a lighting designer's guide to controls by andrea hartranft, paula ziegenbein and amanda mclean

Designers Light Forum

A Lighting Designer’s Guide to Controls

Andrea Hartranft, Paula Ziegenbein, Amanda McLean3/28/2017

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CESfor continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any

material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

LearningObjectives

1. Attendees will learn the different approaches and technologies involved with solid state products and the associated terminology

2. Attendees will learn the positive and negative aspects to each control approach

3. Attendees will learn the basics of designing a lighting control system

4. Attendees will learn the cost and installation implications of each controls approach

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

LED DRIVER TO LED MODULECONSTANT CURRENT – 1:1 SITUATIONSCONSTANT VOLTAGE – LINEAR SITUATIONS

CONTROL VOCABULARY PART I

CONSTANT VOLTAGE

Constant Voltage Output 12V & 24V –TYPICAL for LED signage modules, tape, etc.

Current regulation electronics on LED module

CONSTANT CURRENT

Constant Current Output – can often be programmed to deliver different light output

Current regulation in driver/power supply

CONSTANT CURRENT DIMMING TYPES

• PWM – PULSE WIDTH MODULATION • RAPIDLY TURN POWER ON

AND OFF

• CONSTANT CURRENT REDUCTION • STEADY REDUCTION OF

CURRENT“analog” dimming

2 examples – 25% “dimmed”

LED DRIVER TO LED LOAD CONTROL (DIMMER/PANEL)

CONTROL VOCABULARY PART II

CONTROL TYPES – TWO APPROACHES

• Combined AC power and control signal– Phase-Cut

•Forward phase or Reverse phase

• Separate AC power and control signal– Fluorescent 3-Wire– 0-10V– DALI– DMX512

FORWARD PHASE/LEADING EDGEIncandescent/Magnetic Low Voltage (MLV) style of dimming

• MOST COMMON DIMMER TYPE

• LEAST EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE

• MOST LIKELY TO HAVE PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

• FLICKER• INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO CUTTING

INTO THE HALF CYLCE WHEN TURNING ON)

Dimmer

PHASE CUT DIMMER EXAMPLES

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

REVERSE PHASE/TRAILING EDGEElectronic Low Voltage (ELV) style of dimming

• OFTEN PERFORMS BETTER THAN FORWARD PHASE

• MORE EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE

• LESSENED INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO CUTTING INTO THE HALF CYCLE WHEN TURNING OFF, NOT ON)

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

PHASE CUT DIMMING USER PROBLEMS

• Dimming range• Dead travel• Pop-on• Drop-out• Popcorn• Ghosting• Flashing/Strobing

• Induced Flicker• Audible noise• Dimming smoothness• Dimming monotonicity• Dimming up/down symmetry• Dimmer loading• LED load -dimmer inoperability• Premature failure of dimmer

and/or LED load

DIMMER LOADING

• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD

INRUSH CURRENTREPETITIVE PEAK CURRENT

• NEMA 410 STANDARD

DIMMER LOADING

• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD

COMMON DIMMING TECHNOLOGIES

• Coincident AC power and control signal–Sine wave (long obsolete)–Phase-Cut

•Forward phase or reverse phase•2-Wire or 3-Wire

• Separate AC power and control signal–Fluorescent 3-Wire–0-10V–DALI–POE–DMX512

0-10V CONTROL

• OFTEN USED FOR SWITCHING AND DIMMING

• 2 POWER WIRES AND 2 LOW VOLTAGE CONTROL WIRES

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

0-10V CONTROL

• IEC 60929 STANDARD• 10V - HIGH END - 100%• 0V - LOW END (???)• VOLTAGE LEVELS IN BETWEEN - ??? (NOT DEFINED)

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

MEASURED VS. PERCIEVED LIGHT

0-10V CONTROL

• IEC 60929 STANDARD• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT • CONTROL SINKS CURRENT

• ESTA E1.3 (THEATRICAL STANDARD)• DRIVER SINKS CURRENT• CONTROL SOURCES CURRENT• NOT COMPATIBLE WITH MOST

ARCHITECTURAL DIMMING SYSTEMS

Source Sink

SourceSink

0-10V CONTROL

• IEC 60929 STANDARD• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT • CONTROL SINKS CURRENT

0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

0-10V CONTROL – DIMMER OPTION• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

