a lighting designer's guide to controls by andrea hartranft, paula ziegenbein and amanda mclean
TRANSCRIPT
Designers Light Forum
A Lighting Designer’s Guide to Controls
Andrea Hartranft, Paula Ziegenbein, Amanda McLean3/28/2017
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CESfor continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
LearningObjectives
1. Attendees will learn the different approaches and technologies involved with solid state products and the associated terminology
2. Attendees will learn the positive and negative aspects to each control approach
3. Attendees will learn the basics of designing a lighting control system
4. Attendees will learn the cost and installation implications of each controls approach
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
LED DRIVER TO LED MODULECONSTANT CURRENT – 1:1 SITUATIONSCONSTANT VOLTAGE – LINEAR SITUATIONS
CONTROL VOCABULARY PART I
CONSTANT VOLTAGE
Constant Voltage Output 12V & 24V –TYPICAL for LED signage modules, tape, etc.
Current regulation electronics on LED module
CONSTANT CURRENT
Constant Current Output – can often be programmed to deliver different light output
Current regulation in driver/power supply
CONSTANT CURRENT DIMMING TYPES
• PWM – PULSE WIDTH MODULATION • RAPIDLY TURN POWER ON
AND OFF
• CONSTANT CURRENT REDUCTION • STEADY REDUCTION OF
CURRENT“analog” dimming
2 examples – 25% “dimmed”
LED DRIVER TO LED LOAD CONTROL (DIMMER/PANEL)
CONTROL VOCABULARY PART II
CONTROL TYPES – TWO APPROACHES
• Combined AC power and control signal– Phase-Cut
•Forward phase or Reverse phase
• Separate AC power and control signal– Fluorescent 3-Wire– 0-10V– DALI– DMX512
FORWARD PHASE/LEADING EDGEIncandescent/Magnetic Low Voltage (MLV) style of dimming
• MOST COMMON DIMMER TYPE
• LEAST EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE
• MOST LIKELY TO HAVE PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS
• FLICKER• INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO CUTTING
INTO THE HALF CYLCE WHEN TURNING ON)
Dimmer
PHASE CUT DIMMER EXAMPLES
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
REVERSE PHASE/TRAILING EDGEElectronic Low Voltage (ELV) style of dimming
• OFTEN PERFORMS BETTER THAN FORWARD PHASE
• MORE EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE
• LESSENED INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO CUTTING INTO THE HALF CYCLE WHEN TURNING OFF, NOT ON)
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
PHASE CUT DIMMING USER PROBLEMS
• Dimming range• Dead travel• Pop-on• Drop-out• Popcorn• Ghosting• Flashing/Strobing
• Induced Flicker• Audible noise• Dimming smoothness• Dimming monotonicity• Dimming up/down symmetry• Dimmer loading• LED load -dimmer inoperability• Premature failure of dimmer
and/or LED load
DIMMER LOADING
• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD
INRUSH CURRENTREPETITIVE PEAK CURRENT
• NEMA 410 STANDARD
DIMMER LOADING
• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD
COMMON DIMMING TECHNOLOGIES
• Coincident AC power and control signal–Sine wave (long obsolete)–Phase-Cut
•Forward phase or reverse phase•2-Wire or 3-Wire
• Separate AC power and control signal–Fluorescent 3-Wire–0-10V–DALI–POE–DMX512
0-10V CONTROL
• OFTEN USED FOR SWITCHING AND DIMMING
• 2 POWER WIRES AND 2 LOW VOLTAGE CONTROL WIRES
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD• 10V - HIGH END - 100%• 0V - LOW END (???)• VOLTAGE LEVELS IN BETWEEN - ??? (NOT DEFINED)
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
MEASURED VS. PERCIEVED LIGHT
0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT • CONTROL SINKS CURRENT
• ESTA E1.3 (THEATRICAL STANDARD)• DRIVER SINKS CURRENT• CONTROL SOURCES CURRENT• NOT COMPATIBLE WITH MOST
ARCHITECTURAL DIMMING SYSTEMS
Source Sink
SourceSink
0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT • CONTROL SINKS CURRENT
0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
0-10V CONTROL• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
0-10V CONTROL – DIMMER OPTION• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
C
C
C
