acm dl99 - august 12, 1999 variations a digital music library system at indiana university jon w....
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ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
VARIATIONSA Digital Music Library System at
Indiana University
Jon W. Dunn
Constance A. Mayer
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
VARIATIONS: Introduction• Digital library of music sound recordings
• Developed in conjunction with design of a new physical music library facility; access currently limited to that facility
• Used daily by large student population– New way of providing access to a basic music
library function (listening reserves)
• Online since 1996
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Outline of talk
• Background
• Access scenarios
• Technical implementation
• User experiences
• Conclusions, future work
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Context• Other audio-based music library efforts
– JUKEBOX (EC), PATRON (Surrey, UK)– E-Reserves: Berkeley, Wisconsin, Columbia, UCSD,
Virginia, ...
• Other music library projects– Sheet music: Johns Hopkins, Duke, LC, Berkeley,
UNC-CH– Encoding: CCARH - Stanford– Notation search/analysis: NZDL, HUMDRUM, ...
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Context
• Indiana University School of Music– Largest in US: 1600 students, 140 faculty– strong academic and performance programs
• Cook Music Library– Collection in top 5 in US
• 320,000 cataloged print items
• 130,000 cataloged sound recordings
– Very high usage, circulation
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Background
• Burroughs and Fenske, 1990
• VARIATIONS Name– Theme and Variations– Variety of information formats for music
• Networked access for the music student or scholar to sound recordings, scores, textual materials, video recordings
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Focus on audio
• High demand portion of collection– Circulation of over 5500/month from closed
stacks
• Fragile formats
• Lack of previous work; uniqueness
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Focus on audio reserves• Half of sound recording use from reserves• Problems with existing practices
– Cassette tape dubs, analog distribution systems
• Concentrated use of a few items at any given time• Pilot online in April 1996, more in Fall
– Currently: 5500 titles, 6600 hours of audio– Opera, songs, instrumental music, jazz, rock, world
music
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Why use existing catalog?
• Physical items already MARC-cataloged in NOTIS online catalog system
• Users familiar with search strategies
• Search method independent of whether item is available physically or electronically
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Disadvantages of using catalog
• Varying levels of detail in individual records; arrangement of information sometimes confusing
• Search strategies often confusing to the novice
• Lack of functionality in Web/Z39.50 interface in NOTIS
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Technical implementation
• Strategies– Integrate rather than develop– Use off-the-shelf hardware and software– Sustainability– Single technology vendor for emerging
technologies (IBM)
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Audio capture
• Performed in-house• Variety of source formats
– LP, reel-to-reel, cassette, DAT, CD
• Hardware: PC, sound card, CD-ROM drive• Software: Sound Forge, Disc-to-Disk• Format: WAV, 44.1 kHz 16-bit stereo• Track timings and names recorded by
technician
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Processing
• CD-quality WAV files compressed to MPEG-1 layer 2 (near CD-quality)– 1.4 Mbps 384 kbps
• Track timing information stored in “metadata file”
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Information architecture
MARC bib. recordAAT9025
Metadata fileAAT9025
Sound fileAAT9025A
Sound fileAAT9025B
Sound fileAAT9025C
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Metadata
• Descriptive– MARC record (composer, title, performer,
subject headings, …)
• Structural– Metadata file (track names and timings)
• Administrative– Metadata file (date digitized, file format,
equipment used, copyright notice, …)
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
MARC RecordBM FMT M RT j BL m T/C DT 01/28/91 R/DT 10/08/98 STAT nm E/L DCF a D/S D SRC d PLACE nyu LANG MOD T/AUD REPRO D/CODE p DT/1 1987 DT/2 1986 F/COMP mu SCORE n A/MAT ehi L/TEXT 007 GMD s SMD d O/R ? SP f SND s GRV n DIM g WID n TAPE n TYPE m MAT l CUT n R/CH e C/ST d
024/1:1 : |a 7559791442 028/1:03: |a 79144-2 |b Elektra Nonesuch 028/2:00: |a 9 79144-2 |b Elektra Nonesuch 033/1:0 : |a 198611-- |b 4364 |c S5 035/1: : |a (OCoLC)ocm19236651 040: : |a YUU |c YUU |d CPL |d OCL |d IUL 045:1 : |b d1985 |b d1973 |b d19800103 047: : |a df |a hy 048/1: : |a oa 099/1: : |a CD |a .A214 |a Ge 100:10: |a Adams, John, |d 1947- 240:10: |a Orchestra music. |k Selections 245:14: |a The Chairman dances : |b foxtrot for orchestra ; Christian zeal andactivity ; Two fanfares for orchestra ; Common tones in simple time |h <soundrecording> / |c John Adams. 260:0 : |a New York, N.Y. : |b Elektra Nonesuch, |c p1987. 300/1: : |a 1 sound disc : |b digital ; |c 4 3/4 in. 306: : |a 001227 |a 001000 |a 000411 |a 000413 |a 002037 500/1: : |a Elektra Nonesuch: 79144-2 (on container: 9 79144-2). 500/2: : |a The 2nd work based on the hymn Onward Christian soldiers.
