1.upgrade bandwidth 2.upgrade desktop operating systems 3.increase the number of servers 4.determine...

1.1. Upgrade bandwidthUpgrade bandwidth

2.2. Upgrade desktop operating Upgrade desktop operating systemssystems

3.3. Increase the number of serversIncrease the number of servers

4.4. Determine industry standardsDetermine industry standards

5.5. Convert to VoIPConvert to VoIP

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot

infrastructure infrastructure

investments a firm investments a firm

may consider?may consider?

1.1. Upgrade bandwidthUpgrade bandwidth

2.2. Upgrade desktop operating Upgrade desktop operating systemssystems

3.3. Increase the number of serversIncrease the number of servers

4.4. Determine industry standardsDetermine industry standards

5.5. Convert to VoIPConvert to VoIP

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot

infrastructure infrastructure

investments a firm investments a firm

may consider?may consider?

Determining industry standards is not typically associated with Determining industry standards is not typically associated with information technology infrastructure investments.information technology infrastructure investments.

1.1. TangibleTangible

2.2. ContainedContained

3.3. IntangibleIntangible

4.4. DifferentialDifferential

5.5. Factorial Factorial

Which type of cost or Which type of cost or

benefit of systems benefit of systems

cannot be cannot be

immediately immediately

quantified?quantified?

1.1. TangibleTangible

2.2. ContainedContained

3.3. IntangibleIntangible

4.4. DifferentialDifferential

5.5. FactorialFactorial

Which type of cost or Which type of cost or

benefit of systems benefit of systems

cannot be cannot be

immediately immediately

quantified?quantified?

Intangible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or enhanced Intangible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or enhanced employee goodwill, cannot be immediately quantified but may lead to employee goodwill, cannot be immediately quantified but may lead to quantifiable gains in the long run.quantifiable gains in the long run.

1.1. Payback methodPayback method

2.2. Accounting rate of ROIAccounting rate of ROI

3.3. Net present valueNet present value

4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index

5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return

Which financial model Which financial model

gives an approximation gives an approximation

of the accounting income of the accounting income

earned by a project?earned by a project?

1.1. Payback methodPayback method

2.2. Accounting rate of ROIAccounting rate of ROI

3.3. Net present valueNet present value

4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index

5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return

Which financial model Which financial model

gives an approximation gives an approximation

of the accounting income of the accounting income

earned by a project?earned by a project?

The accounting rate of return on investment (ROI) calculates the rate of return from an investment by adjusting the cash inflows produced by the investment for depreciation.

1.1. Payback methodPayback method

2.2. Cost-benefit ratioCost-benefit ratio

3.3. Net present valueNet present value

4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index

5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return

Which financial model Which financial model

takes into account the takes into account the

time value of money?time value of money?

1.1. Payback methodPayback method

2.2. Cost-benefit ratioCost-benefit ratio

3.3. Net present valueNet present value

4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index

5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return

Which financial model Which financial model

takes into account the takes into account the

time value of money?time value of money?

Internal rate of return (IRR) is defined as the rate of return or profit that an investment is expected to earn, taking into account the time value of money.

1.1. Industry standardizationIndustry standardization

2.2. OperationsOperations

3.3. DesignDesign

4.4. DataData

5.5. Cost Cost

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot a significant a significant

problem area for problem area for

information systems? information systems?

1.1. Industry standardizationIndustry standardization

2.2. OperationsOperations

3.3. DesignDesign

4.4. DataData

5.5. CostCost

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot a significant a significant

problem area for problem area for

information systems?information systems?

A very large percentage of information systems fail to deliver benefits or to solve the problems for which they were intended because the process of organizational change surrounding system building was not properly addressed.

1.1. programmer.programmer.

2.2. change agent.change agent.

3.3. financial expert.financial expert.

4.4. chief information officer.chief information officer.

5.5. operational manager.operational manager.