0-10V CONTROL – ROOM CONTROLLER• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
RELAY/DIM PANEL
PHOTOSENSOR
WALL CONTROL SCENE CONTROLLEROCC SENSOR
C
C
C
DALI/DALI PLUS
• IECC 62386
• INDIVIDUAL CONTROL OF EACH FIXTURE
• 2-WAY COMMUNICATION ALLOWS FOR INCREASED REPORTING
• TYPICALLY REQUIRES COMMISSIONING
• CAN RESULT IN PROPRIETARY SITUATION – DRIVER + CONTROLLER BY SAME MANUFACTURER
DALI CONTROL • DIGITAL ADDRESSES ASSIGNED INDEPENDENT OF WIRING
TO BRANCH CIRCUIT POWER AND DALI CONTROLLER
POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE)
• STADARDIZED SYSTEM PASSING ELECTRIC POWER AND DATA OVER TWISTED PAIR ETHERNET CABLING
• IEEE 802.3 STANDARD• UP TO 25.5W (2009)• UP TO 100W (∼2017)
DMX 512A
• ANSI STANDARD E1.11
• TYPICALLY USED IN THEATRICAL APPLICATIONS
• INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE AND INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL CONTROL
• FAST AND CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATION
• ALWAYS REQUIRES COMISSIONING
• RDM - Remote Device Management • Enhancement to DMX512 –
two way communication
TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT
• What is it?• Dim-to-warm• Tunable white• Full color tunable
• Why are we doing this? • Matching preferred sources (persistence of aesthetics and behavior )• Achieving user preferences (individualized)• Biological & physiological impacts• Creating drama
• Issues & Opportunities:• Selectable CCT & Late Stage Configuration• Who has these products• How do we control?• Circadian Lighting (Light & Human Factors)
TUNABLE WHITE LIGHTDim to warm:
Mimic incandescent or halogen dimming performance, 2700-3000K at full output to as low as 1800K (the color of candlelight)
ControllingFwd/reverse phase control (LEDr)0-10V controls DALIWireless
TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT
Vary CCT from from 2200-2700K to 5000K- 6500KTwo (sometimes 3) individually controllable phosphor converted white LEDs or LED strings of different CCTs:
Controls are a critical element Algorithms built in to the driverSeparate control of
1. Intensity level 2. Color
The most common control protocols are 0-10V, DMX, DALI, control protocol, wireless
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
FULL COLOR TUNABLE
Also referred to as RGB, RGBA, RGBW, spectrally tunable, or color changing
Typically three or more different, individually variable LED primaries
Very narrow band LEDs (R-G-B)Monochromatic but with phosphor coatings (e.g., a “mint” green)
Create a mixture of light that is white, a tint of white, or a saturated hue
Requires more complex interfaces DMX, DALI, or wireless with high resolution is required
CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS AND COMPONENTS
CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Load Controller(s)• Power Packs• Room Controllers• Panels
• User Controller(s)• Dimmers• Keypads• Scene and Zone Controllers
• Sensor(s)• Occupancy/Vacancy• Daylight (interior and exterior)• Partition
• Interface(s)• Audio Visual (AV)• Shades (motorized or automated)• BMS/BAS
NETWORK LIGHTING CONTROL BACKBONE DEVICES• BRIDGE • GATEWAY• SOFTWARE
UP TO 64
UP TO 64
BRIDGE GATEWAY
SOFTWARE
DIGITAL CONTROLANALOG CONTROL ANALOG CONTROL ANALOG CONTROL
TO WIRE OR NOT TO WIRE…
WIRED • CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING COMMUNICATION WIRES• POWER IS EITHER LOW VOLTAGE OR LINE VOLTAGE
WIRELESS• CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING RADIO WAVES (RF) COMMUNICATION• POWER IS EITHER BATTERY POWERED OR THROUGH KINETIC ENERGY
NETWORK CONTROL
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
• BACNET
• MODBUS
INTEGRATION WITH BMS THROUGH -• BRIDGES AND GATEWAYS• DIRECT WIRED COMMUNICATION• ALWAYS THINK ABOUT WHO IS PROGAMMING
A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…
Multiple Control Systems
• Architectural Lighting Control System
• Theatrical Lighting Control System
• Mechanical BMS System
• Which system is “in charge”? • How do they communicate – contact closures? RS232? BACnet? • Who is doing the integration and programming?
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course