv6

Methodology for determining required number of IP addresses

History of IPv6

Candidates

- TUBA

- CATNIP

- SIPP

The decision

IPv4 vs. IPv6: Key Differences

IPv4 header

IPv6 header

IPv4 Removed Fields

Fixed format for IP headers

No header checksum

No hop-by-hop segmentation

No Type of Service field

IPv4 Revised Fields

Datagram Length field Payload Length field

Protocol field Next Header field

Time To Live field Hop Limit field

IPv6 New Fields

Flow Label field

Class field

Summary

Describe the need for IPv6

Explain the IPv6 history

Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6 headers

Identify removed, revised and new header fields in IPv6

Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with IPv6

Lesson 9:IPv6 Header and

Extension Headers

Objectives

Define each IPv6 header field and its function

Identify IPv6 extension header types

Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options, Routing, and Fragment extension headers

Explain how IPv6 extension header types affect routing performance

Objectives (cont’d)

Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance

Download and install Windows NT IPv6 stack

Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT Network Monitor

Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them

Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6 packets

IPv6 Header in Detail

Version

Class

Flow Label

Payload Length

Next Header

Hop Limit

Source Address

Destination Address

IPv6 Extension Headers

Hop-by-Hop extension header

Destination Options extension header

Routing extension header

Fragment extension header

IPv6 Extension Header Order

1. IPv6

2. Hop-by-Hop

3. Destination Options

4. Routing

5. Fragment

6. Authentication

7. Encapsulating Security Payload

8. Destination Options

9. Upper-layer

Windows NT and IPv6

IPv6 utilities

-ipv6-ping6-tracert6-ttcp

Linuxand IPv6

Linux 2.2.12-20 (Red Hat Linux 6.1) kernel requires upgrading to support IPv6

Linux 2.2.14-5.0 (Red Hat Linux 6.2) kernel allows users to reconfigure the kernel to support IPv6

Summary

Define each IPv6 header field and its function

Identify IPv6 extension header types

Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options, Routing, and Fragment extension headers

Explain how IPv6 extension header types affect routing performance

Summary (cont’d)

Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance

Download and install Windows NT IPv6 stack

Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT Network Monitor

Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them

Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6 packets

Lesson 10:IPv6 Address Architecture

Objectives

Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses

Describe IPv6 address architecture

Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal, decimal and binary values

Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses

Identify address types in IPv6: unicast, multicast and anycast

Objectives (cont’d)

Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format

Explain address hierarchy

Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802 addresses

Define the IPv6 multicast address format

Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast addresses

Discuss address renumbering advantages and disadvantages

IPv4 vs. IPv6 Addresses

Length

Notation

Number system

Hexadecimal Values

Hexadecimal Value Decimal Equivalent

A 10

B 11

C 12

D 13

E 14

F 15

IPv6 Address Abbreviation

Double-colon convention

Expanding IPv6 addresses

Address Types

Unicast

Multicast

Anycast

IPv6 Address Assignments

Address Prefix Definition

0000 0000 Reserved

0000 001 Reserved for NSAP

0000 010 Reserved for IPX

001 Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses

100 Reserved for Geographic-based Unicast addresses

1111 1110 10 Link-local addresses

1111 1110 11 Site-local addresses

1111 1111 Multicast addresses

Aggregatable GlobalUnicast Addresses

Top-Level Aggregator (TLA)

Next-Level Aggregator (NLA)

Site-Level Aggregator (SLA)

Host address

Special Unicast Addresses

IPv4-based

Loopback

Unspecified

Site local

Multicast Addresses

Flags

Scope

Group identifier

Fixed Length vs. Variable Length

Variable-length addresses increase IPv6 growth flexibility, but make it difficult to renumber networks in the provider-based Internet

Summary

Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses

Describe IPv6 address architecture

Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal, decimal and binary values

Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses

Identify address types in IPv6: unicast, multicast and anycast

Summary (cont’d)

Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format

Explain address hierarchy

Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802 addresses

Define the IPv6 multicast address format

Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast addresses

Discuss address renumbering advantages and disadvantages

Lesson 11:IPv6 Routing and Security

Objectives

Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address

Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept

Describe IPv6 multicast routing

Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4

Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using OSPF instead of RIP

Objectives (cont’d)

Specify IPv6 security features

Compare Internet-layer security to application-layer security

Discuss the functions of the Authentication and ESP extension headers

Identify Authentication extension header fields

Identify ESP extension header fields

IPv6 Routing

CIDR to aggregate network routes

Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy

Ensures routing tables are smaller because SLA routers can use NLA routers as default routes, and NLA routers can use TLA routers as default routes

Multicast Routing

ICMPv6 group management header includes the following fields:

- Type

- Code

- Checksum

- Maximum Response Delay

- Unused

- Multicast Address

IPv6 Routing Protocols

BGPv4 to IDRP

Updating interior routing protocols to work with IPv6

- OSPF

- RIP

IPv6 Security

Authentication

Confidentiality

Summary

Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address

Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept

Describe IPv6 multicast routing

Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4

Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using OSPF instead of RIP

Summary (cont’d)

Specify IPv6 security features

Compare Internet-layer security to application-layer security

Discuss the functions of the Authentication and ESP extension headers

Identify Authentication extension header fields

Identify ESP extension header fields

Lesson 12:Reduced Network

Management with IPv6

Objectives

Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead

Describe ND and its functions

Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4

Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6 message types

Define IPv6 plug and play

Objectives (cont’d)

Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration

Identify ICMPv6 message headers

Explain address resolution using ND

Compare ND with ARP

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

Allows hosts to find routers

Enables nodes to determine one another’s link layer addresses

Enables nodes to discover the existence of other nodes

Enables nodes to maintain reachability information

Provides nodes with path status to active neighbors

Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6

ICMPv6 header

ICMPv6 messages

Plug-and-PlayAutoconfiguration

Stateless autoconfiguration

Stateful configuration

Address Resolution

Neighbor Solicitation message header

Neighbor Advertisement message header

Summary

Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead

Describe ND and its functions

Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4

Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6 message types

Define IPv6 plug and play

Summary (cont’d)

Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration

Identify ICMPv6 message headers

Explain address resolution using ND

Compare ND with ARP

Lesson 13:Transitioning to IPv6

Objectives

Describe the SIT mechanisms

Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6 migration, including addressing and DNS

Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it will be supported

Explain the purpose of the 6Bone

Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone

Explain how to join the 6Bone

Simple InternetTransition Mechanisms

SIT features

SIT mchanisms

Dual IP Stacks

Dual IP stack support

IPv6 name service

IPv4 Address Compatibility

IPv6 address can embed in IPv4 addresses using a combination of:

- Dotted decimal formats

- Double colon formats

IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:The 6Bone

Tunneling process

Connecting to the 6Bone

Connecting to isolated hosts

Summary

Describe the SIT mechanisms

Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6 migration, including addressing and DNS

Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it will be supported

Explain the purpose of the 6Bone

Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone

Explain how to join the 6Bone

Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices

Routing

TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files, Protocols and Commands

Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks

Network Management Fundamentals

SNMP History, Process and Architecture

The Management Information Base (MIB)

SNMP in the Enterprise

Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices

IPv6—Introduction and IPv4 Comparison

IPv6 Address Architecture

IPv6 Header and Extension Headers

IPv6 Address Architecture

IPv6 Routing and Security

Reduced Network Management with IPv6

Transitioning to IPv6