During system During system

implementation the implementation the

systems analyst becomes systems analyst becomes

a(n)…a(n)…

1.1. programmer.programmer.

2.2. change agent.change agent.

3.3. financial expert.financial expert.

4.4. chief information officer.chief information officer.

5.5. operational manager.operational manager.

During system During system

implementation the implementation the

systems analyst becomes systems analyst becomes

a(n)…a(n)…

The system analyst is the catalyst for the entire change process and is responsible for ensuring that all parties involved accept the changes created by a new system.

1.1. Management qualityManagement quality

2.2. Level of complexity and riskLevel of complexity and risk

3.3. Governmental regulationGovernmental regulation

4.4. Management supportManagement support

5.5. Role of users Role of users

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot

necessarily a factor necessarily a factor

that will help that will help

determine the determine the

implementation implementation

outcome? outcome?

1.1. Management qualityManagement quality

2.2. Level of complexity and riskLevel of complexity and risk

3.3. Governmental regulationGovernmental regulation

4.4. Management supportManagement support

5.5. Role of users Role of users

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot

necessarily a factor necessarily a factor

that will help that will help

determine the determine the

implementation implementation

outcome?outcome?

Government regulation does not necessarily affect the implementation outcome of system changes. The other options are largely behavioral and organizational issues.

1.1. DesignDesign

2.2. DataData

3.3. CostCost

4.4. OperationsOperations

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which problem area Which problem area

should be addressed if should be addressed if

information required for information required for

a specific business a specific business

function is function is

inaccessible?inaccessible?

1.1. DesignDesign

2.2. DataData

3.3. CostCost

4.4. OperationsOperations

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which problem area Which problem area

should be addressed if should be addressed if

information required for information required for

a specific business a specific business

function is inaccessible?function is inaccessible?

Other data problems may be a high level of inaccuracy or inconsistency, or the information in certain fields may be erroneous or ambiguous, or not organized properly.

1.1. DesignDesign

2.2. DataData

3.3. CostCost

4.4. OperationsOperations

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which problem area should Which problem area should

be addressed if the system be addressed if the system

is not compatible with the is not compatible with the

structure, culture, or goals structure, culture, or goals

of the organization? of the organization?

1.1. DesignDesign

2.2. DataData

3.3. CostCost

4.4. OperationsOperations

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which problem area should Which problem area should

be addressed if the system be addressed if the system

is not compatible with the is not compatible with the

structure, culture, or goals structure, culture, or goals

of the organization?of the organization?

Historically, information systems design has been preoccupied with technical issues at the expense of organizational concerns. Without a close organizational fit, such systems create tensions, instability, and conflict.

1.1. user-designer user-designer communication gap.communication gap.

2.2. structural disorientation.structural disorientation.

3.3. mythical man-month.mythical man-month.

4.4. complex technology.complex technology.

5.5. user-designer incompatibility.user-designer incompatibility.

Users and systems Users and systems

specialists having specialists having

different backgrounds, different backgrounds,

interests, and interests, and

priorities regarding priorities regarding

new systems is called new systems is called

the…the…

1.1. user-designer communication user-designer communication gap.gap.

2.2. structural disorientation.structural disorientation.

3.3. mythical man-month.mythical man-month.

4.4. complex technology.complex technology.

5.5. user-designer incompatibility.user-designer incompatibility.

Users and systems Users and systems

specialists having specialists having

different backgrounds, different backgrounds,

interests, and interests, and

priorities regarding priorities regarding

new systems is called new systems is called

the…the…

These differences between users and system designers lead to divergent organizational loyalties, approaches to problem solving, and vocabularies.

1.1. Sufficient funding is available.Sufficient funding is available.

2.2. Successful work habit changes will Successful work habit changes will result.result.

3.3. Successful organizational Successful organizational realignments will occur.realignments will occur.

4.4. Employees will be rewarded for time Employees will be rewarded for time and effort.and effort.

5.5. Employees will receive network Employees will receive network access.access.

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot a a

reason why it’s reason why it’s

important to have important to have

management backing management backing

of an information of an information

systems project?systems project?

