2 1. a brief history 4 prehistory remains of neolithic, bronze age, and iron age cultures nomadic...
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1. A Brief History
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Prehistory• Remains of Neolithic, Bronze Age,
and Iron Age cultures
• Nomadic Tribes move south across the Alps: Celts, Veneti– Hunters seeking game and fish
– Farmers seeking fertile land
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Early History
• Greeks: Sicily and Southern Italy (800 BC)
• Etruscans: Tuscany, the Po River Valley
and south to the Tiber River (800 BC)
Agrigento
Etruscan Tomb
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Legend of the founding of Rome: Romulus and Remus
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The Roman Empire
Rise and expansion of the Empire
Roman world domination begins (172 BC)
Greatest extent of the Empire (117 AD)
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Map of Ancient Italy
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Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople, Turkey in 330 AD
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Decline and Fall of Rome
Invasions by the Goths & Vandals (400’sAD)
Conquest of Italy by the Lombards (568 AD)
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The glory that was Rome…
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Barbarian Kingdoms
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The Dark Ages The Holy Roman
Empire Pepin, King of the
Franks, defeats the Lombards in northern Italy (754 AD) and gives land to the Pope (The Papal States of central Italy)
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Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor (800 AD)
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Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire
In 843 AD, after Charlemagne’s death, the Empire was partitioned among his sons.
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Muslims invade Sicily and southern Italy
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The Middle Ages
Rule by Germans or Austrians in north
Rule by Normans or Spanish in south
Rise of Feudalism
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The Middle Ages: Rise of the Roman Catholic Church
Rome converted and absorbed the waves of northern barbarians who came over the Alps
Latin remained the common
language of educated people
in the West and of the Church
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Rise of the Italian City-States
Control by wealthy families:
Florence the MediciFerrara the EsteMantua the GonzagaMilan the Sforza and the ViscontiRimini the MalatestaVenice: wealthy families elected Doges
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Firenze and the Medici
Panorama of Firenze
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The Gonzaga family in Mantua
La Piazza: Mantova
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The Sforza family in Milan
Castello Sforzesco
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Wealthy families of Venice elected the Doge
The Doge’s Palace
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Europe: 1378
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The Renaissance: 1400-1600
Rebirth of all the arts and culture begins in the City-States of Italy
Wealthy bankers and merchants support artists, architects, intellectuals, etc.
Italian ideals set enduring standards for art in the Western world, influenced writers & architects, and encouraged intellectual pursuits
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Renaissance Cities
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Rebirth of the Arts
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Michelangelo Buonarroti
La Pieta Moses
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Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa The Last Supper
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The end of the Renaissance
Political stress:France and Spain’s rivalry over ItalyCity-states passed among various European
rulers through war, marriage, treaty, death
The Papacy held on to the Papal StatesSpain the chief power in Italy: 1559-1713 House of Savoy rules Piedmont & Sardinia
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Italy: 1494
Rivalry of Spain and France over territories in Italy
By 1544: Spain ruled Sicily, Naples & Milan
33Europe: 1500
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1600-1815
Italy remains split into a dozen separate states while European nations are forming
The feudal system lingers on in the south
Europe 1648
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Napoleon conquers Italy in the 1790’s
After his defeat in 1815, most Italian states go back to their former rulers:
Lombardy-Venetia to Austria
Naples and Sicily to Spain
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Napoleonic expansion
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1815: Italy after Napoleon
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The RisorgimentoHatred of foreign rule increases
Liberation movement begun by Giuseppe Mazzini in Piedmont with the support of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont (House of Savoy)
Scattered revolts in 1848 were unsuccessful
Giuseppe Mazzini
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Expansion begins
Under King Victor Emanuel I, son of Charles Albert, Count Camillo Cavour, the prime minister, made a treaty with France against Austria.
Count Camillo Cavour
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1859: Austria defeated
Italy gained Lombardy, but Austria kept Venetia
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Expansion continues
1859: Plebiscites held in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Emilia. They voted to join Sardinia-Piedmont.
