advanced tcp/ip concepts and practices. lesson 1: routing
TRANSCRIPT
Advanced TCP/IPConcepts and Practices
Lesson 1:Routing
Objectives
Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing
Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables
Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table
Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category
Objectives (cont’d)
Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each
Identify the EGP and the BGPv4
Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols
Describe CIDR
Introduction to Routing
Direct routing
Indirect routing
- The traceroute command
Routing Process
Routing involves two key elements
- The sending host must know which router to use for a given destination; the router is determined by the default gateway
- The router must know where to send the packet; the destination is determined by the router’s routing information table
Routing Information Table
Router1 Router2 Router3
Network Z
Network Y
Network X
Router2Routing Information Table
Network Router HopsX Router1 2Y Router2 1Z Router3 2
Static vs. Dynamic Routing
The route command
The ping command
Routing and Packets
The network, transport, session, presentation and application layers remain unchanged during the routing process
Routing Protocols
Interior versus exterior protocols
- Interior routing protocols include RIP and OSPF
- Exterior routing protocols include EGP and BGP
Routing Information Protocol
RIPv1 header
RIPv1 versus RIPv2
How RIP works
Disadvantages of RIP
RIP Count-to-Infinity Disadvantage
Router1 Router2 Router3
Network X
Open Shortest Path First
Interior gateway routing protocol that uses IP directly
Overcomes many RIP shortcomings
Contains:
- Various types of service routing
- Load balancing
- Network areas
- Authenticated exchanges
- Routing table updates
Exterior Gateway Protocol
Used to communicate reachability information between autonomous systems
Has been largely replaced by BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
Used between the NSFnet backbone and some regional networks
Exchanges network reachability information with other BGP subsystems
Classless Interdomain Routing
Minimizes the number of routing table entries
Summarizes multiple IP addresses into single entry
Summary
Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing
Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables
Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table
Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category
Summary (cont’d)
Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each
Identify the EGP and the BGPv4
Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols
Describe CIDR
Lesson 2:TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files, Protocols
and Commands
Objectives
Describe useful network files
Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX and Windows NT platforms
Describe ICMP concepts and message types
Identify general network troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Identify name and address troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Useful Network Files
protocols (UNIX) and protocol (NT)
services
inetd.conf (UNIX only)
Internet Control Message Protocol
Source-quench error messages
Echo-request and echo-reply query messages
ICMP message types
Troubleshooting General Network Problems
Commands
-ping-traceroute or tracert-netstat
Troubleshooting Name and Address Problems
Commands
-ifconfig (Linux)
-ipconfig (Windows NT)
-arp-nslookup-hostname
Summary
Describe useful network files
Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX and Windows NT platforms
Describe ICMP concepts and message types
Identify general network troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Identify name and address troubleshooting commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Lesson 3:Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks
Objectives
Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications
Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion
Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity
Monitor network traffic and congestion
Objectives (cont’d)
Test performance and transfer time
Identify and isolate duplicate address problems
Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures
Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures
Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Performance Factors
Baseline
- A recording of network activity obtained through documentation and monitoring
- Serves as an example for comparing future network activity
Identifying Performance Degradation
System
Network
Client/server application
Establishing guidelines
System Environment
System hardware
- Processor
- Memory
- Network interface
- Disk
Operating system
Network Environment
Performance factors
- Protocol stack
- Routing architecture Routing protocol Routing configuration Routing hops
