2 1. a brief history 4 prehistory remains of neolithic, bronze age, and iron age cultures nomadic...

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1. A Brief History

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Prehistory• Remains of Neolithic, Bronze Age,

and Iron Age cultures

• Nomadic Tribes move south across the Alps: Celts, Veneti– Hunters seeking game and fish

– Farmers seeking fertile land

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Early History

• Greeks: Sicily and Southern Italy (800 BC)

• Etruscans: Tuscany, the Po River Valley

and south to the Tiber River (800 BC)

Agrigento

Etruscan Tomb

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Legend of the founding of Rome: Romulus and Remus

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The Roman Empire

Rise and expansion of the Empire

Roman world domination begins (172 BC)

Greatest extent of the Empire (117 AD)

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Map of Ancient Italy

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Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople, Turkey in 330 AD

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Decline and Fall of Rome

Invasions by the Goths & Vandals (400’sAD)

Conquest of Italy by the Lombards (568 AD)

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The glory that was Rome…

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Barbarian Kingdoms

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The Dark Ages The Holy Roman

Empire Pepin, King of the

Franks, defeats the Lombards in northern Italy (754 AD) and gives land to the Pope (The Papal States of central Italy)

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Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor (800 AD)

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Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire

In 843 AD, after Charlemagne’s death, the Empire was partitioned among his sons.

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Muslims invade Sicily and southern Italy

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The Middle Ages

Rule by Germans or Austrians in north

Rule by Normans or Spanish in south

Rise of Feudalism

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The Middle Ages: Rise of the Roman Catholic Church

Rome converted and absorbed the waves of northern barbarians who came over the Alps

Latin remained the common

language of educated people

in the West and of the Church

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Rise of the Italian City-States

Control by wealthy families:

Florence the MediciFerrara the EsteMantua the GonzagaMilan the Sforza and the ViscontiRimini the MalatestaVenice: wealthy families elected Doges

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Firenze and the Medici

Panorama of Firenze

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The Gonzaga family in Mantua

La Piazza: Mantova

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The Sforza family in Milan

Castello Sforzesco

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Wealthy families of Venice elected the Doge

The Doge’s Palace

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Europe: 1378

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The Renaissance: 1400-1600

Rebirth of all the arts and culture begins in the City-States of Italy

Wealthy bankers and merchants support artists, architects, intellectuals, etc.

Italian ideals set enduring standards for art in the Western world, influenced writers & architects, and encouraged intellectual pursuits

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Renaissance Cities

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Rebirth of the Arts

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Michelangelo Buonarroti

La Pieta Moses

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Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa The Last Supper

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The end of the Renaissance

Political stress:France and Spain’s rivalry over ItalyCity-states passed among various European

rulers through war, marriage, treaty, death

The Papacy held on to the Papal StatesSpain the chief power in Italy: 1559-1713 House of Savoy rules Piedmont & Sardinia

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Italy: 1494

Rivalry of Spain and France over territories in Italy

By 1544: Spain ruled Sicily, Naples & Milan

33Europe: 1500

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1600-1815

Italy remains split into a dozen separate states while European nations are forming

The feudal system lingers on in the south

Europe 1648

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Napoleon conquers Italy in the 1790’s

After his defeat in 1815, most Italian states go back to their former rulers:

Lombardy-Venetia to Austria

Naples and Sicily to Spain

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Napoleonic expansion

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1815: Italy after Napoleon

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The RisorgimentoHatred of foreign rule increases

Liberation movement begun by Giuseppe Mazzini in Piedmont with the support of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont (House of Savoy)

Scattered revolts in 1848 were unsuccessful

Giuseppe Mazzini

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Expansion begins

Under King Victor Emanuel I, son of Charles Albert, Count Camillo Cavour, the prime minister, made a treaty with France against Austria.

Count Camillo Cavour

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1859: Austria defeated

Italy gained Lombardy, but Austria kept Venetia

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Expansion continues

1859: Plebiscites held in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Emilia. They voted to join Sardinia-Piedmont.