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
MARC Record511/3:0 : |a San Francisco Symphony ; Edo de Waart, conductor. 518/4: : |a Recorded Nov. 1986, at Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco. 500/5: : |a Compact disc. 500/6: : |a Durations: 12:27; 10:00; 4:11; 4:13; 20:37. 500/7: : |a Program notes by Michael Steinberg (<8> p.) inserted in container. 505/8:2 : |a Two fanfares for orchestra. Tromba lontana ; Short ride in a fastmachine. 650/1: 0: |a Orchestral music. 600/2:10: |a Mao, Tse-tung, |d 1893-1976 |x Songs and music. 650/3: 0: |a Fox trots. 650/4: 0: |a Hymns |x Instrumental settings. 650/5: 0: |a Fanfares. 650/6: 0: |a Dance orchestra music. 700/1:10: |a Waart, Edo de. |4 cnd 700/2:12: |a Adams, John, |d 1947- |t Chairman dances. 700/3:12: |a Adams, John, |d 1947- |t American standard. |p Christian zeal andactivity. 700/4:12: |a Adams, John, |d 1947- |t Tromba lontana. 700/5:12: |a Adams, John, |d 1947- |t Short ride in a fast machine. 710/7:20: |a San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. |4 prf 740/8:01: |a Christian zeal and activity. 740/9:01: |a Common tones in simple time. 740/10:01: |a Tromba lontana. 740/11:01: |a Short ride in a fast machine. 856/1:7 : |u http://www.music.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/var/access?ABE7278 |2 http
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Metadata file# ABE7278A CWB 1-12-95
Author=Adams, John, 1947-Title=<Orchestra music. Selections>Equipment=D2DMediaType=Audio
[Track 1]TrackTitle=Adams, The Chairman Dances (Foxtrot for Orchestra)Offset=0
[Track 2]TrackTitle=Adams, Christian Zeal and ActivityOffset=750774
[Track 3]WorkTitle=Adams, Two Fanfares for OrchestraTrackTitle=Tromba lontanaOffset=1362601
[Track 4]TrackTitle=Short Ride in a Fast MachineOffset=1619040
...
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Content storage
• Two levels:– Archive server
• IBM RS/6000 server, 3494 automated tape library, two 3590 drives (5 TB capacity)
• IBM ADSM storage management software
– Playback server• IBM RS/6000 server, 130GB disk
• Multimedia Server for AIX (initially): NFS
• IBM VideoCharger (now): RTP/RTSP streaming
Archive server(ADSM)
VRS
VideoCharger
Playback server
Player
Web server
Client
Browser
Content access
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Performance
• May 1, 1998 - May 1, 1999:– Playback server cache hit rate: 83%– Mean time for retrieval of file from archive:
3 minutes
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Client• Hardware
– Pentium PC, sound card (ideally a good one!)– ATM or Switched Ethernet
• Software– Standard web browser– MPEG decoder (e.g. MS DirectShow)– VARIATIONS Player helper application
• Visual C++, VideoCharger or QuickTime 4 API for streaming access
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
User reaction
• Usage statistics
• Feedback via web form, informal comments by students and faculty and observations by library staff
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Usage statistics
Reserve Sound RecordingCirculation
General Collection SoundRecording Circulation
VARIATIONS PlayerLaunches
July-Dec. 1995 16000 16875 0Jan.-June 1996 18782 12345 6028July-Dec. 1996 7289 14882 53719Jan.-June 1997 9024 13663 55905July-Dec. 1997 4241 15087 80144Jan.-June 1998 4722 13395 81941July-Dec. 1998 4797 13235 89690Jan.-June 1999 3843 11232 101696
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Usage statistics
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
July-Dec.1995
Jan.-June1996
July-Dec.1996
Jan.-June1997
July-Dec.1997
Jan.-June1998
July-Dec.1998
Jan.-June1999
Reserve SoundRecording Circulation
General CollectionSound RecordingCirculation
VARIATIONS PlayerLaunches
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Usage statistics
• Average use per day: ~400 player launches, over 6000/day during exams
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Feedback
• Most common: problem reports on specific files or computers
• Desire for expanded access
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Future work
• Expand data formats:– Liner note images, score images, score notation
files, MIDI files, video– Score image pilot currently in progress
• Integration of content-based search tools
• Standards for music metadata
• Access to content by applications
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Future work
• Expand access– Other locations on campus
• faculty offices, computer labs, dorm rooms, etc.
– Off-campus– Other institutions - Internet2
• Resource sharing, distributed collections, ILL
ACM DL99 - August 12, 1999
Future work
• Intellectual property– Fair use and other copyright exceptions– Licensing– Complexity of music copyright
• Multiple rights holders and collectives
– Technical facilities for complying with exceptions or license terms
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