1.1. Sufficient funding is available.Sufficient funding is available.

2.2. Successful work habit changes will Successful work habit changes will result.result.

3.3. Successful organizational Successful organizational realignments will occur.realignments will occur.

4.4. Employees will be rewarded for time Employees will be rewarded for time and effort.and effort.

5.5. Employees will receive network Employees will receive network access.access.

Which of the Which of the

following is following is notnot a a

reason why it’s reason why it’s

important to have important to have

management backing management backing

of an information of an information

systems project?systems project?

If an information systems project has the backing and commitment of management at various levels, it is more likely to be perceived positively by both users and the technical staff.

1.1. internal rate of return.internal rate of return.

2.2. return on investment.return on investment.

3.3. stock share.stock share.

4.4. man-month.man-month.

5.5. cost basis.cost basis.

The traditional unit The traditional unit

of measurement of measurement

used by systems used by systems

designers to project designers to project

costs is the …costs is the …

1.1. internal rate of return.internal rate of return.

2.2. return on investment.return on investment.

3.3. stock share.stock share.

4.4. man-month.man-month.

5.5. cost basis.cost basis.

The traditional unit The traditional unit

of measurement of measurement

used by systems used by systems

designers to project designers to project

costs is the …costs is the …

Projects are estimated in terms of how many man-months are required. However, adding more workers to a project does not necessarily reduce the time needed to complete it.

1.1. increased man-months.increased man-months.

2.2. internal integration tools.internal integration tools.

3.3. external integration tools.external integration tools.

4.4. formal control tools.formal control tools.

5.5. formal planning tools.formal planning tools.

Projects with Projects with

challenging and challenging and

complex technology to complex technology to

master benefit from… master benefit from…

1.1. increased man-months.increased man-months.

2.2. internal integration tools.internal integration tools.

3.3. external integration tools.external integration tools.

4.4. formal control tools.formal control tools.

5.5. formal planning tools.formal planning tools.

Projects with Projects with

challenging and challenging and

complex technology to complex technology to

master benefit from…master benefit from…

The success of such projects depends on how well their technical complexity can be managed.

1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts

2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars

3.3. Pert chartsPert charts

4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems

5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools

Which of the following Which of the following

formal planning tools formal planning tools

lists the specific lists the specific

activities that make up a activities that make up a

project and their project and their

duration?duration?

1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts

2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars

3.3. Pert chartsPert charts

4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems

5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools

Which of the following Which of the following

formal planning tools formal planning tools

lists the specific lists the specific

activities that make up a activities that make up a

project and their project and their

duration?duration?

Large projects benefit from appropriate use of formal planning tools and formal control tools. With proper project management techniques, a detailed plan can be developed.

1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts

2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars

3.3. Pert chartsPert charts

4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems

5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools

Which of the following Which of the following

formal planning tools formal planning tools

visually represents the visually represents the

sequence and timing of sequence and timing of

different tasks in a different tasks in a

project as well as project as well as

required resources?required resources?

1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts

2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars

3.3. Pert chartsPert charts

4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems

5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools

Which of the following Which of the following

formal planning tools formal planning tools

visually represents the visually represents the

sequence and timing of sequence and timing of

different tasks in a different tasks in a

project as well as project as well as

required resources?required resources?

These project management techniques can help managers identify bottlenecks and determine the impact that problems will have on project completion times.

1.1. predictive analysis.predictive analysis.

2.2. subterfuge.subterfuge.

3.3. mis-designing.mis-designing.

4.4. counterimplementation.counterimplementation.

5.5. biased management.biased management.

A deliberate strategy to A deliberate strategy to

thwart the thwart the

implementation of an implementation of an

information system is information system is

known as…known as…

1.1. predictive analysis.predictive analysis.