- Duplicate IP addresses
Client/Server Applications
Application architecture in terms of systems and networks
Application architecture in terms of modules (screens, routines)
Version control
Testing
Summary
Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications
Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion
Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity
Monitor network traffic and congestion
Summary (cont’d)
Test performance and transfer time
Identify and isolate duplicate address problems
Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures
Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures
Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Lesson 4:Network Management
Fundamentals
Objectives
Explain the importance of network management
Identify effective management strategy components
Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model
Describe OSI network management model elements
Define the network management architecture types
Network Management
The ideal network management protocol
- Proprietary solutions
- Open solutions
Management Functional Areas (MFAs)
Network Management Model
Managed nodes
Agents
- Traversals and traps
- Polling
- Proxy agents
- Gateway agents
Information base
NMS
Information Baseon a Managed Node
Network Management Architecture
Centralized architecture
Distributed architecture
Hierarchical architecture
Centralized Management Architecture Model
NMS
Agent Agent Agent Agent
Summary
Explain the importance of network management
Identify effective management strategy components
Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model
Describe OSI network management model elements
Define the network management architecture types
Lesson 5:SNMP History,
Process and Architecture
Objectives
Discuss the history of SNMP
Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER
Summarize the SNMP process
Describe the SNMP architecture
Identify key SNMP communication methods
Install an industry-standard NMS
Install an SNMP agent
Popularity of SNMP
Simplicity
Wide industry support
Wise use of resources
Standardization and stability
Centralized administration
Portability
History of SNMP
Chronology
SNMPv1
SNMPv2
SNMPv3
SNMP extensions
The Structure of Management Information
The object identifier
Naming an object: OIDs and the MIB tree
Creating an MIB: Syntax and encoding
The SNMP Process
Querying MIB variables
NMS-to-agent PDUs
Agent-to-NMS PDUs
Instance identification
Network discovery
The network map
The NMS management database
Security and the NMS application
SNMP Architecture
The SNMP message
SNMP and TCP/IP
UDP ports and communication
Common NMS Applications
SNMPUTIL
Ipswitch Ping Pro
Ipswitch WhatsUp Gold
Scotty
HP OpenView
NetScout
IBM AIX NetView/6000
SunNetManager product architecture
Agents and Windows NT Server 4.0
Configuring an SNMP agent in Windows NT Server
- Agent tab
- Traps tab
- Security tab
SNMP agents and Windows 95/98
SNMP Agents and UNIX
snmpd.agentinfo
snmpd.conf
rc.local
inetd.conf
Agents andInternetworking
Routers and SNMP support
Smart hubs
Managed hubs
RMON and RMON2 specifications
Summary
Discuss the history of SNMP
Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER
Summarize the SNMP process
Describe the SNMP architecture
Identify key SNMP communication methods
Install an industry-standard NMS
Install an SNMP agent
Lesson 6:The Management Information Base
Objectives
Describe the MIB tree in detail
Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe OIDs
Describe specific MIB groups
Define MIB terminology
Explain the MIB query process
Access SNMP information
The MIB Tree
The ISO branch
The Internet node and its children
MIB Terminology
MIB-I
MIB-II
MIB Groups
Groups residing off the enterprises group
- Vendor sub-groups
Groups residing off the management group
- System group; interfaces group; address translation group; IP group; ICMP group; TCP group; UDP group; EGP group; CMOT group; transmission group; SNMP group
Accessing MIB Variables
Accessing simple variables
Accessing array variables
Summary
Describe the MIB tree in detail
Describe the purpose of an OID, and describe OIDs
Describe specific MIB groups
Define MIB terminology
Explain the MIB query process
Access SNMP information
Lesson 7:SNMP in
the Enterprise
Objectives
Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats
Describe the construction of a PDU
Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs
List the common SNMPv1 error messages
Discuss SNMPv1 and security
Implement SNMP on a network
Describe RMON and identify its goals
SNMPv1 Message Format
GetRequest
GetNextRequest
GetResponse
SetRequest
Trap
SNMPv1 error messages
SNMPv1 Drawbacks
Security- Trivial authentication: the community
name- Lack of encryption- Practical concerns
Limited communication paths
No multiprotocol support
SNMPv2 and SNMPv3
Defining RMON
Remote NetworkMonitoring MIB (RMON)
What is RMON?