Napoleon III consented, but only after Nice and Savoy voted to join France.

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General Garibaldi drives out the Bourbons from Sicily and Naples

General Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Unification of Italy

1861: Victor Emanuel II crowned King of Italy

1866: Venetia regained from Austria

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1870: Papal States captured

The French army was assigned to protect the Papal States, but was called to join the fighting in the Prussian War.

The Italian army took the opportunity to capture the Papal States, thus adding central Italy to the union.

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Steps to Unification

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Constitutional Monarchy: 1870 - 1922

Birth of modern ItalyHeavy taxation to pay war debtsParliamentary government new and strange

to many ItaliansEconomic growth supported the changes

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The House of Savoy

King Umberto I, son of Victor Emanuel II, was assassinated

Victor Emanuel III becomes King

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World War I

1915: Italy rejected its standing alliances with Austria, Germany, and Hungary when Austria invaded Serbia. It joined the Allies (England, France, and Russia)

At the end of the war, the last two regions were joined to Italy: Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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The 20 Regions of Italy

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Fascism

1922: Mussolini marched on Rome.

He came into power as Prime Minister appointed by the King, but the King had virtually no power.

Benito Mussolini

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The Dictatorship Positive aspects:

economic recovery after the war

roads and railways built

public education compulsory.

Fascism seen as a safeguard against communism.

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The Dictatorship

Negative aspects Eliminated former political parties and

opponents through murder, exile, and prison camps Took control of newspapers, police,

businesses, and schools

Restricted many civil rights

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Path to World War II

1935: Italy invades Ethiopia 1936: Alliance with Germany versus France

and England and in support of Franco’s Dictatorship in Spain

1939: Italy invades Albania 1940: Italy joins the Axis countries and

Mussolini becomes a German puppet.

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World War II

Italy invaded by the Allies Mussolini forced to resign: public unrest Constitutional monarchy restored Italy surrenders, declares war on

Germany, and fights on the side of the Allies for the last 18 months of the war

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Italy becomes a Republic

1946: Italians vote to replace the constitutional monarchy with a republic

Parliamentary form of government was created

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1948: New Constitution adopted

Albania granted independence

Political parties formed: largest were the Christian Democrats & the Communists

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The Republic of Italy

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2. Physical Features of Italy

A peninsula shaped like a boot

Coastline 6,000 miles long

2 large islands: Sicily and Sardinia; many smaller ones: Capri, Elba, Ischia, etc.

Mountains: Alps in the north, Apennines down the center

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Monte Rosa in the Italian Alps

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Fertile River Valleys

The Po River valley in a fertile farming area in Piemonte.

The Adige, Tiber, and Arno Rivers are also important.

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Largest lakes in the Alps

Lake Como Lake Maggiore

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Two largest volcanoes of Italy

Mt. Etna in Sicily Mt. Vesuvius in Naples

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3. Chief Cities of Italy

Rome

The Coliseum

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Piazza di SpagnaThe Vatican: St. Peter’s Square

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Florence

Palazzo della SignoriaDuomo di Firenze

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Firenze: Ponte Vecchio

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Venice

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Rio: a side street in Venice Ponte Rialto on the Grand Canal

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Arrivederci!

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Milan

Duomo di Milano

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Pisa

Medieval gate Leaning tower

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Siena

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Urbino: il palazzo ducale

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Sicily

Ancient Greek Temple Ancient Greek Ruins

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Sardegna

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Trevi Fountain: Arrivederci Roma!

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Credits

The Regions of Italy, by Roy Domenico

Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 2002

Italy, a Cultural Resource Guide

Milliken Publishing Co., St. Louis, MO 1995

Maps of Ancient Rome taken from: Latin for Americans, by B. Ullman et al.

Glenco, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 1997

Historical Maps of Italy taken from: A Brief History of Western Civilization,

by M. Kishlansky et al.: Addison-Wesley, NY 2002

Pictures taken from Postcards and/or the Internet