C

C

C

0-10V CONTROL – ROOM CONTROLLER• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

RELAY/DIM PANEL

PHOTOSENSOR

WALL CONTROL SCENE CONTROLLEROCC SENSOR

C

C

C

DALI/DALI PLUS

• IECC 62386

• INDIVIDUAL CONTROL OF EACH FIXTURE

• 2-WAY COMMUNICATION ALLOWS FOR INCREASED REPORTING

• TYPICALLY REQUIRES COMMISSIONING

• CAN RESULT IN PROPRIETARY SITUATION – DRIVER + CONTROLLER BY SAME MANUFACTURER

DALI CONTROL • DIGITAL ADDRESSES ASSIGNED INDEPENDENT OF WIRING

TO BRANCH CIRCUIT POWER AND DALI CONTROLLER

POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE)

• STADARDIZED SYSTEM PASSING ELECTRIC POWER AND DATA OVER TWISTED PAIR ETHERNET CABLING

• IEEE 802.3 STANDARD• UP TO 25.5W (2009)• UP TO 100W (∼2017)

DMX 512A

• ANSI STANDARD E1.11

• TYPICALLY USED IN THEATRICAL APPLICATIONS

• INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE AND INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL CONTROL

• FAST AND CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATION

• ALWAYS REQUIRES COMISSIONING

• RDM - Remote Device Management • Enhancement to DMX512 –

two way communication

TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT

• What is it?• Dim-to-warm• Tunable white• Full color tunable

• Why are we doing this? • Matching preferred sources (persistence of aesthetics and behavior )• Achieving user preferences (individualized)• Biological & physiological impacts• Creating drama

• Issues & Opportunities:• Selectable CCT & Late Stage Configuration• Who has these products• How do we control?• Circadian Lighting (Light & Human Factors)

TUNABLE WHITE LIGHTDim to warm:

Mimic incandescent or halogen dimming performance, 2700-3000K at full output to as low as 1800K (the color of candlelight)

ControllingFwd/reverse phase control (LEDr)0-10V controls DALIWireless

TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT

Vary CCT from from 2200-2700K to 5000K- 6500KTwo (sometimes 3) individually controllable phosphor converted white LEDs or LED strings of different CCTs:

Controls are a critical element Algorithms built in to the driverSeparate control of

1. Intensity level 2. Color

The most common control protocols are 0-10V, DMX, DALI, control protocol, wireless

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

FULL COLOR TUNABLE

Also referred to as RGB, RGBA, RGBW, spectrally tunable, or color changing

Typically three or more different, individually variable LED primaries

Very narrow band LEDs (R-G-B)Monochromatic but with phosphor coatings (e.g., a “mint” green)

Create a mixture of light that is white, a tint of white, or a saturated hue

Requires more complex interfaces DMX, DALI, or wireless with high resolution is required

CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS AND COMPONENTS

CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Load Controller(s)• Power Packs• Room Controllers• Panels

• User Controller(s)• Dimmers• Keypads• Scene and Zone Controllers

• Sensor(s)• Occupancy/Vacancy• Daylight (interior and exterior)• Partition

• Interface(s)• Audio Visual (AV)• Shades (motorized or automated)• BMS/BAS

NETWORK LIGHTING CONTROL BACKBONE DEVICES• BRIDGE • GATEWAY• SOFTWARE

UP TO 64

UP TO 64

BRIDGE GATEWAY

SOFTWARE

DIGITAL CONTROLANALOG CONTROL ANALOG CONTROL ANALOG CONTROL

TO WIRE OR NOT TO WIRE…

WIRED • CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING COMMUNICATION WIRES• POWER IS EITHER LOW VOLTAGE OR LINE VOLTAGE

WIRELESS• CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING RADIO WAVES (RF) COMMUNICATION• POWER IS EITHER BATTERY POWERED OR THROUGH KINETIC ENERGY

NETWORK CONTROL

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

• BACNET

• MODBUS

INTEGRATION WITH BMS THROUGH -• BRIDGES AND GATEWAYS• DIRECT WIRED COMMUNICATION• ALWAYS THINK ABOUT WHO IS PROGAMMING

A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

Multiple Control Systems

• Architectural Lighting Control System

• Theatrical Lighting Control System

• Mechanical BMS System

• Which system is “in charge”? • How do they communicate – contact closures? RS232? BACnet? • Who is doing the integration and programming?

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course