RMON goals
Summary
Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats
Describe the construction of a PDU
Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs
List the common SNMPv1 error messages
Discuss SNMPv1 and security
Implement SNMP on a network
Describe RMON and identify its goals
Lesson 8:IPv6—Introduction
and IPv4 Comparison
Objectives
Describe the need for IPv6
Explain the IPv6 history
Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6 headers
Identify removed, revised and new header fields in IPv6
Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with IPv6
The Need for IPv6
Methodology for determining required number of IP addresses
History of IPv6
Candidates
- TUBA
- CATNIP
- SIPP
The decision
IPv4 vs. IPv6: Key Differences
IPv4 header
IPv6 header
IPv4 Removed Fields
Fixed format for IP headers
No header checksum
No hop-by-hop segmentation
No Type of Service field
IPv4 Revised Fields
Datagram Length field Payload Length field
Protocol field Next Header field
Time To Live field Hop Limit field
IPv6 New Fields
Flow Label field
Class field
Summary
Describe the need for IPv6
Explain the IPv6 history
Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6 headers
Identify removed, revised and new header fields in IPv6
Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with IPv6
Lesson 9:IPv6 Header and
Extension Headers
Objectives
Define each IPv6 header field and its function
Identify IPv6 extension header types
Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options, Routing, and Fragment extension headers
Explain how IPv6 extension header types affect routing performance
Objectives (cont’d)
Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance
Download and install Windows NT IPv6 stack
Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT Network Monitor
Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them
Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6 packets
IPv6 Header in Detail
Version
Class
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
IPv6 Extension Headers
Hop-by-Hop extension header
Destination Options extension header
Routing extension header
Fragment extension header
IPv6 Extension Header Order
1. IPv6
2. Hop-by-Hop
3. Destination Options
4. Routing
5. Fragment
6. Authentication
7. Encapsulating Security Payload
8. Destination Options
9. Upper-layer
Windows NT and IPv6
IPv6 utilities
-ipv6-ping6-tracert6-ttcp
Linuxand IPv6
Linux 2.2.12-20 (Red Hat Linux 6.1) kernel requires upgrading to support IPv6
Linux 2.2.14-5.0 (Red Hat Linux 6.2) kernel allows users to reconfigure the kernel to support IPv6
Summary
Define each IPv6 header field and its function
Identify IPv6 extension header types
Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options, Routing, and Fragment extension headers
Explain how IPv6 extension header types affect routing performance
Summary (cont’d)
Identify IPv6 extension header order and explain its significance
Download and install Windows NT IPv6 stack
Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT Network Monitor
Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them
Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with IPv6 packets
Lesson 10:IPv6 Address Architecture
Objectives
Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses
Describe IPv6 address architecture
Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal, decimal and binary values
Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses
Identify address types in IPv6: unicast, multicast and anycast
Objectives (cont’d)
Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format
Explain address hierarchy
Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802 addresses
Define the IPv6 multicast address format
Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast addresses
Discuss address renumbering advantages and disadvantages
IPv4 vs. IPv6 Addresses
Length
Notation
Number system
Hexadecimal Values
Hexadecimal Value Decimal Equivalent
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15
IPv6 Address Abbreviation
Double-colon convention
Expanding IPv6 addresses
Address Types
Unicast
Multicast
Anycast
IPv6 Address Assignments
Address Prefix Definition
0000 0000 Reserved
0000 001 Reserved for NSAP
0000 010 Reserved for IPX
001 Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses
100 Reserved for Geographic-based Unicast addresses
1111 1110 10 Link-local addresses
1111 1110 11 Site-local addresses
1111 1111 Multicast addresses
Aggregatable GlobalUnicast Addresses
Top-Level Aggregator (TLA)
Next-Level Aggregator (NLA)
Site-Level Aggregator (SLA)
Host address
Special Unicast Addresses
IPv4-based
Loopback
Unspecified
Site local
Multicast Addresses
Flags
Scope
Group identifier
Fixed Length vs. Variable Length
Variable-length addresses increase IPv6 growth flexibility, but make it difficult to renumber networks in the provider-based Internet
Summary
Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with IPv6 addresses
Describe IPv6 address architecture
Convert IPv6 addresses between hexadecimal, decimal and binary values
Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses
Identify address types in IPv6: unicast, multicast and anycast
Summary (cont’d)
Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast address format
Explain address hierarchy
Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE 802 addresses
Define the IPv6 multicast address format
Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast addresses
Discuss address renumbering advantages and disadvantages
Lesson 11:IPv6 Routing and Security
Objectives
Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address
Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept
Describe IPv6 multicast routing
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Objectives (cont’d)
Specify IPv6 security features
Compare Internet-layer security to application-layer security
Discuss the functions of the Authentication and ESP extension headers
Identify Authentication extension header fields
Identify ESP extension header fields
IPv6 Routing
CIDR to aggregate network routes
Aggregatable Routing Hierarchy
Ensures routing tables are smaller because SLA routers can use NLA routers as default routes, and NLA routers can use TLA routers as default routes
Multicast Routing
ICMPv6 group management header includes the following fields:
- Type
- Code
- Checksum
- Maximum Response Delay
- Unused
- Multicast Address
IPv6 Routing Protocols
BGPv4 to IDRP
Updating interior routing protocols to work with IPv6
- OSPF
- RIP
IPv6 Security
Authentication
Confidentiality
Summary
Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the TLA in the IPv6 address
Describe the aggregatable routing hierarchy concept
Describe IPv6 multicast routing
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Summary (cont’d)
Specify IPv6 security features
Compare Internet-layer security to application-layer security
Discuss the functions of the Authentication and ESP extension headers
Identify Authentication extension header fields
Identify ESP extension header fields
Lesson 12:Reduced Network
Management with IPv6
Objectives
Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead
Describe ND and its functions
Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4
Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6 message types
Define IPv6 plug and play
Objectives (cont’d)
Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration
Identify ICMPv6 message headers
Explain address resolution using ND
Compare ND with ARP
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Allows hosts to find routers
Enables nodes to determine one another’s link layer addresses
Enables nodes to discover the existence of other nodes
Enables nodes to maintain reachability information
Provides nodes with path status to active neighbors
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6
ICMPv6 header
ICMPv6 messages
Plug-and-PlayAutoconfiguration
Stateless autoconfiguration
Stateful configuration
Address Resolution
Neighbor Solicitation message header
Neighbor Advertisement message header
Summary
Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network management overhead
Describe ND and its functions
Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4
Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6 message types
Define IPv6 plug and play
Summary (cont’d)
Describe Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and explain how they function with stateless autoconfiguration
Identify ICMPv6 message headers
Explain address resolution using ND
Compare ND with ARP
Lesson 13:Transitioning to IPv6
Objectives
Describe the SIT mechanisms
Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6 migration, including addressing and DNS
Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it will be supported
Explain the purpose of the 6Bone
Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone
Explain how to join the 6Bone
Simple InternetTransition Mechanisms
SIT features
SIT mchanisms
Dual IP Stacks
Dual IP stack support
IPv6 name service
IPv4 Address Compatibility
IPv6 address can embed in IPv4 addresses using a combination of:
- Dotted decimal formats
- Double colon formats
IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:The 6Bone
Tunneling process
Connecting to the 6Bone
Connecting to isolated hosts
Summary
Describe the SIT mechanisms
Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6 migration, including addressing and DNS
Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how it will be supported
Explain the purpose of the 6Bone
Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone
Explain how to join the 6Bone
Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices
Routing
TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files, Protocols and Commands
Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks
Network Management Fundamentals
SNMP History, Process and Architecture
The Management Information Base (MIB)
SNMP in the Enterprise
Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices
IPv6—Introduction and IPv4 Comparison
IPv6 Address Architecture
IPv6 Header and Extension Headers
IPv6 Address Architecture
IPv6 Routing and Security
Reduced Network Management with IPv6
Transitioning to IPv6