Napoleon III consented, but only after Nice and Savoy voted to join France.
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General Garibaldi drives out the Bourbons from Sicily and Naples
General Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Unification of Italy
1861: Victor Emanuel II crowned King of Italy
1866: Venetia regained from Austria
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1870: Papal States captured
The French army was assigned to protect the Papal States, but was called to join the fighting in the Prussian War.
The Italian army took the opportunity to capture the Papal States, thus adding central Italy to the union.
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Steps to Unification
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Constitutional Monarchy: 1870 - 1922
Birth of modern ItalyHeavy taxation to pay war debtsParliamentary government new and strange
to many ItaliansEconomic growth supported the changes
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The House of Savoy
King Umberto I, son of Victor Emanuel II, was assassinated
Victor Emanuel III becomes King
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World War I
1915: Italy rejected its standing alliances with Austria, Germany, and Hungary when Austria invaded Serbia. It joined the Allies (England, France, and Russia)
At the end of the war, the last two regions were joined to Italy: Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
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The 20 Regions of Italy
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Fascism
1922: Mussolini marched on Rome.
He came into power as Prime Minister appointed by the King, but the King had virtually no power.
Benito Mussolini
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The Dictatorship Positive aspects:
economic recovery after the war
roads and railways built
public education compulsory.
Fascism seen as a safeguard against communism.
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The Dictatorship
Negative aspects Eliminated former political parties and
opponents through murder, exile, and prison camps Took control of newspapers, police,
businesses, and schools
Restricted many civil rights
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Path to World War II
1935: Italy invades Ethiopia 1936: Alliance with Germany versus France
and England and in support of Franco’s Dictatorship in Spain
1939: Italy invades Albania 1940: Italy joins the Axis countries and
Mussolini becomes a German puppet.
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World War II
Italy invaded by the Allies Mussolini forced to resign: public unrest Constitutional monarchy restored Italy surrenders, declares war on
Germany, and fights on the side of the Allies for the last 18 months of the war
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Italy becomes a Republic
1946: Italians vote to replace the constitutional monarchy with a republic
Parliamentary form of government was created
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1948: New Constitution adopted
Albania granted independence
Political parties formed: largest were the Christian Democrats & the Communists
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The Republic of Italy
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2. Physical Features of Italy
A peninsula shaped like a boot
Coastline 6,000 miles long
2 large islands: Sicily and Sardinia; many smaller ones: Capri, Elba, Ischia, etc.
Mountains: Alps in the north, Apennines down the center
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Monte Rosa in the Italian Alps
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Fertile River Valleys
The Po River valley in a fertile farming area in Piemonte.
The Adige, Tiber, and Arno Rivers are also important.
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Largest lakes in the Alps
Lake Como Lake Maggiore
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Two largest volcanoes of Italy
Mt. Etna in Sicily Mt. Vesuvius in Naples
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3. Chief Cities of Italy
Rome
The Coliseum
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Piazza di SpagnaThe Vatican: St. Peter’s Square
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Florence
Palazzo della SignoriaDuomo di Firenze
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Firenze: Ponte Vecchio
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Venice
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Rio: a side street in Venice Ponte Rialto on the Grand Canal
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Arrivederci!
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Milan
Duomo di Milano
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Pisa
Medieval gate Leaning tower
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Siena
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Urbino: il palazzo ducale
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Sicily
Ancient Greek Temple Ancient Greek Ruins
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Sardegna
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Trevi Fountain: Arrivederci Roma!
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Credits
The Regions of Italy, by Roy Domenico
Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 2002
Italy, a Cultural Resource Guide
Milliken Publishing Co., St. Louis, MO 1995
Maps of Ancient Rome taken from: Latin for Americans, by B. Ullman et al.
Glenco, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 1997
Historical Maps of Italy taken from: A Brief History of Western Civilization,
by M. Kishlansky et al.: Addison-Wesley, NY 2002
Pictures taken from Postcards and/or the Internet