2.2. subterfuge.subterfuge.

3.3. mis-designing.mis-designing.

4.4. counterimplementation.counterimplementation.

5.5. biased management.biased management.

A deliberate strategy to A deliberate strategy to

thwart the thwart the

implementation of an implementation of an

information system is information system is

known as…known as…

If the use of a system is voluntary, users may choose to avoid it; if its use is mandatory, resistance will take the form of increased error rates, disruptions, turnover, and even sabotage.

1.1. Management edictsManagement edicts

2.2. User educationUser education

3.3. More equipmentMore equipment

4.4. User participationUser participation

5.5. Better incentives for usersBetter incentives for users

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot an effective an effective

strategy managers strategy managers

should use to overcome should use to overcome

user resistance to new user resistance to new

projects?projects?

1.1. Management edictsManagement edicts

2.2. User educationUser education

3.3. More equipmentMore equipment

4.4. User participationUser participation

5.5. Better incentives for usersBetter incentives for users

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot an effective an effective

strategy managers strategy managers

should use to overcome should use to overcome

user resistance to new user resistance to new

projects?projects?

Strategies to overcome user resistance include user participation, user education and training, management edicts and policies, and better incentives for users who cooperate.

1.1. How data will be changedHow data will be changed

2.2. Organizational structure Organizational structure changeschanges

3.3. How operations will changeHow operations will change

4.4. Decision-making changesDecision-making changes

5.5. Attitudinal changesAttitudinal changes

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot explained in a explained in a

well-written well-written

organizational impact organizational impact

analysis for new analysis for new

system projects?system projects?

1.1. How data will be changedHow data will be changed

2.2. Organizational structure Organizational structure changeschanges

3.3. How operations will changeHow operations will change

4.4. Decision-making changesDecision-making changes

5.5. Attitudinal changesAttitudinal changes

Which of the following Which of the following

is is notnot explained in a explained in a

well-written well-written

organizational impact organizational impact

analysis for new analysis for new

system projects?system projects?

Although systems analysis and design activities are supposed to include an organization impact analysis, this area has traditionally been neglected.

1.1. Formal planning toolsFormal planning tools

2.2. Sociotechnical design planSociotechnical design plan

3.3. External integration toolsExternal integration tools

4.4. Technical implementation Technical implementation planplan

5.5. IT Strategic planIT Strategic plan

Which of the following Which of the following

establishes the establishes the

human objectives for human objectives for

a system that leads to a system that leads to

increased job increased job

satisfaction?satisfaction?

1.1. Formal planning toolsFormal planning tools

2.2. Sociotechnical design planSociotechnical design plan

3.3. External integration toolsExternal integration tools

4.4. Technical implementation Technical implementation planplan

5.5. IT Strategic planIT Strategic plan

Which of the following Which of the following

establishes the establishes the

human objectives for human objectives for

a system that leads to a system that leads to

increased job increased job

satisfaction?satisfaction?

A well-formulated sociotechnical project design plan is expected to produce an information system that blends technical efficiency with sensitivity to organizational and human needs.

1.1. Sociotechnical designSociotechnical design

2.2. External integrationExternal integration

3.3. ErgonomicsErgonomics

4.4. Enterprise-wide planningEnterprise-wide planning

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which of the Which of the

following refers to following refers to

the interaction of the interaction of

people and machines people and machines

in the work in the work

environment? environment?

1.1. Sociotechnical designSociotechnical design

2.2. External integrationExternal integration

3.3. ErgonomicsErgonomics

4.4. Enterprise-wide planningEnterprise-wide planning

5.5. Not sureNot sure

Which of the Which of the

following refers to following refers to

the interaction of the interaction of

people and machines people and machines

in the work in the work

environment?environment?

Ergonomics considers the design of jobs, health issues, and the end-user interface of information systems. The impact of the application system on the work environment and job dimensions must be carefully assessed.